一种简便的N—取代丁二酰亚胺和N—取代戊二酰亚胺合成法

环状酸酐和一级胺反应，生成二酸单酰胺，在多聚磷酸及合适的温度下，环合成相应的Ｎ－取代的丁二酰亚胺和Ｎ－取代的戊二酰亚胺，为该类化合物的合成提供了一种简便方法。     

1,5—二芳基—8,15—二氧杂二螺—[5,2,5,2]—十六烷—3,7,16—三酮…

由取代苯甲醛、丙酮、丙二酸、环己酮为原料，合成１，５－二芳基－１，４－戊二烯－３－ｘ酮和１，５－二氧杂螺－［５，５］－十一烷－２，４－二酮，然后在ＰＥＧ和ＫＯＨ存在下，乙醇作溶剂，制备了七个新的二螺环化合物，并对反应条件进行了探讨。七个新化合物对菌类有明显的抑制作用。     

6,7—二甲氧基—2,4—二羟基喹唑啉合成工艺的改进

以藜芦醛（２）为原料经硝化－氧化得硝基酸４，再按类似物６－甲氧基－７－苄氧基－２，４－二羟基喹唑啉的合成法经酰氯－酰胺化、还原和环合反应合成了标题化合物１。对各步反应的工艺条件和后处理方法进行了改进，使从２至１的总收率达２０．６％。     

6—（4—取代酰胺基苯基）—4,5—二氢—3（2H）—哒嗪酮类化合物的？…

设计合成了１８个６－（４－取代酰胺基苯基）－４，５－二氢－３（２Ｈ）－哒嗪酮类化合物，其中１６个为首次报道。用两种方法合成了中间体６－（４－氨基苯基）－５－甲基－４，５－二氢－３（２Ｈ）－哒嗪酮，所有化合物体外对ＡＤＰ诱导的兔血小板聚集均有不同程度的抑制作用，５－甲基取代的化合物大多具有较强的抑制作用，其中（９），（１０），（１１），（１６），（１７）和（１８）的抑制作用均强于对照组ＣＩ－９３０，     

6—（4—酰基—1—哌嗪乙酰氨基）—3,4—二氢—2（1H）—喹啉酮类？…

目的：寻找具有正性肌力活性的化合物。方法：根据文献报道的二氢喹啉酮类正性肌力药物的结构特点,设计、合成了其类似物。以苯胺为起始原料经多步合成,对所得化合物用离休豚鼠心脏和主动脉观察了心肌收缩力、扩血管作用及心率。结果：合成了１０个６－（４－酰基－１－哌嗪乙酰氨基）－３,４－二氢－２（１Ｈ）－喹啉酮类化合物（４ａ～４ｊ）,均为未见文献报道的化合物。结论：初步药理试验表明,化合物（４ｈ）显示了正性肌力     

6—（4—取代苯基）—4,5—二氢—3（2H）—哒嗪酮类化合物的合成及血…

为了寻找理想的血小板聚集抑制剂，设计合成了１４个６－（４－取代苯基）－４，５－二氢－３（２Ｈ）－哒嗪酮类化合物。ＡＤＰ诱导，家兔体外血小板聚集实验表明，均有不同程度的抑制作用，其中化合物（Ｉ８）的作用最强。     

一种简便的N－取代丁二酰亚胺和N－取代戊二酰亚胺合成法

环状酸酐和一级胺反应，生成二酸单酰胺，在多聚磷酸（ＰＰＡ）及合适的温度下，环合成相应的Ｎ－取代的丁二酰亚胺和Ｎ－取代的戊二酰亚胺，为该类化合物的合成提供了一种简便方法。     

6—（4—取代酰胺基苯基）—4,5—二氢—3（2H）—哒嗪酮类化合物的 …

设计合成了６－（４－取代酰胺基苯基）－４，４－二氢－３（２Ｈ）－哒嗪酮类化合物１６个，其中１４个为首次报道，它们对ＡＤＰ诱导的兔血小板聚集均有不同的抑制作用。     

3—异丙基,3—正戊基环戊二酮—1,2Mannich碱衍生物的合成及抗？…

以３－异丙基、３－正戊基环戊二酮－１，２为母体化合物，设计合成了９个未见文献报道的Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ碱衍生物，并在体外进行了抗癌活性评价。初步药理活性筛选结果表明，３－正戊基环戊二酮－１，２Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ碱衍生物的抗癌活性较强，３－异丙基环戊二酮－１，２Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ碱衍生物的活性相对较弱，我数化合物的抗癌活性优于阳性对照药５－Ｆｕ。     

天然化合物6—羟基—2—甲基—2—（4—甲基—3—戊烯基）—2H—苯并吡 …

６－羟基－２－甲基－２－（４－甲基－３－戊烯基）－２Ｈ－苯并吡喃是从Ｐｈａｃｅｌｉａ ｉｘｏｄｅｓ Ｋｅｌｌｏｇｇ．中分离出的具有抗脂质氧化作用的天然化合物，报道以１，４－环己二酮为起始原料经３步合成此天然化合物的过程。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.