巨大儿与母亲体重的关系探讨

目的探讨巨大儿与母亲孕前体质指数及孕期增重的关系.方法将102例出生体重≥4000g作为巨大儿,110例出生体重为3999～2500 g新生儿为对照组,比较两组母亲孕前体质指数的分布、孕期体重增加及分娩结局.结果巨大儿组母亲孕前高体重(BMI＞22)的百分比明显大于对照组(P＜0.025),低体重的百分比明显低于对照组(P＜0.005);孕期体重增加均大于对照组(P值均＜0.01);巨大儿孕妇的剖宫产率及产时出血量高于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).结论巨大儿发生与母亲孕前高体重及孕期体重增加过多有关,巨大儿的母儿并发症较高,孕前控制体重及孕期合理营养有助于减少巨大儿的发生.     

159例巨大胎儿临床分析

目的 通过对１５９例巨大胎儿的临床分析，寻找准确诊断巨大儿的相关因素。方法 将１５９例巨大儿纳入研究，选择相应时间（２日内）分娩的１５９例出生体重〈４０００ｇ的正常足月儿作为对照；比较孕妇年龄，身高，体重，肝周，孕产次，分娩方式，合并症及新生儿有关情况。结果 巨大儿组母亲身高，孕期体重增长，分娩孕周，孕产次均高于对照组，并有统计学差异。巨大儿男婴多于女婴。巨大儿组分娩方式以剖宫产为主，剖宫产率为７     

经产妇分娩巨大儿的相关因素及妊娠结局分析

目的 探讨经产妇分娩巨大儿的相关因素与妊娠结局的关系.方法 对2003年1月至2008年5月北京军区总医院201例非妊娠期糖尿病且无严重内外科合并症经产妇分娩的巨大儿资料进行回顾性分析,并与同期分娩的初产妇巨大儿及随机选择的无合并症经产妇正常体重几进行比较.结果 经产妇巨大儿母亲的孕龄、孕末期体重、剖宫产率、产后出血、异常产程、新生儿窒息率等均高于经产妇正常体重儿组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).与初产妇巨大儿组比较,经产妇巨大儿正规产检比例明显降低,过期妊娠、新生儿窒息率增加,择期剖宫产率低(P<0.05).结论 加强经产妇围生期管理,产前正确预测经产妇巨大儿,选择适当的分娩方式,对预防产后出血.降低母婴并发症至关重要.     

692例巨大儿临床分析

目的探讨巨大儿相关因素,降低其发生率,提高分娩前的正确诊断率,选择适宜的分娩方式,以减少母婴并发症。方法回顾性分析北京市房山区妇幼保健院3年间住院分娩出生体重≥4 000g产妇692例,为巨大儿组,运用单纯随机抽样中的抽签法随机抽取同期分娩正常体重儿1 384例产妇为对照组,对两组年龄、孕龄、产次、孕期平均增加体重、分娩前诊断、妊娠并发症及并发症、分娩方式、分娩并发症等进行比较分析。结果巨大儿组与对照组比较,孕期体重平均增加值、孕龄、产次,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);妊娠期糖尿病及肥胖症的发生率巨大儿组显著高于对照组(P0.05);巨大儿组中,宫高+腹围≥140cm,彩超胎儿双顶径≥9.5cm、股骨长≥7.5cm、胎儿腹围≥35cm孕妇所占比例与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论结合孕前体重指数,孕期合理控制体重增长,加强妊娠期糖尿病管理,能降低巨大儿发生率;分娩前综合分析评估胎儿体重,可提高巨大儿诊断符合率,选择适宜的分娩方式,减少母婴并发症的发生。     

74例经产妇分娩巨大儿的相关因素及预后分析

目的:探讨经产妇分娩巨大儿相关因素与预后的关系.方法:回顾分析2004年1月至2006年12月分娩的74例非妊娠期糖尿病,无严重内外科合并症的经产妇巨大儿资料,与随机选择的同期分娩的无合并症经产妇正常体重儿作对照分析,并与同期分娩的初产妇巨大儿比较.结果:经产妇巨大儿组平均孕龄、孕末期体重、宫高、腹围、产时及产后2小时出血量、异常产程、剖宫产率、新生儿窒息率都高于经产妇正常体重儿组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);与初产妇巨大儿组比较,正规产检比例明显降低,过期妊娠、新生儿窒息率增加,择期剖宫产率低.结论:加强经产妇围生期管理,产前正确预测经产妇巨大儿,选择适当的分娩方式,对预防产后出血,降低母婴并发症至关重要.     

孕前肥胖及孕期体重增长过度与妊娠期并发症及分娩结局的关系探讨

目的:探讨孕前肥胖、孕期体重增长过度孕妇妊娠期并发症的发生以及其分娩结局的关系。方法:测量2236例足月单胎初产妇孕前的身高、体重和孕期体重增长情况,计算孕前体重指数,并分别观察肥胖孕妇的妊娠期并发症、分娩方式、产程以及产后出血、新生儿窒息、巨大儿发生情况。结果:①孕前肥胖及孕期体重增长过度的孕妇妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压疾病以及早产的发生率与对照组比较差异有显著性;②孕前肥胖及孕期体重增长过度孕妇总产程、产程异常发生率、剖宫产率、产钳助产率、巨大儿和新生儿窒息的发生率以及围生儿死亡率与对照组比较差异有显著性或非常显著性。结论:孕前肥胖及孕期体重增长过度对孕产妇和新生儿均产生不利影响,增加了妊娠期、分娩期并发症和增高了难产发生率。     

应用上臂软组织厚度预测巨大儿

为探索肱骨(上臂)软组织的厚度(HSTT)预测巨大儿出生体重的实用性,选择95例孕妇,标准是至少有一种可能预示胎儿肥大的病因:宫底高于正常手龄3cm,妊娠性糖尿病,孕前即有糖尿病,有巨大儿分娩史,但不包括多胎妊娠者。均于分娩前1周内进行观察。     

巨大儿孕妇孕期体重的动态分析

目的:探讨孕妇孕期增重及各孕期体重增加速度与分娩巨大儿的相关性,以冀开展有针对性的孕期管理,降低巨大儿的发生率。方法:回顾分析106例巨大儿和109例正常体重出生儿(对照组)母亲的孕前体重及孕期体重变化。结果:巨大儿组孕妇孕前体重,孕前BMI,孕期增重均高于对照组(P<0.01),两组孕妇体重增长速度最快时期均为孕20~30周,巨大儿组在孕20~30周及孕30周~分娩两期体重增速均高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:巨大儿发生与孕妇孕前体重,孕前BMI,孕期增重等因素相关,应密切观察孕妇各孕期体重的变化,尤其是孕中晚期。     

超声测量胎儿腹围预测巨大胎儿

目的　探讨产前预测新生儿出生体重的相关因素及超声测量胎儿腹围能否预测巨大胎儿。　方法　前瞻性选择 148例宫高 腹围≥ 135 cm的足月单胎已临产的孕妇 ,超声测量其胎儿双顶径、腹围、股骨长度 ,皮尺测量孕妇宫高、腹围 ,核对孕龄 ,分析这些因素与新生儿出生体重的相关性 ;按新生儿体重将这些孕妇分为巨大儿组和非巨大儿组 ,比较两组的资料 ;分析胎儿腹围与巨大儿的特定关系。　结果　多因素逐步回归分析显示单一胎儿腹围是预测胎儿体重的最好参数 ,优于胎儿腹围与股骨长的联合应用。其与胎儿体重呈直线正相关 ,r=0 .85。胎儿腹围≥ 36 cm可以预测 82 %的巨大儿 ,巨大儿组剖宫产率 70 .2 %。　结论　胎儿腹围与胎儿体重呈高度直线正相关 ,是预测胎儿体重的较好参数。在产前怀疑有巨大儿的可能时 ,超声测量胎儿腹围有助于其诊断。     

前置胎盘的高危因素及围产期结局分析

目的探讨前置胎盘的高危因素并分析围产期结局。方法将75例前置胎盘孕产妇列为研究组;选取同期75例孕龄相同的正常孕产妇作为对照组。收集两组孕产妇一般资料、妊娠结局及围产儿结局并进行分析,探讨影响前置胎盘的高危因素。结果两组年龄、孕次、剖宫产史、流产史、分娩史间差异明显(P 0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,高龄、剖宫产史、多次流产史及多次分娩史为前置胎盘的独立危险因素(P 0.05)。研究组产前/产后出血发生率、平均产后出血量、剖宫产率及输血率均高于对照组(P 0.05)。研究组平均分娩孕周及新生儿平均出生体重低于对照组(P 0.05),早产儿发生率、新生儿窒息率及转儿科率均高于对照组(P 0.05),而两组死胎率差异不明显(P0.05)。结论高龄、剖宫产史、多次流产史及多次分娩史均为前置胎盘发生的独立危险因素。     

Diabetes and pregnancy. Maternal risk factors and neonatal morbidity

BACKGROUND: To verify in our population the incidence of infants of mother with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or gestational diabetes (GD) and to evaluate the maternal characteristics influencing neonatal outcome. METHODS: The study was retrospectively performed on 6179 infants born between 1995 and 1998 at the Obstetric Clinic of the University of Messina and referred the Division of Neonatology. The following groups have been selected: group A (offsprings of IDDM mothers), group B (offsprings of DG mothers), group C and group D, controls, (2 infants of the same sex and gestational age born before and after the infants of group A and group B, respectively). The parameters analyzed were: diabetic familiarity, age, weight and body mass index (BMI) of the mothers, delivery, gestational age, weight at birth, neonatal outcome. RESULTS: The infants of IDDM mothers were 3% and the infants of GD mothers were 0.8%. Group A and group B present a significantly higher incidence of: diabetic familiarity, cesarean section, macrosomia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia. The GD mothers had weight and BMI higher than IDDM mothers. The infant weight did not correlate with maternal weight and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that in our population GD is underestimated, metabolic control in pregnancy is insufficient, obstetric practices are too invasive, neonatal outcome is verosimely correlated only to metabolic control.     

Management of gestational diabetes

This review studies 100 pregnancies of gestational diabetic patients during the past 3 years. Seventy-seven per cent were delivered after the spontaneous onset of labor at term. The perinatal mortality rate was 1 per cent, comparing favorably with the general perinatal mortality rate for our hospital. The perinatal morbidity rate was 8 per cent; half of this morbidity caused by birth trauma secondary to macrosomia with difficult vaginal delivery. Excessive fetal size appeared to be strongly associated with a maternal history of macrosomia. This significant morbidity secondary to macrosomia suggests a more liberal use of cesarean section when the fetal weight is estimated to be greater than 9 lbs.     

Clinical experience with one hundred seven diabetic pregnancies

Clinical experience with 45 pregnancies in women with Class A diabetes and 62 pregnancies in women with insulin-requiring diabetes is described. The perinatal mortality rates were 0, 16.1, and 9.3, respectively, among the Class A, insulin-requiring, and total diabetic populations. Diabetic mothers experienced significantly higher prevalences of cesarean section and ketoacidosis than did the overall population. There were no other significant differences in maternal complications. Diabetic mothers demonstrated high rates of abnormal estriol levels and relatively low rates of positive contraction stress tests. Positive contraction stress tests were highly correlated with abnormal outcome. Delivery occurred either at or after 37 weeks in 93% of the Class A and in 81% of the insulin-requiring women. In comparison to infants in the general population, those of diabetic mothers experienced significantly elevated rates of being large for gestational age, macrosomia, and hypoglycemia. Congenital abnormalities were significantly higher in the Class A, but not in the insulin-requiring population. Neonatal morbidity could not be related to maternal diabetic control and was only minimally related to gestational age.     

Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy in an African population.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the pregnancy outcome among diabetic and non-diabetic Nigerian women. METHODS: A retrospective case record review of 200 pregnant diabetic patients and control was carried out over a 10-year period (1990-1999) at the Maternity unit of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus among pregnant mothers was 1.7%. Pre-gestational diabetes mellitus accounted for 39% of cases while gestational diabetes was responsible for 61% of them. Late antenatal booking and poor control of diabetes mellitus were common features, while maternal and fetal morbidity was high. Hypertension, vulvovaginitis, premature labor, polyhydramnios and ketoacidosis were significantly higher among diabetic mothers than controls. The perinatal mortality was also higher among diabetics than controls (12.5% vs. 3.5%) with stillbirth being the major contributor. Patients with gestational diabetes were at increased risk of fetal macrosomia than controls (28.7% vs. 5.5%). The overall cesarean section rate was high (36%) among diabetics with previous cesarean section and cephalopelvic disproportion being the commonest indications. CONCLUSIONS: Health education and provision of modern affordable methods of management of diagnosed cases such as uristix and hemastix will improve maternal and fetal outcome in pregnant diabetics in Africa.     

Maternal co-morbidities and neonatal outcomes associated with cystic fibrosis*

Objective: To evaluate maternal co-morbidities and adverse perinatal outcomes associated with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 2 178 954 singleton pregnancies at?≥20 weeks’ gestation with and without CF in the state of California during the years 2005–2008. ICD-9 codes and linked hospital discharge and vital statistics data were utilized. Rates of maternal co-morbidities, fetal congenital anomalies and adverse perinatal outcomes were compared in those with CF and those without. Maternal co-morbidities included gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and primary cesarean delivery. Perinatal outcomes included neonatal demise, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, macrosomia, anomaly, fetal demise, asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, intraventricular hemorrhage, hypoglycemia and necrotizing enterocolitis.

Results: The cohort included 2 178 954 pregnancies of which 77 mothers had CF. Mothers with CF were more likely to have pre-gestational diabetes and had higher rates of primary cesarean delivery. Neonates delivered to mothers with CF were more likely to be born preterm and have congenital anomalies but otherwise were not at increased risk for significant neonatal morbidity or mortality when adjusted for gestational age.

Conclusion: Mothers with CF are more likely to have pre-gestational diabetes, deliver preterm (<37 weeks gestation) and have a primary cesarean delivery. Infants are more likely to have congenital anomalies. In addition to early diabetic screening and genetic counseling, a detailed fetal anatomy ultrasound should be performed in women with CF.     

Middle cerebral artery to umbilical artery resistance index ratio in the prediction of neonatal outcome.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the usefulness of the middle cerebral artery to umbilical artery resistance index ratio (C/U ratio) as a predictor of adverse perinatal outcome, and to show that the absence of fetal umbilical artery end-diastolic velocity (AEDV) in SGA fetuses is associated with high morbidity and mortality. METHOD: In this prospective study, color Doppler flow imaging was used for the estimation of the C/U ratio in fetuses that were small for their gestational age, in 70 singleton pregnancies between 29 and 42 weeks of gestation. The subjects were categorized into two groups, with Group A consisting of 35 small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses with a normal C/U ratio (1.05 or higher), and Group B comprising 35 SGA fetuses with an abnormal C/U ratio (below 1.05). RESULT: The mean C/U ratio values for birth weight and gestational age were higher in group A than in group B. Fetuses born to mothers in group B stayed longer in the neonatal special care unit (NSCU), whereas the period from ultrasound examination to delivery was higher in the cases in group A. A higher percentage of mothers with an abnormal C/U ratio underwent cesarean section. Fetuses with an absent end-diastolic velocity of the umbilical artery had a higher morbidity. Three stillbirths occurred in fetuses with an absent end-diastolic velocity of the umbilical artery. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the C/U ratio is a good predictor of neonatal outcome, and could be used to identify fetuses at risk of morbidity and mortality. Fetal umbilical artery AEDV with intrauterine growth restriction is associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality.     

Maternal obesity as a risk factor in gestational diabetes

Maternal obesity has been associated with both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and neonatal macrosomia. Most studies of obesity in pregnancy have demonstrated an increased risk for GDM. However, the contribution of obesity as an added risk in GDM has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of obesity as a risk factor to perinatal morbidity in gestationally diabetic women by comparing the maternal and neonatal outcome in obese and nonobese gestationally diabetic women. From 1979 to 1983, the maternal, intrapartum, and neonatal characteristics of all prepartum gravid patients with GDM were examined. Of the 158 patients with documented GDM, 62 (39%) were obese (weight greater than 90 kg). There was no difference in maternal age (obese 29.3 +/- 5.4 years, nonobese 28.7 +/- 6.5 years) parity, or prepartum risk score between the obese and nonobese patients. The incidence of prematurity, pre-eclampsia, fetal distress, and primary cesarean sections were not different between the groups. There were no differences in Apgar scores, gestational age, or perinatal morbidity. However, the obese patients delivered heavier neonates expressed as mean birthweight (obese 3667 +/- 682 gms, nonobese 3331 +/- 750 gms. P less than .01), the number of macrosomic (greater than 4 kg) neonates (obese 37%, nonobese 14%, P less than .001) and K-score, (obese 0.8 +/- 1, nonobese 0.4 +/- 9, P less than .05). These data indicate that obese patients with GDM have an increased risk of neonatal macrosomia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Incidence of the Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Infants of Diabetic Mothers – Perinatal Influences

Summary: This survey of 73 infants of insulin dependent (ID) diabetic mothers and 70 infants of gestational diabetics (GD) born at King George V Memorial Hospital between January, 1968 and December, 1975, showed that all 12 babies with RDS were from the ID group. RDS was the cause of all 6 neonatal deaths and together with the 5 stillbirths gave this high risk group a 15% mortality rate. Since no deaths occurred in the GD group, the overall mortality was 8%.
In the 6 years, 1970–1975, RDS occurred 21 times more often in babies of ID mothers than in control babies born to non-diabetics. Babies born to ID mothers were of significantly lower mean gestational age than those born to the GD mothers. Within the ID group, those babies with RDS were of significantly lower gestation than those without and the mean gestation was similar to control babies with RDS.
Provided the diabetes is controlled and fetal welfare ensured, later delivery, following documentation of lung maturity, may lower the incidence of RDS and therefore perinatal mortality and morbidity.     

Outcome of preterm infants born to overweight and obese mothers†

Objectives: To evaluate perinatal morbidity and mortality among preterm neonates who were born to overweight and obese mothers compared to preterm neonates who were born to mothers with normal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI).

Methods: Retrospective recordings of medical charts of 110 preterm infants born to overweight (n?=?68) and obese (n?=?42) mothers at gestational age (GA) 28–34 weeks, as well as 110 controls matched for GA and birth weight. All infants were born at the Sheba Medical Center between 2007 and 2014. Data regarding maternal pre-pregnancy weight and height were recorded, as well as maternal and neonatal complications and feeding methods.

Results: Obese mothers had more pregnancy-induced hypertension (52.4% versus 21.4%, p = 0.006) and caesarean section deliveries (81% versus 52.4%, p = 0.018). Overweight mothers had more gestational diabetes (20.6% versus 2.9%, p = 0.001). The study and control groups were similar on all neonatal outcome parameters. No differences between the groups were recorded throughout hospitalization with respect to Apgar score, respiratory distress and support, hypotension, cardiac manifestations, brain pathologies, infection, feeding type and total hospitalization days.

Conclusions: Although the maternal complications are greater among obese and overweight women, it seems that preterm infants born to these women are not at increased risk for neonatal complications.     

Are birth weight predictors in diabetic pregnancy the same in boys and girls?

Objectives

To study the predictors of abnormal fetal growth in diabetic pregnancy, analyzing the role of fetal sex.

Study design

Observational retrospective study was carried out in a University hospital. We studied 2833 newborns of diabetic mothers who attended the Diabetes and Pregnancy Clinic and delivered in the center between 1/1/1982 and 31/12/2006 (2370 born to women with gestational diabetes mellitus, 391 to women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), and 72 to women with type 2 DM). Logistic regression analyses were performed with a backward method to predict large for gestational age (LGA), small for gestational age (SGA) and macrosomic newborns using relevant variables and their interaction with fetal sex. We have used as potential predictors of abnormal birth weight: maternal prepregnancy age, weight, height and body mass index, prior pregnancy, prior macrosomia, smoking habit, weight increase during pregnancy, hypertension, gestational age at delivery, twin pregnancy, fetal sex, diabetes type, third trimester HbA1c and interaction of fetal sex with all these variables.

Results

Variables predictive of LGA, SGA and macrosomia were as formerly described. Moreover, some predictors of abnormal growth displayed an interaction with fetal sex. In LGA prediction, male sex displayed a positive interaction with delivery week, prior gestation, diabetes type and twin pregnancy and a negative one with weight increase. In SGA prediction, male sex displayed a positive interaction with delivery week and diabetes type. In macrosomia prediction, male sex displayed a negative interaction with weight increase.

Conclusions

In this cohort of diabetic pregnancies, some predictors of abnormal birth weight display interaction with fetal sex. In general, associations were more favorable to female fetuses.