Comparative in vitro activity of enoxacin and other fluoro-quinolones against multi-resistant strains of Salmonella typhi

Summary

The in vitro activities of enoxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and pefloxacin against 274 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated from suspected typhoid fever patients (137 multi-resistant strains and 137 strains sensitive to chlor-amphenicol, ampicillin and/or co-trimoxazole) were determined using disk diffusion and agar dilution techniques. In vitro, enoxacin was active against all tested strains with a MIC₉₀ and inhibition zone size against multi-resistant strains of 0.12?mg/l and 34?mm diameter, respectively. Similar results were found with the other fluoroquinolones. Enoxacin and other fluoroquinolones may be the therapy of choice in cases of typhoid fever caused by organisms resistant to the standard therapy, chloramphenicol.     

236株解脲支原体对8种抗生素药物敏感性检测

目的了解广州地区解脲支原体(UU)对常用8种抗生素的药物敏感情况，指导临床合理用药。方法采用UU培养和药敏试剂盒检测UU的体外抗茵活性。结果236株UU对8种抗生素的敏感性依次为罗红霉素、红霉素、阿奇霉素、强力霉素、交沙霉素、氧氟沙星、美满霉素、环丙沙星，其总的耐药发生率为35．43％。结论对UU耐药性的检测，对指导临床合理用药具有重要意义。     

A comparison of cefamandole,cefoxitin, cefuroxime,cefotaxime and cefoperazone: an in vitro test on a number of beta-lactamase producing strains of 9 species and 1 genus of bacteria

Summary

The sensitivity of a number of beta-lactamase producing strains of Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens to cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime and cefoperazone was determined in vitro. All bacterial cultures were examined for beta-lactamase production using the chromogenic cephalosporin compound 87/312. All strains were typed by means of antibiotic and chemotherapeutic sensitivities. Only non-identical strains were used. A tray method was used to determine the quantity of antimicrobial product necessary for a complete growth inhibition at various culture dilutions. The results showed that all strains of H. influenzae, especially in the dilution 2.10⁶, were sensitive to the five cephalosporins. The other species and genus of bacteria had a varying sensitivity to the five cephalosporins. Cefoperazone had potent activity against Ps. aeruginosa. Differences between the five cephalosporins with regard to the effect of culture dilution were only small.     

异帕米星的体外抗菌活性及临床应用

目的 :观察异帕米星 (isepamicin)对细菌感染的治疗效果和体外抗菌活性。方法 :按美国NC CLS药敏纸片扩散法检测 12 3株临床分离菌对异帕米星和其他 17种抗生素的敏感性。 4 1例次 (36例 )细菌感染病人接受异帕米星 4 0 0mg·d- 1,静脉滴注 ,疗程 8d±s3d。结果 :革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌对异帕米星的耐药率分别为 2 6 % (6 / 2 3)和 10 %(10 / 10 0 )。临床治愈率 2 7% (11/ 4 1) ,有效率6 1% (2 5 / 4 1) ,细菌清除率 80 % (33/ 4 1)。结论 :异帕米星对所观察的致病菌有良好的抗菌活性 ,治疗常见感染有满意疗效     

In vitro Activity of Oxolinic Acid and Nalidixic Acid Against Common Urinary Pathogens: A Comparative Study

Summary

A study was carried out to compare the sensitivity of 500 bacterial strains, isolated from patients with urinary tract infections, to oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. The results showed that whilst both antibacterial agents were similar in their bacterial spectrum they were not identical in terms of cross-sensitivity or resistance. Where there was a difference in sensitivity, this was always in favour of oxolinic acid and was particularly evident in the case of Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Klebsiella, Proteus (especially P. rettgeri), and to a lesser extent Citrobacter.     

头孢呋新——有临床前途的头孢菌素

本文报道头孢呋新的体外抗菌活性、对β-内酰胺酶的稳定性和临床疗效。结果表明,头孢呋新对革兰阳性菌及绝大多数革兰阴性菌均有较强的抗菌作用。尤其对耐药菌所产生的β-内酰胺酶高度稳定。肝、肾毒性低,用本品治疗20例尿路、肺部、腹腔和皮肤软组织感染,19例有效,因此本品是一个有临床前途的头孢菌素。     

清热合剂对上呼吸道感染常见致病菌的体外抑菌试验

目的观察清热合剂对上呼吸道感染常见致病菌的体外抑菌活性。方法上呼吸道感染常见致病菌163株中不产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)革兰阴性菌74株(大肠埃希菌33株,肺炎克雷伯菌24株,铜绿假单胞菌17株);产ESBLs革兰阴性菌10株(大肠埃希菌6株,肺炎克雷伯菌4株);革兰阳性菌79株[耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)11株、甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)46株,肺炎链球菌22株]。采用琼脂稀释法对清热合剂进行定量抑菌试验,配制含有不同药物浓度的琼脂平板,在平板上接种待测菌株菌悬液,孵育后观察含药平板,记录最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果清热合剂对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌等革兰阴性菌的MIC90分别为88、176、22 g/L,其对产ESBLs与不产ESBLs革兰阴性菌的抑菌效果一致;不同浓度药物对铜绿假单胞菌的累积抑菌率均最高。清热合剂对MSSA、MRSA和肺炎链球菌等革兰阳性菌的MIC90分别为11、11、22 g/L,MRSA的MIC90与MSSA相同,但MIC50略高于MSSA;不同浓度药物对MSSA和MRSA的累积抑菌率均高于肺炎链球菌,对MSSA与MRSA的累积抑菌率相近。结论清热合剂对上呼吸道感染常见的致病菌除肺炎克雷伯菌之外均有一定的抑菌作用,对革兰阳性菌的抑菌效果明显优于革兰阴性菌。     

The therapeutic effects of cyclacillin in acute sinusitis: in vitro and in vivo correlations in a placebo-controlled study

Summary

In 50 adults with bacterial sinusitis, cyclacillin (1500?mg. per day for 7 days) proved significantly more effective than placebo in eliminating the signs and symptoms and in eradicating the causative microorganisms, (Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Staph, epidermidis were most frequently isolated in this series). Sixty percent of the cultures in the cyclacillin series were sterilized, compared with only 10% in the placebo series. Globally, 93% of the cyclacillin-treated patients and only 55 % of the placebo-treated patients were considered improved. Of the P. mirabilis strains encountered, 72% were eradicated by cyclacillin (only 40% by placebo) despite the relatively high cyclacillin M.I.C.s for this microorganism (50 to 100 μg/ml.). Cyclacillin was much more effective in treating human sinusitis than would have been anticipated from the M.I.C.s alone.     

2010—2013年广西壮族自治区脑科医院革兰阴性菌的分布与耐药性分析

目的了解广西壮族自治区脑科医院临床常见革兰阴性菌的分布及耐药性变迁,为指导临床合理使用抗菌药物提供可靠依据。方法回顾性分析2010—2013年广西壮族自治区脑科医院临床各科室送检标本分离的革兰阴性菌及其耐药性进行回顾性调查分析。结果 4年间送检标本共分离出7 450株病原菌,主要以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌为主,检出率依次为28.4%、20.9%、18.7%、15.2%、6.2%。4年间大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的平均检出率分别为56.3%、36.9%。药敏结果显示,不同菌属对抗生素的耐药率有差别,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和阴沟肠杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物总体上有较高的敏感性;铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率相对较低;鲍曼不动杆菌对多数抗菌药物高度耐药,且呈逐年上升趋势。结论广西壮族自治区脑科医院临床常见革兰阴性菌对常用抗菌药物耐药严重,应加强革兰阴性菌耐药性的动态监测,以指导临床进行合理规范的抗感染治疗。     

环匹罗司氨乙醇对癣的疗效与药敏试验

环匹罗司氨乙醇是一种广谱抗真菌新药。对常见皮肤癣菌的体外最低抑菌浓度(MIC)介于3.9-7.8μg/ml。经对173例体股癣的治疗观察,总有效率为58％。无不良反应。     

儿童患者耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌的分布及药物敏感性分析

摘要： 目的 了解我院儿童患者2013—2017年临床分离的耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌 （CRE） 的分布及耐药情况, 为控制和治疗此类菌引起的感染提供用药依据。方法 采用VITEK 2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定药敏仪对该类细菌进行药敏实验, 参考CLSI-M100折点标准, WHONET5.6软件进行结果分析, 采用χ2 检验进行统计分析。结果 2013— 2017年, 临床共分离出687株CRE菌株, 总检出率10.64%。主要为肺炎克雷伯菌 （302株）、 大肠埃希菌 （213株）、 奇异变形杆菌 （72株）。5年的CRE检出率基本呈上升趋势, 标本主要来源于尿液 （38.14%）, 其次为呼吸道 （30.13%）。 CRE菌株对氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率<30%, 但对其他β-内酰胺类药物耐药率则基本在70%以上。结论 CRE菌株在儿童患者感染中呈逐年上升趋势, 并大多表现为多药耐药菌株。     

The in vitro antibacterial activity of ceftriaxone in comparison with nine other antibiotics

Summary

The results of a large three centre co-ordinated study into the in vitro susceptibility of bacterial clinical pathogens showed no significant evidence of regional variation within the U.K. towards the 10 antibiotics examined. The newer cephalosporins were highly potent and superior to other antibiotics against the Enterobacteriaceae, with ceftriaxone and cefotaxime the most potent. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, gentamicin was the most active, followed by ceftazidime, piperacillin and ceftriaxone; cefotetan was the least active. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus were most susceptible to cefuroxime and gentamicin, though most were also susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and cefoxitin. Streptococcus (Groups A and B), Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria spp. were susceptible to most agents other than gentamicin, but ceftriaxone and cefotaxime were overall the most potent. Ceftriaxone was the most active agent against Haemophilus influenzae. The newer agents were variable and relatively poor against anaerobes and only amoxycillin and piperacillin were significantly active against Streptococcus faecalis. The overall resistance level to the third generation cephalosporins was low.     

363例不良妊娠病人支原体感染及药物敏感性分析

目的：回顾性分析363例不良妊娠病人生殖道支原体感染及药物敏感性状况,为指导医生合理用药提供参考。方法：随机选择2008年1月-2010年1月在深圳市宝安区妇幼保健院就诊的不孕症、习惯性流产、死胎病人共计363份病历作为观察组,按年龄、职业、文化程度及营养状况匹配363例正常孕产妇病历作为对照组,所有研究对象用微生物检验法作支原体培养及药物敏感试验。结果：观察组支原体、解脲脲支原体（Ureaplasma urealyticum,Uu）、Uu＋人支原体（mycoplasma hominis,Mh）和Mh检出率分别为65.01%、57.58%、4.96%和2.48%,其中Uu、Uu＋Mh及Mh检出率均显著高于对照组。观察组各类病人支原体检出率无显著性差异,但均显著高于对照组。Uu、Mh对交沙霉素、克拉霉素和多西环素具有较高的敏感性;Uu＋Mh对抗生素的敏感率前3位依次是交沙霉素、多西环素和阿奇霉素。结论：生殖道支原体感染可能与不孕症、习惯性流产及死胎等有关;支原体药物敏感试验有助于合理用药。     

我院2005年住院患者临床分离菌敏感性分析

目的了解住院患者临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性。方法收集2005年我院检验科分离出的病原菌菌株,采用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性试验。结果金黄色葡萄球菌占3.42%,铜绿假单胞菌占5.42%,肺炎克雷伯菌占3.19%,大肠埃希菌占7.29%,硝酸盐阴性杆菌占3.19%,真菌占48.29%;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、复方磺胺甲唑、克林霉素、阿奇霉素的敏感率仅在10%以下,对卡那霉素、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松为40%～60%。结论呼吸系统患者白色念珠菌分布高,金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性低。     

血培养阳性标本细菌鉴定和药敏试验的临床研究

目的研究并探讨血培养阳性标本细菌鉴定以及药敏试验的临床应用。方法以本院收治的100例发热并伴有全身感染患者的临床资料为研究对象,将患者的血培养阳性标本混掺于专用的接种水中,接种于鉴定板上面,并运用科学的细菌鉴定方法以及药敏试验来为其进行鉴定（直接法）,并将运用此种鉴定方式得出的相关数据与转种之后取得纯菌落上机鉴定以及药敏试验（常规法）得出的相关结论进行比较与分析,探讨两种方式在细菌鉴定以及药敏试验方面的符合率。结果100例血培养标本直接上机与转菌落上机的临床鉴定结果无显著性差异;血培养阳性标本直接上机以及纯菌落上机的药敏符合率之间无显著性差异;直接法检验的时间较快,具有统计学意义。结论运用直接法来对血培养阳性标本进行细菌的鉴定以及药敏试验,其临床诊断的符合率与常规法无显著性差异,此外．运用此种方法能够有效的缩短患者的诊断时间,从而争取最佳的治疗时间,值得在现代的临床中进行推广与应用。     

解脲脲原体培养及耐药性分析

目的了解解脲脲原体（UU）耐药状况，指导临床合理用药。方法应用支原体微量培养及同步药敏系列试剂盒进行解脲脲原体检测及药敏分析。结果1991例疑似非淋菌性尿道炎（NGU）患者中853例阳性，阳性率42．8％。对环丙沙星、氧氟沙星耐药率最高，分别为76．2％和44．8％；其次是红霉素、克拉霉素和阿奇霉素，分别为17．1％、15．8％和10．7％；四环素、多西环索、交沙霉素和原始霉索耐药率最低，分别为6．O％、3．5％、0．6％和0．5％。结论临床治疗UU引起的非淋菌性尿道炎，推荐首选交沙霉素、多西环素、四环素。     

阿洛西林及其它常用抗菌药物对京沪两地898株细菌的体外抗菌活性测定

目的研究阿洛西林及其它8种临床常用抗菌药物对常见病原体的体外抗菌活性。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定阿洛西林、美洛西林、哌拉西林、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮、左氧氟沙星和阿奇霉索9种药物对上海、北京两地898株临床分离细菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果阿洛西林对肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）的MIC50／MIC90分别为0．06／2、0．06／0．5和2／8，三种细菌对阿洛西林的敏感率均高达100％。粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌对阿洛西林的敏感率分别为91％、13％、68％和38％。阿洛西林分别列于9种受试药物的第一、第一和第三位。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对阿洛西林的敏感率分别为41％、65％和39％，低于第三代头孢菌素但优于美洛西林和哌拉西林。结论阿洛西林的抗菌谱广，对革兰阳性菌、阴性菌均有较为理想的抗菌活性，是目前用于社区及医院感染治疗的重要选择药物之一。     

天津市八家医院肠球菌临床分离株的耐药分析

目的：研究天津地区临床分离的肠球菌对常用抗生素的耐药情况，为临床合理选用抗生素提供科学依据。方法：收集天津市8家三级甲等医院于2001年2月-2002年2月分离的149株肠球菌，采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行药敏试验。结果：149株肠球菌感染中粪肠球菌73．8％，屎肠球菌16．1％。110株粪肠球菌耐药率较低的药物为万古霉素1．0％，氨苄西林38．6％，青霉素41．3％等。24株屎肠球菌耐药率较低的药物为万古霉素4．3％，氯霉素38．5％。结论：肠球菌耐药情况较为严重，应根据药敏试验合理使用抗菌药物。     

头孢吡肟与其他5种广谱β内酰胺类抗生素抗菌活性的比较

目的：比较头孢吡肟与其他５种广谱β内酰胺类抗生素的抗菌活性。方法：用Ｅ－ｔｅｓｔ方法测定头孢吡肟及其他５种抗生素对１００株细菌的最低抑菌浓度。结果：所测受测菌对６种抗生素的总敏感性依次为：亚胺培南－西司他丁 ９４％、头孢吡肟８５％、头孢哌酮－舒巴坦 ７８％、头孢他啶 ７７％、头孢曲松 ６５％、哌拉西林 ４８％。头孢吡肟对苯唑西林敏感的葡萄球菌具有很强的抗菌活性,对肠杆菌科细菌的抗菌活性强于第３代头孢菌素,对绿脓杆菌的抗菌活性与头孢他啶相似。结论：头孢吡肟对革兰阴性杆菌的抗菌活性比第３代头孢菌素强,对革兰阳性球菌也加强了抗菌覆盖。     

Comparative in vitvo activity of ticarcillin,piperacillin, azlocillin and mezlocillin

Summary

The in vitro activity of ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin and mezlocillin was determined against 403 clinical isolates. At MIC₅₀, piperacillin was 2 to 8 times more active than the other three compounds against Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter and Salmonella species. Against Klebsi-ella, Enterobacter, Haemophilus, Bacteroides spp. and non-β-lactamase producing Staphylococcus aureus the activity of piperacillin was similar to one or more of the most effective agents. However, azlocillin and mezlocillin were more active than piperacillin against enterococci. Ticarcillin was the least active in vitro. Despite these significant differences at MIC₅₀ amongst the four compounds, they became much less discernible at MIC₉₀, obviously due to β-lactamase producing strains under study. The spectrum of activity of piperacillin encompasses those of azlocillin and mezlocillin together except for Gram-positive organisms.