重组质粒pcDNA3.1 his-hTH与pEGFP-C2共转染骨髓基质细胞源神经干细胞的实验研究

目的 构建携带人酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase，TH)目的基因片段的真核表达重组质粒-pcDNA3．1his-hTH，与pEGFP-C2共转染恒河猴骨髓源神经干细胞，观察hTH基因在骨髓源神经干细胞中的表达情况。方法 应用基因重组技术，将pWAV2-TH中TH基因亚克隆到pcDNA3．1his真核表达载体，以酶切和测序方法鉴定重组质粒pcDNA3．1his-hTH的正确性；将pcDNA3．1his-hTH和pEGFP-C2经电击穿孔法共转染恒河猴骨髓源神经干细胞，24h后观察EGFP瞬时表达情况，10d后进行hTH基因RT-PCR，以及hTH和6His单克隆抗体的免疫组化检测。结果 (1)酶切和测序结果均证实pcDNA3．1his-hTH的正确性；(2)细胞转染24h后，荧光显微镜下可观察到EGFP的表达，80％以上细胞发出绿色荧光；10d后RT-PCR检测到细胞内有hTH基因的表达，免疫组化结果显示细胞有hTH和6His抗原表达。结论 成功构建的pcDNA3．1．his-hTH和pEGFP-C2能够共转染恒河猴骨髓源神经干细胞，hTH、EGFP和6His基因在细胞内有效表达。该系统可以作为体外检测转染率、细胞移植治疗帕金森病活体跟踪移植细胞的技术平台。     

基因修饰的神经干细胞脑内移植后TH表达和神经递质的变化

目的：探讨经TH基因修饰的神经干细胞脑内移植后，PD模型动物脑内TH表达和神经递质的变化。方法：构建pN2ATH逆转录病毒载体质粒，用PA317细胞包装，G418筛选阳性克隆，病毒上清感染神经干细胞，将神经干细胞和表达TH的神经干细胞植入PD大鼠纹状体内，观察移植后TH的表达情况以及DA和DOPAC含量变化。结果：TH基因修饰的神经干细胞移植2月内，TH在纹状体内的表达增加，纹状体DA和DOPAC含量增高，好于单纯神经干细胞移植组和对照组，但比正常水平低，结论：TH基因修饰的神经干细胞，脑内移植能增加纹状体内TH的表达以及DA和DOPAC含量，为其脑内移植治疗PD提供了理论基础。     

帕金森病脑内移植基因工程细胞系的构建

目的 为进行帕金森病（PD）的转基因细胞治疗，在实验室构建人类酪氨酸羟化酶（hTH）基因表达工程细胞系。方法 重组质粒pcDNA3/hTH经亚克隆、纯化后，用脂质体法转染到人类神经母细胞瘤细胞系SH－SY5Y细胞内，经G418筛选、克隆，分离培养经免疫细胞化学分析。结果 转染pcDNA3/hTH的SH－SY5Y细胞免疫细胞化学染色明显，与仅呈非特异性染色的对照组SH－SY5Y细胞形成鲜明的对比。结论 转染pcDNA3/hTH的SH－SY5Y细胞能够有效地表达hTH，在PD治疗的非人类灵长目实验中具有潜在的应用价值。     

外源性EGFP和TH基因修饰骨髓基质细胞源神经干细胞帕金森病猴模型脑内移植后的跟踪观察

目的评价外源性酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因修饰的骨髓基质细胞源神经干细胞(BMSCs-D-NSCs)在猴帕金森病(PD)模型脑内移植后长期存活情况及其功能评定。方法应用MPTP制成偏侧PD猴模型。将构建的pEGFP-hTH转染培养的自体BMSCs- D-NSCs,而后植入PD猴模型脑内,观察其行为学变化,并进行单光子发射计算机体层摄影术(多巴胺转运蛋白显像)和正电子发射计算机体层摄影术(葡萄精代谢显像)检查。用免疫组化法检测移植细胞的存活情况。结果成功构建pEGFP-hTH和pEGFP-C2转染的BMSCs-D-NSCs中TH和EGFP基因均有效表达;细胞移植后5个月PD猴症状仍有所改善。多巴胺转运蛋白显像见细胞移植组术侧纹状体平均标准摄取值低于对侧及健康猴,而高于PD猴术侧。葡萄糖代谢显像见细胞移植组术侧纹状体平均标准摄取值低于对侧及健康猴,而高于PD猴术侧,而细胞移植组间明显差异。免疫组化发现, 细胞移植术后5个月移植区仍存存大量TH、EGFP阳性细胞。结论 pEGFP-hTH和pEGFP-C2转染的BMSCs-D-NSCs存体外和体内均长期表达外源性TH、EGFP基因,基因工程细胞在PD猴脑内存活并发挥治疗作用。     

TH基因修饰的神经干细胞移植治疗帕金森病的实验研究

目的 探讨TH基因修饰的神经干细胞脑内移植对帕金森病(PD)的治疗作用。方法 构建pN：ATH逆转录病毒载体质粒，用PA317细胞包装，G418筛选阳性克隆，病毒上清感染神经干细胞，将表达TH的神经干细胞植入：PD大鼠纹状体内，测定：PD大鼠旋转行为改善，DA和DOPAC含量变化，以及TH在纹状体的表达。结果 TH基因修饰的神经干细胞移植8周时能显著降低PD大鼠旋转行为，增加纹状体DA和DOPAC含量，TH在纹状体内的表达增加，疗效好于单纯神经干细胞移植组。结论 TH基因修饰的神经干细胞移植对PD大鼠有明显的治疗作用，可望为PD治疗提供新的途径。     

外源EGFP和hTH基因在恒河猴骨髓源神经干细胞内的稳定表达

目的构建携带人酪氨酸羟化酶(hTH)的荧光真核表达质粒-pEGFP-C2-hTH,转染骨髓基质细胞源神经干细胞(BMSCs-D-NSCs),观察外源EGFP和hTH基因在BMSCs-D-NSCs中的表达情况。方法应用基因重组技术,将pWAV2-TH中的TH目的基因亚克隆到荧光真核表达载体 pEGFP-C2,以酶切和测序鉴定重组质粒pEGFP-C2-hTH的正确性:pEGFP-C2-hTH经NucleofectorTM 核转染仪转染培养的恒河猴BMSCs-D-NSCs,24 h后观察绿色荧光蛋白的瞬时表达情况,10 d后行 TH单克隆抗体的免疫组化和TH基因的RT-PCR。结果 (1)酶切、PCR和DNA序列鉴定均证实插入片段的正确性;(2)细胞转染24 h后,荧光显微镜下可观察到绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的表达,观察到 80％的转染细胞发出绿色荧光;转染10 d后细胞的RT-PCR检测到hTH基因的表达,TH单克隆抗体免疫组化结果显示转染细胞呈阳性染色,同时在荧光显微镜下观察到绿色荧光。结论构建的 hTH荧光真核表达重组质粒pEGFP-C2-hTH,经电转染方法转染至BMSCs-D-NSCs内,成功表达hTH 和EGFP,为BMSCs-D-NSCs基因治疗提供了实验基础。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞转染人TH基因的实验研究

目的评价酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)基因修饰骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymalstem cells,MSCs)后TH的表达情况及转染TH基因对MSCs的影响.方法构建含人TH基因的pCMV/hTH质粒,用脂质体转染原代培养的大鼠MSCs;Western blot及免疫细胞化学染色鉴定TH基因的表达及MSCs的分化情况;MTT比色法测定转染后的MSCs细胞活性,并与未转染的MSCs进行细胞活性比较.结果构建的pCMV/hTH质粒经ECoRI酶切后产生1.9okb和5.3kb的片段,与回收的目的基因及载体基因片段大小相符;转基因后的MSCs Western blot及免疫细胞化学染色显示TH染色阳性;转染后MSCs未见有NeuN,GFAP的表达;MTT比色法测定细胞活性,未转染与转染者差异无显著性.结论构建的TH基因能在体外培养的鼠MSCs中较好的表达,转染不会诱导MSCs向神经样细胞分化,对MSCs细胞活性无明显影响.     

基因修饰骨髓源性神经元样干细胞治疗帕金森大鼠的研究

目的 观察大鼠酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosinehydroxylase,TH)修饰的骨髓基质源性神经元样干细胞(neuronoid stem cells derived from bone marrow stem cells,NdSCs-D-BMSCs)在脑室移植途径下对帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)大鼠的治疗作用.方法 将酶切鉴定后的新构建质粒pEGFP-C2-TH经电穿孔法转染培养第8天NdSCs-D-BMSCs,注射到PD大鼠模型右侧脑室,观察大鼠行为学变化,移植细胞在大鼠脑组织内的迁移,以及高效液相方法检测脑内DA含量.结果 质粒pEGFP-C2-TH转染NdSCs-D-BMSCs移植后10周,PD大鼠症状显著改善,DA恢复至正常水平33.0%,移植细胞可以在PD大鼠脑内存活,并出现远处迁移.结论 TH修饰的大鼠NdSCs-D-BMSCs经脑室移植对PD大鼠具有明显的治疗作用,为临床中腰椎穿刺干细胞移植的应用提供实验依据.     

转基因星形胶质细胞脑内移植治疗帕金森病大鼠的研究

目的　评价酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)基因转染的星形胶质细胞移植入帕金森病 (PD)模型大鼠脑内后对旋转行为改善作用。方法　用pcDNA3 1/TH质粒转染原代培养的星形胶质细胞 ,采用免疫组化及RT PCR方法检测到TH表达后 ,将转基因的星形胶质细胞移植入PD模型大鼠脑纹状体内 ,观察PD大鼠的旋转行为变化情况。结果　移植后共观察 12周 ,转基因细胞移植组PD大鼠 (n =10 )的旋转行为明显改善 (P <0 0 5 ) ,改善情况在 2～ 8周最显著 ,对照组大鼠 (n =10 )的旋转行为无变化。结论　转基因的星形胶质细胞脑内移植后可短期改善PD大鼠的旋转行为 ,星形胶质细胞有可能作为有效的载体细胞。     

小鼠胚胎干细胞诱导的神经前体细胞纹状体移植对PD大鼠的治疗作用

目的 观察来源于小鼠胚胎干细胞的神经前体细胞移植PD大鼠纹状体后的存活、分化以及细胞移植对PD大鼠的治疗作用。方法 采用无血清方法将小鼠胚胎干细胞定向诱导为神经前体细胞，免疫组化技术观察移植细胞的存活、分化。结果 胚胎体在N2选择性培养基选择生长5d后，85％以上的小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为nestin阳性的神经前体细胞。移植到PD大鼠纹状体后大部分神经前体细胞存活良好，移植细胞分别保持为未分化的nestin阳性的神经前体细胞和TH阳性的神经元。移植后3周，PD大鼠的旋转次数明显减少。结论 胚胎干细胞来源的神经前体细胞移植PD大鼠纹状体后能分化为TH阳性的神经细胞，对PD有治疗作用。     

神经干细胞转染酪氨酸羟化酶基因后的分化

目的 探讨神经干细胞（NSCs）转梁酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）基因后的分化。方法 从胚胎16天Wistar大鼠室管膜前下周围区分离、增殖、鉴定NSCs；将TH基因和缺陷性逆转录病毒载体N2A构建成真核表达质粒，以电穿孔将其转入PA317包装细胞内；收集PA317包装产生的逆转录病毒颗粒，感染体外培养的NSCs，经G418筛选，获得成功转染TH基因的NSCs克隆；分别以0.4ng/ml bFGF和5％胎牛血清诱导转染及未转染TH基因的NSCs分化，比较TH基因转染及不同诱导方式对NSCs分化的影响，同时在分化细胞内检测TH的表达。结果 以0.4ng/ml bFGF诱导可使95％以上的NSCs分化为神经元，而5％FBS诱导则大多分化为神经胶质细胞，无论是否转染TH基因，神经元及神经胶质细胞的分化比例不成生改变；TH基因转染后能在神经干细胞的子代细胞内高效、稳定表达。结论 TH基因转染不影响NSCs的分化潜能，TH能在神经干细胞的子代细胞中有效表达0.4ng/ml bFGF诱导可以促使NSCs分化为神经元。     

The assays of activities and function of TH, AADC, and GCH1 and their potential use in ex vivo gene therapy of PD

In the past decades, there have been numerous studies in the gene therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), especially in delivering genes of enzymes for dopamine (DA) synthesis. Gene therapy in PD appears to be at the brink of the clinical study phase. However, there are many questions that need to be solved before this approach can be contemplated clinically, especially the question about the control of DA production because too much DA could cause toxicity. Until recently, few studies have investigated the relation between DA production and PD improvement and respective expressed human tyrosine hydroxylase (hTH), human GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 (hGCH1), and human aromatic acid decarboxylase (hAADC) in ex vivo gene therapy for PD. Now, we have developed a simple, fast, and reliable method to assay the activities of TH and AADC and have provided the possibility of ex vivo gene therapy for PD by genetically modifying cells with separate hTH, hGCH1, and hAADC genes. Using the method, we found though hTH, hGCH1, and hAADC genes were expressed, respectively, they could fulfil the function of DA synthesis by incubating together in vitro, and more DA was synthesized in vitro when hTH, hGCH1, and hAADC genes were expressed together rather than hTH and hAADC genes expressed or hTH expressed. The result suggests that we could easily control DA production in ex vivo gene therapy before transplantation. By combining this method and microdialysis, we also could further investigate the DA production in vitro and in vivo and then decide the optimal number and ratio of different transduced cells to improve the therapy of PD. Thus, the method has potential use in ex vivo gene therapy of PD.     

TH和GDNF双转基因工程细胞对多巴胺能神经元的保护作用

目的将人的外源基因TH和GDNF共同转染SH-SY5Y细胞,建立一种可同时高效稳定表达TH和GDNF的工程细胞,探讨其在帕金森病(PD)基因治疗中的作用。方法将人GDNF和TH的cDNA构建于表达载体PcDNA3.0和PcDNA3.1,形成重组真核表达载体PcDNA3.1/hGDNF、和PcDNA3.0/hTH,同时转染至SH-SY5Y细胞系,利用RT-PCR鉴定筛选出高效稳定表达阳性克隆,将此工程细胞与大鼠原代多巴胺(DA)能神经元共培养,免疫细胞化学检测观察DA能神经元的数目和生长状态。结果成功建立了可同时高效稳定表达人TH和GDNF双基因的工程细胞,并且该细胞可防止DA能神经元退变死亡,有助于DA能神经元抵抗MPP+的毒性损伤。结论人TH和GDNF双转基因工程细胞对DA能神经原有防治兼顾的保护作用。、     

Deletion of N-terminus of human tyrosine hydroxylase type 1 enhances stability of the enzyme in AtT-20 cells

Wildtype human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) type 1 and 4 mutants (del-52, a form with the first 52 amino acid residues deleted; del-157, one with the first 157 amino acid residues deleted; RR-EE, one in which Arg37-Arg38 was replaced by Glu37-Glu38; and S40D, one in which Ser40 was replaced by Asp40) were expressed in AtT-20 mouse neuroendocrine cells in order to clarify how deeply the N-terminus of TH is involved in the efficient production of dopamine (DA) in mammalian cells. The amounts of DA that accumulated in AtT-20 cells expressing these human TH type 1 (hTH1) phenotypes were in the following order: del-52 = del-157 = RR-EE > S40D > wildtype, although the enzyme activities of del-52 and del-157 were lower than those of wildtype, RR-EE, and S40D. The observation on immunoblot analyses that the N-terminus-deleted hTH1 mutants were much more stable than wildtype can reconcile the discrepant results. Computer-assisted analysis of the spatial configuration of hTH1 identified five newly recognized PEST motifs, one of which was located in the N-terminus sequence of Met1-Lys12 and predicted that deletion of the N-terminus region would alter the secondary structure within the catalytic domain. Collectively, the high stability of the N-terminus-deleted hTH1 mutants can be generated by the loss of a PEST motif in their N-termini and the structural change in the catalytic domain, which would promise an efficient production of DA in mammalian cells expressing N-terminus deleted hTH1.     

Role of N-terminus of tyrosine hydroxylase in the biosynthesis of catecholamines

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the conversion of l-tyrosine to l-dopa, which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines [CA; dopamine (DA), noradrenaline, and adrenaline], and plays a central role in the neurotransmission and hormonal actions of CA. Thus, TH is related to various neuro-psychiatric diseases such as TH deficiency, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and schizophrenia. Four isoforms of human TH (hTH1–hTH4) are produced from a single gene by alternative mRNA splicing in the N-terminal region, whereas two isoforms exist in monkeys and only a single protein exist in all non-primate mammals. A catalytic domain is located within the C-terminal two-thirds of molecule, whereas the part of the enzyme controlling enzyme activity is assigned to the N-terminal end as the regulatory domain. The catalytic activity of TH is end product inhibited by CA, and the phosphorylation of Ser residues (Ser¹⁹, Ser³¹, and especially Ser⁴⁰ of hTH1) in the N-terminus relieves the CA-mediated inhibition. Ota and Nakashima et al. have investigated the role of the N-terminus of TH enzyme in the regulation of both the catalytic activity and the intracellular stability by producing various mutants of the N-terminus of hTH1. The expression of the following three enzymes, TH, GTP cyclohydrolase I, which synthesizes the tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor of TH, and aromatic-l-amino acid decarboxylase, which produces DA from l-dopa, were induced in the monkey striatum using harmless adeno-associated virus vectors, resulting in a remarkable improvement in the symptoms affecting PD model monkeys Muramatsu (Hum Gene Ther 13:345–354, 2002). Increased knowledge concerning the amino acid sequences of the N-terminus of TH that control enzyme activity and stability will extend the spectrum of the gene-therapy approach for PD.     

Differential cellular regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition in an in vitro model of 1,3-dinitrobenzene-induced encephalopathy

Exposure to 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) is associated with neuropathologic changes in specific brainstem nuclei, mediated by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The expression of Bcl-2-family proteins as a function of sensitivity to 1, 3-dinitrobenzene (DNB)-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) was examined in C6 glioma and SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Neuroblastoma cells were 10-fold more sensitive than glioma cells to DNB-induced decreases in mitochondrial reducing potential, measured by reduction of the tetrazolium compound, 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The IC(50) values for DNB-related inhibition of MTT reduction were 107+/-25 microM in SY5Y cells and 1047+/-101 microM in C6 cells. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in both SY5Y and C6 cells following DNB exposure by 4.6- and 6.0-fold above control, respectively. DNB caused abrupt depolarization of mitochondria in both neuroblastoma and glioma cells that was inhibited by trifluoperazine. The first order rate constants for mitochondrial depolarization were: C6, k=0.31+/-0.02 min(-1); SY5Y, k=0.14+/-0.01 min(-1). Onset of MPT occurred at 10-fold lower concentration of DNB in SY5Y cells than in C6 cells. The antioxidants, deferoxamine and alpha-tocopherol, effectively prevented DNB-induced MPT in C6 and SY5Y cells, suggesting involvement of ROS in the initiation of MPT. Exposure to DNB resulted in decreased cellular ATP content in SY5Y cells and efflux of mitochondrial calcium in both SY5Y and C6 cells, concurrent with onset of MPT. The expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), and Bax was evaluated in both cell types by Western blot analysis. C6 glioma cells strongly expressed Bcl-X(L) and only weakly expressed Bcl-2 and Bax, whereas SY5Y neuroblastoma cells expressed lower levels of Bcl-X(L) and higher levels of both Bcl-2 and Bax. Collectively, these results suggest that higher constitutive expression of Bcl-X(L), rather than Bcl-2, correlates with resistance to DNB-induced MPT in SY5Y and C6 cells and that differential regulation of the permeability transition pore may underlie the cell-specific neurotoxicity of DNB.