射频消融治疗快速心律失常300例回顾分析

目的 总结射频消融术（ＲＦＣＡ）治疗快速心律失常经验和教训,以利提高疗效。方法 回顾分析我院自１９９３年４月～１９９９年８月共治疗３００例ＲＦＣＡ。快速心律失常类别包括：房室结折返性心动过速（ＡＶＮＲＴ）７８例;房室折返性心动过速（ＡＶＲＴ）２０１例;特发性室性心动过速（ＩＶＴ）１３例;阵发性心房扑动（ＡＦ）７例;快心室率（≥１００次/分）心房颤动房室结改良１例。均先行心内电生理检查,寻找最佳靶点进行消融。结果 消融总成功率为９７．３％,总复发率为３．４％,并发症发生率１．７％,无死亡病例。结论 射频消融已成为快速心律失常简捷有效的治疗方法,但有目的地预测和降低并发症,识别和正确处理特殊病例,是提高成功率的关键。     

致心律失常性右室发育不良室性心动过速的电生理检…

报告药物治疗无效、射频导管消融失败的致心律失常性右室发育不良（ＡＲＶＤ）顽固性室性心动过速（简称室速）１例患者，在电生理导引下行右室前游离壁隔离术治疗成功。术后随访７个月无室速发作，右室收缩功能正常。提示部分右室隔离术对有生命危险和药物治疗无效及射频导管消融失败的ＡＶＲＤ室速患者是安全、有效的。     

射频消融治疗室上性心动过速病例分析

８０例行射频消融术（ＲＦＣＡ）的室上性心动过速患者中，５２例房室折返性心动过速有５３条旁路，射频阻断４９条，成功率９２％。例１第２次ＲＦＣＡ后出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞（Ａ－ＶＢ），１周后安装ＤＤＤ起搏器；１例大头导管在升主动脉打结；１例术后有左下肢静脉血栓形成；２例术后１个月复查Ｂ型超声示轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全。２６例房室结折返性心动过速射频全部成功，１例术后出现１度Ａ－ＶＢ，１例出现左侧气胸。２例房内折返性心动过速射频成功。初步认为射频消融治疗室上性心动过速有一定的并发症（包括Ⅲ度Ａ－ＶＢ）。     

致心律失常性右室发育不良室性心动过速的电生理检查和外科治疗（附一例报告）

报告药物治疗无效、射频导管消融失败的致心律失常性右室发育不良（ＡＲＶＤ）顽固性室性心动过速（简称室速）１例患者，在电生理导引下行右室前游离壁隔离术治疗成功。术后随访７个月无室速发作，左室收缩功能正常。提示部分右室隔离术对有生命危险和药物治疗无效及射频导管消融失败的ＡＲＶＤ室速患者是安全、有效的     

射频消融的临床应用

对２１例阵发性室上性心动过速（ＰＳＶＴ）患者施行导管射频消融（ＲＦＣＡ），其中１０例为预激综合征并房折返性心动过速（ＷＰＷ并ＡＶＲＴ），１０例为房室结双径路并房室结折返性心动过速（ＡＶＮＤＰ并ＡＶＮＲＴ），１例为房内折返性心动过速（ＩＡＲＴ）。经ＲＦＣＡ预激旁路和房室结改良有１８例获得成功，成功率８５．７％。无并发症，随访１～６个月未见复发者。     

心脏电生理学新概念 (7)伴有器质性心脏病室性心动过速消融治疗的现状与评价

临床上常见的器质性心脏病室性心动过速（室速）主要为冠心病、心肌病、先天性心脏病（尤其是矫正术后）和致心律失常右心室发育不良（ＡＲＶＣ）。与室上性折返性心动过速射频导管消融（射频消融）相比，射频消融器质性心脏病室速的成功率明显较低，且复发率和并发症均较高。１　　冠心病室性心动过速的射频导管消融　　　　研究证实，持续性单形性冠心病室速通常由折返引起。其折返环路可有不同构型，但均具有共同特征，即存在于疤痕区域内或疤痕边缘区的缓慢传导区（ＳＣＺ）。ＳＣＺ既是折返环路的关键组成部分，也是射频消融的靶点。…     

快速性心律失常的射频消融治疗

采用射频导管消融术（ＲＦＣＡ）治疗快速性心律失常１５６例，其中房室折返性心动过速９６例，房室结折返性心动过速５６例，室性心动过速３例，房性心动过速伴阵发性心房扑动１例．１５６例中１５２例获得成功，成功率为９７．４４％．４例出现并发症，占２．５６％．在随访１～２４个月中，３例（１．９７％）复发，而再次行射频消融治疗获得成功．文中对ＲＦＣＡ治疗快速性心律失常的疗效作了评价，并对其适应证及术后迟发性房室传导阻滞的防治进行了讨论．     

射频导管消融治疗儿童室上性心动过速100例体会

经射频导管消融（ＲＦＣＡ）治疗３．５～１４岁儿童阵发性室上性心动过速（ＰＳＶＴ）１００例，探讨ＲＦＣＡ治疗儿童ＰＳＶＴ的安全性及疗效。１００例中房室折返性心动过速（ＡＶＲＴ）７９例，慢－快型房室结折返性心动过速（ＡＶＮＲＴ）２１例。首次消融成功９６例（９６％）。失败４例均为ＡＶＲＴ。平均Ｘ线曝光时间１９ｍｉｎ。除２例ＡＶＮＲＴ放置导管过程中发生一过性ＩＩ度房室阻滞（ＡＶＢ）外，余术中和术后均无并发症发生。术后随访１个月～４．５年，ＡＶＲＴ复发１例，ＡＶＮＲＴ复发４例（占２１例的１９％），总复发率５％。结论：①ＲＦＣＡ治疗儿童ＰＳＶＴ安全、有效。②因儿童的ＡＶＮＲＴ消融慢径易出现ＡＶＢ且复发率高，应严格掌握手术适应证。③术中Ｘ线曝光时间应＜４０ｍｉｎ。     

射频消融治疗儿童快速性心律失常100例

探讨射频导管消融（ＲＦＣＡ）在治疗儿童快速性心律失常中的临床价值，采用ＲＦＣＡ治疗儿童室上性心动过速（ＳＶＴ）９３例、特发性室性心动过速（ＩＶＴ）７例。结果：ＳＶＴ消融成功率为９１．４％，右侧旁道消融成功率低于左侧旁道及房室结慢径路消融的成功率（８１．８％ｖｓ９６．８％及９６．６％；Ｐ均＜０．０５）。随访３７．３±２０．７个月，８例复发，其中２例发作次数较术前减少，口服普罗帕酮可预防发作，另６例再次消融成功。ＩＶＴ首次消融均成功，随访１９．５±１０．３个月，２例复发，均再次消融成功。全组无并发症发生。结果提示ＲＦＣＡ治疗儿童快速性心律失常是有效的、安全的。     

射频消融术治疗快速性心律失常的进展

经导管射频消融术（ＲＦＣＡ）自１９８７年应用于临床以来,给快速性心律失常的治疗带来了革命性变化,已成为房室折返性心动过速（ＡＶＲＴ）、房室结折返性心动过速（ＡＶＮＲＴ）、房性心动过速（ＡＴ）、心房扑动（ＡＦＬ）和特发性与束支折返性室性心动过速（ＶＴ）...     

Catheter ablation for cardiac arrhythmias

With the introduction of radiofrequency energy, catheter ablation has become an established technique for managing many cardiac rhythm disturbances. High efficacy and safety have been reported for accessory pathway ablation, selective fast and slow atrioventricular nodal pathway ablation to eliminate atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (while preserving atrioventricular conduction), atrioventricular junctional ablation to control the ventricular response to atrial tachyarrhythmias, ablation of the right bundle branch to eliminate bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia, and ablation of the site of tachycardia origin in patients with ventricular tachycardia unassociated with structural heart disease. In addition, there has been active investigation into ablation techniques for more complex arrhythmias such as atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, and ventricular tachycardia associated with structural heart disease.     

Two unusual cases of coincident atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia.

The simultaneous occurrence of narrow and wide QRS complex tachycardias was observed in 2 patients evaluated at our electrophysiological centers. Electrophysiological testing revealed the coexistence of two types of arrhythmia (atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and verapamil-sensitive left ventricular tachycardia) in one patient and of three types of arrhythmia (atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia originating from the right ventricular outflow tract, and left ventricular tachycardia) in the other. Both patients underwent successful radiofrequency ablation of all the types of tachycardia.     

室性心动过速合并室上性心动过速的射频消融

目的报道7例室性心动过速（VT）合并室上性心动过速（sVT）的射频消融。方法7例患者男6例,女1例,平均年龄（21±9）岁。阵发性心动过速病史（3．7±2．0）年。术中心房和心室刺激诱发VT和SVT,并进行消融。结果7例患者心房或心室刺激能反复诱发和终止VT合并SVT。法洛四联症矫治术后右心室VT合并三尖瓣环峡部依赖性心房扑动（AFL）1例,其余6例均为维拉帕米敏感性左心室特发性室速（ILVT）,分别合并AFL1例,左后间隔旁路参与的顺向型房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）1例,冠状静脉窦口慢旁路参与的顺向型AVRT1例,慢慢型房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）1例,左侧游离壁旁路参与的顺向型AVRT2例。7例患者的两种心动过速均成功消融,所有患者消融术后随访2年,无一例VT或SVT复发。结论VT合并SVT并不少见,消融术中应放置必需的心腔内电极导管,完成详细电生理检查,避免漏诊。一次消融应根除两种疾病。     

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia initiated by a swallowing-induced premature atrial beat

We report a unique patient in whom electrophysiologic studies elucidated the mechanism of a rare form of swallowing-induced atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, and for whom successful surgical ablation of an accessory pathway abolished intractable episodes of palpitation. A 64-year-old man was incapacitated by frequent attacks of palpitation following swallowing. Electrocardiograms documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias initiated by a premature atrial beat or beats following swallowing. During electrophysiologic studies swallowing consistently induced premature atrial beats which in turn initiated a sustained atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia incorporating a retrogradely conducting left-sided concealed accessory pathway. The atrial activation sequence related to the premature atrial beats and the morphology of the premature P waves suggested that premature atrial beats originated in the right atrium. The mechanism of induction of premature atrial beats following swallowing remains obscure in our patient. Antiarrythmic drugs failed to prevent induction of sustained tachycardias during sequential electrophysiologic studies. The patient underwent successful surgical ablation of the accessory pathway and is free from palpitation 15 months after the surgery.     

Interventionelle Therapie tachykarder Herzrhythmusstörungen bei Kindern

Over the past decades, interventional therapy of tachyarrhythmias in children without structural heart disease has evolved as an alternative to chronic pharmacological treatment. Catheter ablation in children over 5 years with symptomatic tachycardia using radiofrequency- or cryoenergy is nowadays performed with high success and low complication rates at experienced centers. The use of modern technologies such as non-fluoroscopic 3-dimensional mapping has further increased efficacy and safety of catheter ablation, and has led to a significant reduction of fluoroscopy time and dose. Arrhythmia substrates treated most frequently by catheter ablation in children include accessory pathways (WPW syndrome) leading to atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) and dual AV nodal pathways causing atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Success rates of catheter ablation for these substrates during long-term follow up are over 90?%. Less common forms of tachycardias in children, such as focal atrial tachycardia, ventricular outflow tachycardias or idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia, are also amenable to catheter ablation with good long-term results. In asymptomatic children with preexcitation on the surface ECG (accessory pathway with the risk of rapid antegrade conduction during atrial fibrillation) the indication for catheter ablation of the accessory pathway for the prevention of sudden cardiac death should already be evaluated during childhood.     

Supraventricular tachycardia in infants, children and adolescents: diagnosis, drug and interventional therapy

Supraventricular tachycardias are the most frequent forms of symptomatic tachyarrhythmias in infants, children and adolescents. Clinical symptoms depend on age and underlying cardiac anatomy. Newborn babies and infants with paroxysmal atrioventricular reentrant tachycardias usually present with signs of congestive heart failure due to rapid heart rate. In older children and adolescents, palpitations are the leading symptom. Patients with chronic-permanent tachycardias (i.e., atrial ectopic tachycardia, permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia) often develop a secondary form of dilated cardiomyopathy, the so-called "tachymyopathy". Adenosine has evolved as the drug of choice in any age group for the termination of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia of any origin. In addition, it serves as a diagnostic tool in primary atrial tachycardias. Long-term management of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia in infancy and childhood is age dependent. In newborn babies and infants, pharmacological therapy is advised due to the high spontaneous cessation rate of those tachycardias at the end of the first year of life. In contrast to this, the probability of spontaneous cessation of tachycardia in children > 1 year of age is very low. Therefore, radiofrequency catheter ablation of the anatomical substrate of the tachycardia is a rational alternative to long-lasting antiarrhythmic therapy. Results in children with a structurally normal heart are comparable to those achieved in adults. In patients with congenital heart disease and supraventricular tachycardias, catheter ablation during preoperative cardiac catheterization is recommended. Atrial reentrant tachycardias have been identified as one major risk factor for late postoperative morbidity and mortality in young patients. Pharmacological therapy is often not sufficient to control the tachycardia. In addition, underlying sinus node dysfunction may be aggravated in a considerable portion of the patients affected. Catheter ablation based on conventional endocardial mapping techniques by multipolar electrode catheters with the aim of identifying the critical region of the reentrant circuit is associated with an impaired success rate and a considerable recurrence rate. It may be assumed that, using the modern mapping techniques currently available (electroanatomical mapping and non-contact mapping), results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial reentrant tachycardias after surgical correction of congenital heart disease will be significantly improved within the next few years.     

Fast pathway ablation in patients with common atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and prolonged PR interval during sinus rhythm

Aims This study aimed to clarify the safety and efficacy of selectivefast pathway ablation in patients with atrio-ventricular nodalreentrant tachycardia and a prolonged PR interval during sinusrhythm. Such patients have been reported to have an increasedincidence of complete atrioventricular block. Methods and Results In this study, the earliest retrograde atrial activation duringatrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and right ventricularstimulation was localized. Fast pathway ablation was then performedin five patients with the common form of atrioventricular nodalreentrant tachycardia and a prolonged PR interval. Three ofthe five patients had almost incessant atrioventricular nodalre-entrant tachycardia. Radiofrequency catheter ablation induceda complete ventriculo-atrial block during right ventricularstimulation in four patients and a marked prolongation of ventriculo-atrialconduction during right ventricular stimulation in one. Non-inducibilityof common atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia withand without isoproterenol was achieved in all five patients.The PR interval increased from 254±53ms to 276±48msand the atrio-His interval from 172±46ms to 192±45ms.Second- or third-degree atrioventricular block did not occurduring the ablation procedure. During the follow-up of 19±20months none of the patients developed symptoms suggestive ofatrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia or evidence ofsecond- or third-degree atrioventricular block. Conclusion These data suggest that atrioventricular node (retrograde) fastpathway ablation can apparently be safely performed in patientswith common atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia anda prolonged PR interval during sinus rhythm.     

Experience in 1,500 patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of tachycardias

Several reports have demonstrated that radiofrequency catheter ablation provides effective control of a variety of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias. This report details the results of radiofrequency catheter ablation in 1500 consecutive patients with a wide variety of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias treated in the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chavez", between April 22, 1992 until December of 1999. Tachycardias were associated with the presence of an accessory pathway in 987 patients (65.8%). Dual accessory pathways were present in 24 patients giving a total of 1,012 accessory pathways. The mechanism of the arrhythmia was atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in 321 patients (21.4%). Ablation of the reentrant circuit of atrial flutter within the right atrium was attempted in 109 (7.2%) patients and a primary atrial tachycardia in 13 patients (0.8%). Atrioventricular node ablation and permanent pacemaker implantation were performed in 26 patients (1.7%). Finally we performed radiofrequency catheter ablation in 37 (2.4%) patients with ventricular tachycardia. Radiofrequency catheter ablation was successful in 908 of 1012 (89.7%) patients with accessory pathways with a complication rate of 10 (0.98%) and a recurrence rate of 92 (9%). AV nodal reentry was successfully abolished in 319 of 321 patients by selective ablation of the slow pathway in 297/321 (92.5%) patients and the fast pathway in 22/24 (92%) patients. The complication rate of this group was 8/321 (2.4%) with a recurrence rate of 34 patients (10.5%). The reentrant circuit of atrial flutter was ablated successfully in 86 of 109 (76.8%) patients with a recurrence flutter in 14 (12.8%) patients. Five of 13 (38.4%) cases of primary atrial tachycardia were successfully ablated. Complete AV block was achieved in 26 of 26 (100%) patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter treated by AV nodal ablation. The procedure was successful in 28 of 37 (75.6%) patients with fascicular ventricular tachycardia. The results of this series of patients demonstrates the safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of a wide variety of taquicardias with high rate of success 1375 of 1500 patients (91.6%), with 142 recurrences (9.4%), 15 complications (1%), and no mortality.     

From bedside to bench: entrainment and other stories.

The concepts of transient entrainment of reentrant rhythms started with studies of overdrive pacing of atrial flutter (AFL) in patients in the immediate period after open heart surgery. Initial studies demonstrated the need to achieve a critical pacing rate and a critical duration of pacing at the critical pacing rate to interrupt AFL. Further pacing studies of AFL, ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular (AV) reentrant tachycardia, AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, and atrial tachycardia refined the understanding of what occurs during overdrive pacing of reentrant tachycardias, and permitted a mechanistic understanding of transient entrainment as continuous resetting of a reentrant tachycardia to a pacing rate that is faster than the rate of the tachycardia, but which fails to interrupt it. The demonstration of transient entrainment of a tachycardia provides a reliable clinical tool to establish the presence of a reentrant rhythm. Moreover, the principles of entrainment have also been applied clinically to assist in effective application of antitachycardia pacing and catheter ablation techniques.     

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of both atrial ventricular nodal reentrant and atrial ventricular reentrant tachycardia in a single session

Radiofrequency catheter ablation is a new therapeutic approach to treat patients with symptomatic drug-resistant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Ablation of two accessory atrioventricular pathways in a single session has been frequently described previously. However, ablation in a single session of both the fast pathway, involved in atrial ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, and a concealed atrioventricular accessory pathway involved in a circus movement tachycardia has rarely been reported. A 57-year-old man with a grade III aortic incompetence had the infrequent association of atrial ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and orthodromic circus movement tachycardia due to a concealed accessory pathway. He presented with drug-resistant reentrant supraventricular tachycardia and, in a single session, underwent a successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of the fast atrial ventricular nodal pathway and a concealed posteroseptal accessory pathway. During a 10-month follow-up he was free of palpitations without any antiarrhythmic therapy and underwent elective aortic valve replacement.