职业接触三硝基甲苯尿中TNT原形及其代谢物排出动态观察

本文观察了职业接触TNT工人尿中TNT及其代谢物DNAT的排出动态。结果表明，工人班后尿中TNT和DNAT排出量达高峰，脱离接触后明显下降。TNT排期为7.37－7.51小时，DNAT为11.18-15.94小时，车间空气中TNT粉尘浓度较低，与班后尿中TNT和DNAT排出量无明显相关。皮肤污染是TNT进入人体的主要途径。建议进一步研究职业接触TNT的生物监测指标，全面评价TNT的职业危害。     

三硝基甲苯接触者尿中4项指标的检测分析

以兰州市某化工厂从事 TNT作业的 5 1名工人为接触组 ,不接触 TNT的 11名大学生为对照组进行分析。接触组尿中 TNT及 DNAT的含量均随车间空气中 TNT浓度的增高呈上升的趋势 (r TNT =0 .84 0 6 ,r DNNT=0 .812 4 ) ,并且尿中 DNAT的含量随接触工龄的延长也明显增加 (r=0 .9870 ,P <0 .0 5 )。认为尿中 DNAT含量的检测 ,更适合作为职业接触生物监测指标     

4种血清酶在三硝基甲苯染毒致大鼠肝损伤中的变化及意义

[目的]观察三硝基甲苯(TNT)染毒致大鼠肝损伤时血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、谷氨酸氨基移换酶(ALT)、天门冬酸氨基移换酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的活力变化情况,并探讨其意义。[方法]以50、100和200mg/kg体重剂量的TNT对大鼠每天一次经口染毒,分别于染毒2、4、6和8周后处死,测定血和肝组织TNT代谢产物2,6-二硝基-4-氨基甲苯(DNAT)水平、血靛青绿(ICG)10min滞留率(ICG_(R10))和血清LDH、ALT、AST、ALP的变化情况。[结果]TNT染毒大鼠血和肝组织DNAT均比对照组有明显升高,TNT染毒剂量与大鼠血清或肝组织DNAT呈显著性相关(P<0.01),血清与肝组织DNAT呈显著性相关(P<0.01);各TNT染毒组大鼠血清ICG_(R10)明显高于对照组。TNT高剂量染毒组大鼠血清LDH、ALT、AST和ALP活力有所降低,其他剂量组与对照组相比未见显著性变化;血清或肝组织DNAT与血清LDH呈显著性负相关(P<0.05或0.01),与ALT、AST和ALP均负相关,但未见显著性(P>0.05)。[结论]血清LDH、ALT、AST和ALP指标对TNT染毒诱导的大鼠肝损伤的反应并不敏感,似与TNT代谢产物DNAT对血清4种酶活力可能具有的一定抑制作用有关。     

三硝基甲苯作业工人晶体损害与其尿中2,6-二硝基-4-氨基甲苯含量的关系

目的 探讨三硝基甲苯（TNT）作业工人晶体损害与尿2，6－二硝基－4－氨基甲苯（DNAT）含量的关系。方法 作业工人散瞳后检查眼晶体，并且测定班后尿DNAT含量。结果 当作业工人晶体出现混浊时，尿中DNAT含量明显增加（2.38mg/L),其与接触TNT尚未出现晶体混浊组（1.44mg/L)比较，差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。结论 晶体混浊程度随尿DNAT含量的增高呈增加的趋势。ILO提出的DNAT30mg/L生物阈限值不适合我国职业人群。     

维生素C对TNT接触者尿中TNT及DNAT含量的影响

采用乙醇－氢氧化钾法、重氮－偶联比色法分别测定了25名某化工厂TNT作业人在服用维生素C前后尿中TNT、DNAT的含量。结果显示,服用维生素C后尿中TNT含量呈增加的趋势;尿中DNAT的含量呈降低的趋势。     

尿中TNT和DNAT含量与皮肤TNT污染量关系的调查

TNT(三硝基甲苯)是硝胺类炸药的主要成分,使用广泛,接触人数较多。现已公认它可引起贫血、肝脏损害和眼晶体损害等。TNT可经多种途径进入人体,而经皮吸收可能是TNT进入人体的主要途径。为了确实了解实际接触水平,我们对××硝胺炸药厂进行了调查,不仅测定了TNT车间浓度而且还检测了尿中TNT、DNAT(2.6—二硝基—4氨基甲苯)含量,了解其间关系,为今后预防TNT的职业危害提供生物     

TNT作业工人尿中TNT及其代谢物DNAT的排出规律

本文为进一步研究职业性接触三硝基甲苯(TNT)的生物监测指标提供依据,对某炸药厂部分TNT生产工人尿中TNT原形及其代射物DNAT(2,6—二硝基—4—氨基甲苯)的排出规律进行现场观察。 一、对象和方法 选TNT接触工龄5年以上,年龄20～40岁男性工人5名,作为长期接触TNT组;另选该厂男性行政人员3名,年龄20～40岁,以往无直接接触史,作为短期接触TNT组。两组观察对象均无慢性TNT中毒史。     

TNT皮肤污染量与尿中TNT、DNAT排出量关系的研究

三硝基甲苯(TNT)是一种广泛应用的炸药,在现有生产条件下,主要通过皮肤吸收进入人体。据报道,TNT接触者可引起贫血,肝功能损害以及眼晶状体混浊。85年我们曾对某煤矿化工厂生产硝胺炸药的车间进行了调查,发现在空气中TNT浓度低于卫生标准时,接触TNT的工人白内障发病率仍然较高(达26.04％),认为主要原因是TNT皮肤污染所致。为此,本文着重对TNT职业接触人群的皮肤污染量与尿中TNT和DNAT排出量的关系进行了观察。     

尿中TNT及其代谢物测定方法的研究 (一)尿中TNT代谢物—2.6—二硝基-4-氨基甲苯的重氮偶联比色法

通过实验表明,国内以往采用乙醇—氢氧化钾法定量测定尿中TNT代谢物是完全错误的,该方法只能测得尿中TNT,而不包括TNT的氨基类代谢物。为此,我们对TNT接触者尿中主要代谢物2.6-二硝基-4-氨基甲苯(简称DNAT)的定量测定方法进行了研究。     

接触TNT工人尿中代谢物及致诱变活性

关于TNT对接触工人的遗传毒性尚未阐明,本文作者在1985年的研究中,发现接触TNT工人尿样的致诱变活性增加;TNT工人中胃癌发生率高。本文研究旨在分析接触TNT工人尿样中的TNT及其代谢物4—DNAT(2,6二硝基-4-氨基甲苯)和2-DNAT(4,6二硝基-2-氨基甲苯)的水平,进一步评价不同接触水平的TNT工人尿样的致诱变活性,查明这些参数间的     

Trinitrotoluene: assessment of occupational absorption during manufacture of explosives

Trinitrotoluene (TNT) absorption was assessed in groups of workers at two explosives factories by measuring the urinary concentrations of dinitroaminotoluene (DNAT) metabolites. DNAT was detected in most of the urine samples analysed and for postshift samples the mean (SD) concentration was 9.7 (7.9) mg/l (range 0.1-44 mg/l (n = 219)). Individual workers showed substantial day to day variations in DNAT concentrations in postshift urine samples, but on a group basis the concentrations remained fairly constant throughout the working week. Preshift urine samples taken at the beginning of a working week showed low concentrations of DNAT which initially suggested that the elimination of TNT metabolites is fairly rapid. A survey carried out of preshift and postshift urine samples collected from a group of workers for a full working week showed wide variations in the rate of clearance of TNT metabolites from the body and in some cases higher concentrations of metabolites were seen in the samples taken the morning after exposure. When urine samples were collected from the same group of workers after 17 days away from the workplace DNAT was still detectable in samples from eight of the nine subjects, indicating that a proportion of TNT or its metabolites is slowly excreted. When five subjects were monitored more intensively during two workshifts TNT was shown to be absorbed rapidly during the exposure period. In most cases the highest concentrations were seen in the postshift urine samples but significant proportions were still present in samples taken the morning after exposure. Atmospheric levels of TNT were found to be too low to account for the observed excretion of DNAT and dermal uptake rather than inhalation appears to be the major route of absorption.     

Trinitrotoluene: assessment of occupational absorption during manufacture of explosives.

Trinitrotoluene (TNT) absorption was assessed in groups of workers at two explosives factories by measuring the urinary concentrations of dinitroaminotoluene (DNAT) metabolites. DNAT was detected in most of the urine samples analysed and for postshift samples the mean (SD) concentration was 9.7 (7.9) mg/l (range 0.1-44 mg/l (n = 219)). Individual workers showed substantial day to day variations in DNAT concentrations in postshift urine samples, but on a group basis the concentrations remained fairly constant throughout the working week. Preshift urine samples taken at the beginning of a working week showed low concentrations of DNAT which initially suggested that the elimination of TNT metabolites is fairly rapid. A survey carried out of preshift and postshift urine samples collected from a group of workers for a full working week showed wide variations in the rate of clearance of TNT metabolites from the body and in some cases higher concentrations of metabolites were seen in the samples taken the morning after exposure. When urine samples were collected from the same group of workers after 17 days away from the workplace DNAT was still detectable in samples from eight of the nine subjects, indicating that a proportion of TNT or its metabolites is slowly excreted. When five subjects were monitored more intensively during two workshifts TNT was shown to be absorbed rapidly during the exposure period. In most cases the highest concentrations were seen in the postshift urine samples but significant proportions were still present in samples taken the morning after exposure. Atmospheric levels of TNT were found to be too low to account for the observed excretion of DNAT and dermal uptake rather than inhalation appears to be the major route of absorption.     

TNT接触对神经行为功能影响的研究

目的 为探讨ＴＮＴ接触对神经行为功能的影响。方法 采用ＷＨＯ神经行为核心测试组合（ＮＣＴＢ）并结合因子分析方法研究ＴＮＴ接触对神经行为的功能的影响,ＴＮＴ接触工人共５９名,平均尿ＤＮＡＴ浓度为２．７７ｍｇ／Ｌ对照工人共５３名,平均尿ＤＮＡＴ浓度为０．６３ｍｇ／Ｌ,结果 ＴＮＴ接触对工人的记忆力及心理运动有影响,尿ＤＮＡＴ水平与第三因子得分存在剂量－反应关系。结论 提示ＴＮＴ对心理运动稳定度的影响有     

接触低浓度TNT工人的神经行为改变及生物学监测

目的探讨长期接触低浓度ＴＮＴ的神经行为学效应及生物学监测指标。方法应用ＷＨＯ－ＮＣＴＢ测定接触ＴＮＴ工人的早期神经行为改变并收集工人班末尿,测定尿中２,６－二硝基－４－氨基甲苯（ＤＮＡＴ）的含量。结果（１）长期接触低浓度ＴＮＴ可影响神经行为。主要表现为惰性情绪增加,记忆及运动稳定性降低。（２）尿ＤＮＡＴ含量明显增加,与ＮＣＴＢ得分存在一定接触－效应关系。结论神经行为学测试可作为检测ＴＮＴ接触工人早期影响的检测指标。ＮＣＴＢ得分与尿ＤＮＡＴ含量间具有较好相关性,尿ＤＮＡＴ含量可以反映工人的接触水平     

TNT作业工人和慢性乙型肝炎患者血糖和血清胆酸含量的变化

目的：探讨TNT作业工人早期肝损害健康监护指标。方法：对山东某TNT炸药厂进行劳动卫生学调查,并分析TNT作业工人与慢性乙 型肝炎患血糖和血清胆酸含量的变化。结果：车间空气TNT平均浓度超过国家最高容许浓度（MAC＝1mg/m^3）,TNT作业工人皮肤TNT污染严重。TNT接触组血糖、血清总胆固醇和胆酸含量显高于对照组（P＜0．01）。慢性乙型肝炎组血糖和胆酸含量显高于对照组（P＜0．01）,其血清总胆固醇含量接近对照组水平。结论：建议血糖及血清胆酸含量的变化可作为TNT作业工人早期肝损伤健康监护指标。     

三硝基甲苯作业工人和HBsAg阳性者血清铜蓝蛋白和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的变化

对河南省某化工厂职业接触ＴＮＴ作业工人现场劳动卫生学调查和健康监护结果表明，车间空气中ＴＮＴ浓度绝大多数超过ＭＡＣ（１ｍｇ／ｍ３），作业工人皮肤污染严重。ＴＮＴ接触组与对照组血清ＧＰＴ活性升高和ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性检出率两组间无显著性差异，表明这两组人群肝功能属于正常范围。同时发现，ＴＮＴ接触组和ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性组血清铜蓝蛋白和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均极显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０２，Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性组这两项指标极显著低于ＴＮＴ接触组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０２）。表明ＴＮＴ和ＨＢＶ诱发的肝损伤机理可能部分归因与活性氧生成有关。     

吸入一氧化氮疗法对犬吸入性损伤毒副作用的预防

为评价吸入一氧化氮（ＮＯ）对犬吸入性损伤毒副作用的影响和预防。将１７只犬随机分为对照和治疗组，均经烟雾吸入致伤后，对照组单纯吸Ｏ２；治疗组吸Ｏ２和ＮＯ混合气体。间断监测吸入混合气体中二氧化氨（ＮＯ２）浓度和动脉血变化。结果表明，ＮＯ２经钠石灰处理后比处理前降低８０．２％，治疗组动脉血高铁血红蛋白（ＭＨｂ）比对照组明显升高，在８和１２小时差异显著；动脉血浆亚硝酸盐（ＮＯ－２）和ＭＨｂ含量升高呈正相关。提示吸入ＮＯ疗法在混合气体中确实产生较高浓度ＮＯ２，动脉血ＭＨｂ浓度随吸入时间延长而逐渐升高