肺段支气管剔除治疗支气管扩张症的疗效观察

目的观察肺段支气管剔除治疗支气管扩张症的疗效。方法对我院30例支气管扩张症患者采用肺段支气管剔除术进行治疗。结果共剔除肺段支气管64支。术中失血量300～600ml,平均380ml,手术当天胸腔引流量350～550ml,无手术死亡病例。胸腔引流管术后第3～5天拔除。术后胸部X线片示肺膨胀良好,无残腔。术后1例出现肺不张,经纤维支气管镜吸痰后肺复张。住院2～3周均痊愈出院。随访6个月,患者症状消失,复查血气分析检查均正常,胸部X线片示肺膨胀良好,未发现残腔、积液。无1例复发。结论只要掌握好手术条件,采用肺段支气管剔除术代替肺段切除术治疗支气管扩张症是可行的,手术方法简单,不仅切除了病变支气管,出血少,减少了术后并发症,克服了以往术式的不足。值得临床推广。     

肺叶切除并肺段支气管剔除术治疗多段型支气管扩张

1993年 2月～ 1999年 10月 ,我们应用肺叶切除并肺段支气管剔除术治疗多段型支气管扩张 2 5例 ,取得较好效果。现报告如下。材料与方法　 2 5例中男 10例 ,女 15例 ;年龄 18～ 4 2岁。病史 5～ 3 0年。均有反复咳嗽、咳脓痰 ;咯血 2 0例 ,间断发热 16例。经支气管碘油造影 ,胸部Ｘ线正侧位片或ＣＴ检查 ,确诊为多段型支气管扩张合并肺叶纤维化或实变。手术在双腔气管插管、静脉复合麻醉下施行。后外侧切口开胸。首先切除实变或严重纤维化的肺叶 ;然后根据术前支气管碘油造影或ＣＴ诊断结果 ,结合术中探查 ,找到扩张的肺段支气管 ,解剖分离 ,…     

肺段支气管剥除术治疗支气管扩张23例

肺段支气管剥除术治疗支气管扩张２３例胶州中心医院（２６６３００）于法盛赵敬国霍明昌薛峰１９８８～１９９６年，我院对２３例支气管扩张症患者施行肺段支气管剥除术，疗效满意。１资料与方法１．１临床资料本组男８例、女１５例，年龄１７～５０岁，平均３９岁。病史...     

肺段支气管剔除治疗支气管扩张（附24例报告）

１９９２年４月至１９９７年８月，我们对２４例支气管扩张患者采用肺段支气管剔除或加肺叶切除术治疗，取得满意效果。现报告如下。１资料与方法本组男９例，女１５例；年龄１９～５３岁；病史１３～３０年。主要临床表现为咳嗽、咳痰，其中反复咳黄痰或咯血２１例。均经...     

支气管闭合器在肺叶肺段切除手术支气管残端结扎中的应用

目的分析支气管闭合器在肺叶肺段切除手术支气管残端结扎中的应用。方法选取2006年4月—2013年3月我院需要进行肺叶肺段切除手术的患者312例,将其随机分为对照组和治疗组,各156例。对照组采用涤纶线缝扎法进行支气管残端结扎,治疗组采用支气管闭合器进行支气管残端结扎,观察两组并发症发生情况。结果术后治疗组支气管胸膜瘘、胸腔感染、刺激性咳嗽、脓胸及呛咳发生率均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论支气管闭合器用于肺叶肺段切除手术支气管残端结扎可以减少胸腔污染,避免血液反流,结扎闭合可靠,操作简便。     

胸腔镜手术治疗支气管扩张症

目的探讨胸腔镜手术在支气管扩张症中的应用价值。方法2002年7月～2010年3月,对20例支气管扩张症行胸腔镜手术治疗。12例施行胸腔镜辅助小切口肺叶切除术,8例施行胸腔镜肺楔形切除术。结果1例因出血中转开胸。全组无围手术期死亡,围手术期并发症3例：术后肺持续漏气2例,肺部感染1例。平均胸管置管时间3．6d（2～7d）,术后住院平均9d（7～14d）。20例随访3～36个月,均恢复良好。结论胸腔镜手术治疗支气管扩张症在技术上是安全可行的,对于具有手术指征需行肺楔形切除或肺叶切除的支气管扩张症患者,胸腔镜手术是一种值得推荐的手术方式。     

支气管灌洗术在支气管扩张症治疗中的作用

目的 分析支气管灌洗术在支气管扩张症治疗中的效果.方法 选取82例支气管扩张症者予以支气管灌洗术作为观察组,再抽取予以抗生素等常规治疗的80例支气管扩张症者对比作为对照组;观察、分析两组临床疗效等.结果 观察组近期疗效（总有效率86.59%）、远期效果（82.93%）,均高于对照组;且观察组临床症状、体征消失或改善时间和抗生素应用时间和住院时间较对照组缩短（P〈0.05）.结论 支气管灌洗术在支气管扩张症治疗中应用效果显著且起效迅速.     

257例应用直线型支气管缝合器-TLH30行肺叶切除分析

治疗肺癌、肺结核、肺囊肿、肺脓疡、支气管扩张、肺曲菌球等疾病均为采取手术切除肺叶或全肺,术中采取直线型支气管缝合器-TLH30缝合支气管残端效果令人最为满意[1～3].2003年以来,本院手术切除肺叶及全肺使用强生公司所提供的缝合支气管残端257例效果满意,现报告如下.     

支气管结核78例外科治疗分析

目的:介绍药物及介入治疗不愈的支气管结核的外科治疗经验。方法:对78例诊断明确的支气管内膜结核,且造成支气管狭窄或肺不张的患者进行外科治疗,术前规则抗结核治疗6个月以上,术后继续抗结核治疗9~12个月。其中全肺切除12例,肺叶切除58例,袖状肺叶切除8例。结果:78例患者均治愈,无手术死亡,无支气管胸膜瘘及结核播散。术后有2例出现支气管狭窄,经球囊扩张后,管腔通气正常。1例术后出现吻合口肉芽肿,给予冷冻治疗后治愈。随访1年以上无复发。结论:支气管结核造成支气管狭窄或肺不张,外科手术治疗是一种安全有效的方法。     

非包埋式保留残端支气管动脉的支气管结扎法行肺切除

我们自１９９３年５月～１９９９年６月改进常用支气管残端结扎法，对３７８例患者采用了保留残端支气管动脉的支气管缝扎法行肺切除，旷置残端不包埋，取得良好效果。介绍如下。对象与方法（１）一般资料：３７８例中男２１４例，女１６４例。年龄２５－６９岁。病程４天～１３年。疾病分类：中央型肺癌１０１例，周围型肺癌８３例，肺结核瘤４８例，结核性毁损肺１６例，支气管扩张症５４例，支气管扩张并大咯血６例，炎性假瘤２２例，中叶综合征７例，肺叶破裂２１例，其它２０例。手术类型：肺叶切除３１２例，全肺切除６６例。（２）手…     

A comparison of serial computed tomography and functional change in bronchiectasis.

In bronchiectasis the morphological determinants of (marginal) fluctuations in pulmonary function tests are uncertain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serial computed tomography (CT) changes in relation to pulmonary function trends in patients with bronchiectasis. The relationships between pulmonary function indices and CT scans in 48 adult patients with bronchiectasis were evaluated at baseline and at follow-up, at a median interval of 28 months (range 6-74 months). Two independent observers semiquantitatively scored CT features of bronchial and small airways disease. At initial assessment, the severity of airflow obstruction was linked primarily to the extent of mosaic attenuation. However, serial changes in pulmonary function indices were only associated with serial changes in mucous plugging scores. Alterations in mucous plugging on serial CT were associated with changes in the severity of bronchiectasis and bronchial wall thickness. Greater severity of all three morphological abnormalities at baseline CT were predictive of significant declines in forced expiratory volume in one second, with severe bronchial wall thickness being the most adverse prognostic determinant. Variations in mucous plugging on computed tomography correlate with minor fluctuations in pulmonary function tests in bronchiectasis. However, the severity of bronchial wall thickness is the primary determinant of subsequent major functional decline.     

Computerized tomography in the evaluation of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a destructive disease of the lung characteristically associated with central bronchiectasis. This study was designed to determine if high-resolution computerized tomography (CT) could be used to define bronchiectasis in patients with suspected disease. Sixteen patients with asthma were studied. All demonstrated immediate cutaneous reactivity to common aeroallergens including Aspergillus fumigatus. Eight patients had clinical and immunologic evidence of ABPA. Six to 12 high-resolution CT sections (1.5 mm) were obtained at 1- to 2-cm intervals from the aortic knob to the dome of the diaphragm. All radiographs were evaluated separately by two readers in a blinded fashion and graded as to the presence and type of bronchial dilatation and bronchial wall thickening. Bronchial dilatation was seen in 41% of lung lobes in the ABPA group compared to 15% in the non-ABPA asthmatic control group. Upper lobe involvement and bronchial wall thickening was common to both groups. The presence of bronchiectasis in the control group may indicate that asthma is a more destructive lung disease than is currently appreciated. High-resolution CT of the chest has been shown in previous studies to have a sensitivity and specificity approaching that of bronchography, and the current findings support its use in the detection of bronchiectasis in patients with asthma suspected of having ABPA.     

Chronic pulmonary complications of early influenza virus infection in children.

In 3 male patients, chronic pulmonary sequelae followed influenza virus infection at 5, 24, and 42 months of age. Varying degrees of interstitial fibrosis, bronchial and bronchiolar erosions and metaplasia, obliterative bronchiolitis, and interstitial chronic inflammatory infiltrates were found on lung biopsy. Influenza A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus was isolated from the lung tissue of one patient 8 weeks after the onset of illness. This is the longest persistence of infectious virus in lung tissue yet reported. Persistent radiographic abnormalities included peribronchial thickening, interstitial densities, bronchiectasis, obliterative bronchiolitis, and segmental atelectasis. Pulmonary function tests showed an obstructive restrictive pattern, with mild improvement after bronchodilation and with deterioration after exercise. These observations suggest that influenza virus infection may be more serious in infants and young children than has been previously recognized and may contribute to the pathogenesis of unexplained interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, obliterative bronchiolitis, and bronchiectasis.     

Lungenresektionen

The physician involved in internal medicine and general practice is confronted with a series of challenges in patients with pulmonary resection. In the early post-operative phase, optimal analgesia and physiotherapy are the primary factors for achieving the best possible function after loss of pulmonary tissue and for the determination of complications. Post thoracotomy syndrome requires interdisciplinary therapy. In the later course, it is necessary to take into consideration effects on pulmonary circulation, on the musculoskeletal system and on the digestive tract as well as sleep disturbances due to diaphragm dysfunction. Corresponding symptoms should be considered and actively sought, for example using echocardiography for assessment of cor pulmonale or outpatient sleep monitoring for detection of sleep-disordered breathing. Thus, aftercare includes much more than the search for a relapse or formation of metastases in cases of the most common cause of pulmonary resection, bronchial cancer.     

Neutrophil inflammation and activation in bronchiectasis: comparison with pneumonia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary inflammation in bronchiectasis, pneumonia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is dominated by neutrophils. Pathophysiologic differences are seen in the degree of airway and tissue destruction. Neutrophil activation and neutrophil proteolytic activity might differ between bronchiectasis, pneumonia and IPF. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether levels of inflammatory and protective markers in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) differed among cases of bronchiectasis, pneumonia and IPF. METHODS: We studied 11 bronchiectasis patients (group 1), 30 pneumonia patients (group 2), 15 IPF patients (group 3) and 12 healthy volunteers (group 4). In the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, concentrations of alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and elastase-alpha(1)PI complex were determined using immunoluminometric assays. Elastase inhibition capacity (EIC) and elastase activity were determined using a colorimetric assay. RESULTS: No EIC, but free elastase activity, was found in 82% of group 1, 20% of group 2, 20% of group 3 and 0% of group 4. Median MPO concentration was highest in group 1: 7,951 ng/ml (16th-84th percentile [16-84%]: 256-36,342) vs. 692 ng/ml (106-2,279; group 2), 332 ng/ml (98-1,657; group 3), and 0.12 ng/ml (0.08-0.26; group 4). Bronchiectasis patients with bronchial Pseudomonas infection showed higher amounts of neutrophils (p < 0.01) and higher elastase activity (p < 0.05) than patients with sterile lavage. CONCLUSION: Bronchiectasis patients show a severe imbalance between neutrophil activity and protective molecules leading to possible lung destruction. Chronic Pseudomonas infection might trigger neutrophil activation. Future research and treatment strategies should focus on increased bacterial clearance and inhibition of neutrophil toxicity.     

Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease showing middle lobe syndrome--pathological findings of 2 cases suggesting different mode of development

Two different processes have been proposed for pathogenesis of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease which show the middle lobe syndrome: 1) middle lobe bronchiectasis followed by MAC infection and 2) MAC disease resulted in secondary bronchiectasis. Two surgical specimen from MAC cases showing middle lobe syndrome were studied histo-pathologically. The first case was a 60 year-old female with frequent bloody sputum, who had been diagnosed as bronchiectasis in her childhood. Pathological examination of the resected middle lobe showed prominent cylindric bronchiectasis in the indurated middle lobe, and epithelioid cell granulomas were scattered limited to the fibrous bronchial walls, without any granulomas in the lung parenchyma. These findings suggested a secondary infection of MAC to the non-specific pre-existed bronchiectasis. The second case of a 55 year-old female having repeated bloody sputum, who was diagnosed to be tuberculosis but no improvement with anti-tuberculosis drugs. Pathological examination of the middle lobe showed scattered epithelioid cell granulomas with lymphocytic infiltration in the lung parenchyma. A few epithelioid cell granulomas were also found in the mucosa of middle lobe bronchi. In this case, pulmonary MAC lesions seemed to precede the central bronchial lesion with later development of bronchiectasis. Summarizing above findings two different mode of pathogenesis ways may be considered; one is non-specific bronchiectasis followed by middle lobe MAC disease and the other is pulmonary MAC lesion in the middle lobe as a primary change.     

Bronchiectasis following heroin-induced pulmonary edema. Rapid clearing of pulmonary infiltrates.

We observed a patient who developed diffuse bronchiectasis subsequent to heroin-induced pulmonary edema. Unlike the previously reported cases, there was rapid clearing of pulmonary infiltrates and little evidence of severe aspiration. The development of bronchiectasis was attributed to a bronchial infection subsequent to clearing of the pulmonary edema. Physiologic dysfunction was characterized by marked obstruction, pulmonary hypertension, and mild hypoxemia.     

Lung structure abnormalities, but normal lung function in pediatric bronchiectasis

BACKGROUND: Bronchiectasis is not considered to be uncommon in children anymore. The relationship between pulmonary function and severity of bronchiectasis is still controversial. STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the extent and severity of bronchiectasis through high-resolution CT (HRCT) scan score, and to correlate it with clinical, microbiological, and functional data. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-three white children with HRCT-diagnosed bronchiectasis were studied. Bronchiectasis extent, bronchial wall thickening severity, and bronchial wall dilatation severity were evaluated using the Reiff score. Clinical, microbiological, and spirometry results were related to total HRCT scan score and to subscores as well. RESULTS: The percentages of affected lobes were as follows: right lower lobe, 65%; middle lobe, 56%; left lower lobe, 51%; right upper lobe, 37%; lingula, 30%; and left upper lobe, 30% (chi(2) = 18.4; p = 0.002). The mean (+/- SEM) HRCT score was 20 +/- 2.6. Total score or subscores of bronchiectasis extent, bronchial wall thickening severity, and bronchial wall dilatation severity were not significantly related to FEV(1) and FVC. Seventy-four percent of patients had asthma. The age at the onset of cough correlated with age at the time of the HRCT scan (p = 0.004) and with the presence of asthma (p = 0.01). Positive findings of deep throat or sputum cultures were found more frequently in atopic patients (p = 0.02) and asthmatic (p < 0.01) patients, and in children who were < 2 years of age at the onset of cough (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Normal lung function may coexist with HRCT scan abnormalities and does not exclude damage to the bronchial structure. Pulmonary function is not an accurate method for assessing the severity of lung disease in children with bronchiectasis.     

Development and treatment approaches of bronchopleural fistula after pulmonary resection

Pulmonary resections comprise most of the operations performed in thoracic surgery departments. Diseases like pulmonary cancers, bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscess, tuberculosis and fungal infections are treated surgically by pulmonary resections. One of the important steps of the pulmonary resection is to suture the bronchi through which the air is supplied to the resected pulmonary tissue. Bronchopleural fistula developed in the bronchial stump is encompassed as one of the most important factors affecting mortality and morbidity regarding postoperative complications.