复智散治疗老年性痴呆的临床疗效观察

目的探讨中药复智散治疗老年性痴呆（AD）的临床疗效。方法入选确诊的54例AD患者，随机分为复智散治疗组和安理申治疗组，单盲法分别规范治疗40d。治疗前后用MMSE、ADAS量表评估各组临床疗效，行头部SPECT评价脑血流灌注状况，同时观察不良反应。结果复智散组的MMSE总分、ADAS-cog评分以及ADAS-noncog评分均有显著改善。头部SPECT结果显示复智散能广泛改善AD患者的脑区血流灌注，单项临床症状的改善与局部脑区血流灌注呈显著正相关。结论复智散是一个治疗AD安全有效的中药。     

Alzheimer病和轻度认知功能障碍患者认知功能与局部脑血流灌注的相关性研究

目的研究Alzheimer病(AD)和轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者的认知功能与脑血流灌注的相关性。方法33例AD、17例MCI患者分别接受临床评估、神经心理学检查[包括简易精神状态检查法(MMSE)及临床记忆量表(CMS)]后进行单光子发射计算机断层(SPECT)检查。应用SPSS 10.0软件对神经心理学指标与脑血流灌注指标进行相关性分析。结果MMSE评分与双侧颞顶叶放射性计数值(RAR)呈正相关,MQ值与左颞叶、左丘脑RAR呈正相关。结论认知功能与脑血流灌注之间有良好相关性,二者结合可更客观地评价脑功能改变,提高判定疾病的准确性。     

阿尔茨海默病的脑血流灌注研究

目的探讨AD患者脑血流灌注的特征性变化。方法选择20例确诊AD患者和10例认知正常者,对所有入组对象行SPECT脑血流灌注显像检查,对所得图像进行视觉分析和半定量分析,比较两组对象各脑区血流灌注情况的差异,并比较AD患者左、右脑叶脑血流灌注的差异。结果 (1)视觉分析结果显示,AD组以颞叶或顶叶脑血流灌注减低为主,各占55%,其中双侧颞顶叶血流灌注减低者占15%,单侧颞顶叶血流灌注减低占20%。正常认知组SPECT影像学表现各异,额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶、丘脑、基底节血流灌注减少情况均存在,各占10%。但无双侧颞顶叶血流灌注减少者,40%表现完全正常。(2)半定量分析结果显示,AD组在右额叶、双侧颞顶叶、右枕叶血流灌注显著低于正常认知组(P<0.05),以右侧颞叶血流灌注降低最明显,左右颞顶叶血流低灌注程度对比无显著性差异。结论 AD患者的SPECT特征性表现为双侧对称性颞顶叶血流低灌注,其中右侧颞叶血流灌注下降最严重。     

抑郁症患者局部脑血流变化的SPECT研究

目的用SPECT测定抑郁症患者的局部脑血流(rCBF),比较乙酰唑胺脑负荷试验后脑血流灌注变化,观察抑郁症患者脑血管的调节能力,以及是否存在潜在缺血灶。方法以18例未经抗抑郁治疗的抑郁症患者为研究对象,19名正常人作为对照组,行单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)检查。抑郁症患者48h后口服乙酰唑胺2g,再行SPECT检查。观察服用乙酰唑胺前后脑内血流的变化。结果抑郁组患者双侧额叶、颞叶的rCBF显著下降(P<0.01～0.05),左顶叶、右基底节rCBF也明显降低(P<0.05);同时,抑郁症患者局部脑血流低灌注存在不对称性,左侧灌注更低。服用乙酰唑胺后,原脑内各血流灌注下降部位恢复正常血供,未发现潜在缺血病灶。结论抑郁症患者某些特定部位存在脑血流灌注下降;乙酰唑胺脑负荷SPECT试验未发现抑郁症患者存在潜在缺血部位,而且使其局部脑血流低灌注状态恢复正常。     

强迫症与抑郁症的脑单光子发射计算机断层扫描对照研究

目的探讨强迫症、抑郁症局部脑血流量(rCBF)特点。方法应用单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)技术,对首发且未经治疗的39例强迫症患者、36例抑郁症患者和39名正常人于静息状态下行脑血流显像。以小脑皮质的放射性计数值为参考,对局部脑血流进行半定量分析。结果强迫症组两侧前额叶、前颞叶rCBF高于正常组(P<0.01);抑郁症组两侧前额叶、枕叶、扣带回及右前颞叶、右顶叶rCBF低于正常组(P<0.05);在两侧前额叶、前颞叶、顶叶、枕叶及右后额叶、扣带回,强迫症组rCBF高于抑郁症组(P<0.05)。结论强迫症组的前额叶及前颞叶呈高灌注改变,抑郁症组脑血流普遍低灌注,SPECT技术可望作为二者鉴别诊断的客观依据之一。     

轻度认知功能障碍的神经心理学和脑血流灌注研究

目的　用神经心理学和脑血流灌注检查探讨轻度认知功能障碍 (MCI)特点 ,分析其与阿尔茨海默病 (AD)和健康衰老的差异。方法　对 2 1例MCI ,18例AD和 19例健康老人进行简易智力状态检查 (MMSE) ,日常生活能力量表(ADL)和总体衰退量表 (GDS)评定 ,韦克斯勒记忆测验 (WMS)及SPECT检查。SPECT结果作半定量分析 (以放射性计数比值 -RAR表示 )。结果　认知功能评定结果 :与健康老人相比 ,MCI除ADL成绩外 ,其余均显著降低 ;与AD相比 ,MMSE、ADL、GDS以及WMS中的短时记忆和语言记忆成绩均显著优于AD(P <0 0 5 )。脑血流灌注比较结果 :MCI组与健康老人各部位的RAR无差异 ;与AD组相比 ,扣带回、左基底节、左枕叶、右颞上回、双侧额叶、双侧颞下回和双侧顶叶RAR均显著增高 (P <0 0 5 )。以顶叶RAR为变量作聚类分析产生两类MCI(MCI 4和MCI 16) ,MCI 16在左丘脑的血流灌注低于健康老人(P <0 0 1) ,在双侧颞下回和右颞上回高于AD(P <0 0 1)。结论　MCI为一组异质性疾病 ,认知功能缺损和脑血流灌注的改变均存在多种类型。顶叶能对MCI进行有效分类。     

丁基苯酞对血管性痴呆患者自由基及血液流变学的影响

目的研究丁基苯酞对血管性痴呆患者脑血流动力学及对神经功能的影响。方法将80例血管性痴呆患者按病情相匹配的原则分为治疗组46例,对照组34例,治疗组采用常规内科治疗和丁基苯酞治疗20d,对照组采用常规内科治疗20d,治疗前及治疗后4周行脑血流动力学检查、日常生活活动能力(ADL)量表测定、听觉P300测试。结果治疗后脑血流动力学检查ADL量表测定、听觉P300测试组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论丁基苯酞能改善血管性痴呆患者脑血流动力学,促进神经功能康复。     

血管性痴呆患者SPECT脑血流灌注显像特点

目的　探讨血管性痴呆 (VD)患者 SPECT局部脑血流灌注显像特点 ,为 VD的早期诊断和痴呆严重程度的评估寻找客观的生物学指标。方法　分别对 45例 VD、3 0例卒中无痴呆 (SWD)和 3 0例正常对照者 (NC)3组进行 SPECT局部脑血流灌注显像 ,半定量分析各脑区血流灌注情况。结果　 VD组额叶、顶叶、颞叶和基底节局部脑血流灌注比 SWD组减少 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;并以额叶、颞叶血流灌注的减少最为显著 (P<0 .0 1)。与 NC组相比 ,SWD组额叶、顶叶、颞叶和基底节局部脑血流灌注均减低 (P<0 .0 5 )。额叶、颞叶血流灌注减低与 MMSE评分间存在正相关关系 (r=0 .75 5 ,P<0 .0 1)。结论　 VD患者存在明显的脑血流灌注减低 ,以额叶、颞叶最为显著 ,且与MMSE评分间存在正相关 ,SPECT脑血流灌注显像有助于 VD的诊断和病情评估     

高压氧治疗颅脑损伤恢复期继发脑缺血病人的SPECT显像对比研究

目的探讨高压氧(HBO)对颅脑损伤后恢复期继发脑缺血损害的治疗作用及SPECT脑血流半灌注显像对脑缺血性改变的客观评价价值。方法选取符合标准的病人87例,随机分为HBO治疗组(45例)和对照组(42例),治疗过程中依从递减5例,剔除研究。治疗前后行SPECT显像,对脑组织缺血范围的改变行半定量测定分析。结果与对照组比较,HBO治疗组吸氧治疗一疗程后,SPECT显示缺血范围显像明显减小(P<0.05)。HBO治疗后缺血灶数量及平均直径明显低于治疗前(P<0.05)。结论HBO对颅脑损伤后缺血性损害的治疗作用是肯定的,SPECT可半定量测定脑血流的改变,可对缺血范围和对颅脑损伤恢复期HBO治疗结果进行客观的评价。     

右正中神经电刺激对颅脑创伤昏迷患者脑血流灌注的影响:SPECT-CT显像观察

目的 利用SPECT - CT融合机脑血流灌注显像技术检测重型颅脑创伤昏迷患者行右正中神经电刺激前后脑血流灌注变化情况.方法 重型颅脑损伤患者32例,伤后2周仍昏迷,接受右正中神经电刺激治疗.治疗前及治疗第7天,行SPECT - CT评价脑血流灌注变化情况.利用MATLAB和SPM软件对检测结果进行分析处理,得到昏迷患者脑皮层丘脑血流与健康成人比较值,用区域分析法分析脑皮层、丘脑和脑干部位的血流灌注增加的特征改变,利用图像重建迭加技术获得脑表面(含颅底面)血流灌注增加值.结果 颅脑创伤昏迷患者与健康成人相比较,其感觉运动皮层、双侧丘脑和脑干部位脑血流灌注出现明显下降,经电刺激治疗后,患者缺血部位脑血流明显改善,且额叶底面、海马回等区域也出现血流灌注增加表现.结论 颅脑创伤昏迷状况下存在脑血流灌注低下区域,右正中神经电刺激术不仅可显著改善颅脑创伤昏迷患者皮层及丘脑和脑干血流灌注状况,而且可以增加额叶、颞叶底面皮质的血流灌注,提示右正中神经电刺激可能通过改善脑重要功能部位血流状况达到促醒作用.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.