鲎试剂方法检测岩黄连注射液中细菌内毒素

目的:建立快速的岩黄连注射液中细菌内毒素鲎试剂检查法.方法:用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的岩黄连注射液分别进行干扰试验,考察确立岩黄连注射液细菌内毒素检查法.结果:将岩黄连注射液稀释6倍以上可消除干扰作用,使用灵敏度为0.5 Eu·mL-1的鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素检查,结果全部呈阴性.结论:岩黄连注射液可以用鲎试剂检查法取代家兔热原检查法.     

硫酸阿托品注射液中细菌内毒素的鲎试剂检查法

目的:建立硫酸阿托品注射液细菌内毒素检查法.方法:采用中国药典2005年版附录细菌内毒素检查法.结果:硫酸阿托品注射液稀释至0.25 g·L-1及更低浓度时,用灵敏度分别为0.25 EU·mL-1和0.125 EU·mL-1的鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素,无干扰因素影响.结论:硫酸阿托品注射液细菌内毒素限值确定为50 EU·mg-1,可应用鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素法检查.     

苦参注射液细菌内毒素检查法的探讨

目的探讨苦参注射液细菌内毒素检查法的可行性.方法根据中国药典2000年版二部细菌内毒素检查方法及指导原则进行实验.将苦参注射液经40倍稀释,用标示灵敏度为0.5 Eu·ml-1的鲎试剂检测其细菌内毒素.结果苦参注射液40倍稀释液对鲎试剂的细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用.结论苦参注射液可用细菌内毒素检查法进行热原检查     

抗增液复溶鲎试剂检查参芪扶正注射液的细菌内毒素

目的:建立抗增液复溶鲎试剂检测参芪扶正注射液中细菌内毒素的检查法.方法:通过抗增液复溶鲎试剂对不同批号的参芪扶正注射液分别进行抑制或增强试验,考察确立参芪扶正注射液内毒素检查法.结果:用抗增液复溶鲎试剂可以消除参芪扶正注射液(2倍稀释)对细菌内毒素检查干扰.结论:用抗增液复溶灵敏度0.25 EU·ml-1的鲎试剂对参芪扶正注射液进行细菌内毒素检查是可行的.     

磺胺嘧啶钠注射液细菌内毒素检查方法的研究

建立磺胺嘧啶钠注射液细菌内毒素的检查方法.采用<中国药典>2005年版附录细菌内毒素检查法.磺胺嘧啶钠注射液在12.5mg·mL-1及以下浓度时,用灵敏度为0.25 EU·mL-1的鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素,无干扰因素影响.磺胺嘧啶钠注射液细菌内毒素限值确定为 0.1EU·mg-1,可应用鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素法检查.     

卡络磺钠注射液细菌内毒素检查方法研究

目的 探讨卡络磺钠注射液细菌内毒素检查方法替代家兔热原检查法的可行性.方法 采用凝胶法,进行干扰预试验及干扰试验,其中干扰试验采用2个厂家生产的鲎试剂;用灵敏度为0.25 EU·mL-1鲎试剂和卡络磺钠注射液31.25倍稀释液进行细菌内毒素检查.结果 卡络磺钠注射液稀释倍数为31.25倍时对鲎试剂与内毒素的凝集反应无干扰作用.结论 卡络磺钠注射液可用细菌内毒素检查法替代原有的家兔热原检查法.     

新鱼腥草素钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查

目的:建立新鱼腥草素钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法.方法:根据<中国药典>2000年版二部收载的细菌内毒素检查法的要求进行实验.结果:将新鱼腥草素钠注射液稀释30倍,用标示灵敏度为0.5 EU·ml-1的鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素检查是有效的.结论:鲎试剂可用于新鱼腥草素钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查.     

康艾注射液细菌内毒素检查

目的:探讨细菌内毒素检查方法对康艾注射液进行检查的可行性.方法:利用凝胶法,采用不同厂家生产的鲎试剂,通过灵敏度复核试验和干扰预试验,用鲎试剂灵敏度为0.25 EU·ml-1和30倍稀释液进行干扰试验和内毒素检查.结果:康艾注射液对鲎试剂与内毒素的凝集反应无干扰作用.结论:康艾注射液可用细菌内毒素检查法,替代原有的家兔热原检查法.     

鲎试剂法检测诺新康注射液中的细菌内毒素

目的 建立诺新康注射液细菌内毒素检查法.方法 用两个厂家的鲎试剂对四批样品进行干扰试验.结果 对样品进行1∶4稀释,用0.25 Eu·ml-1鲎试剂进行试验可消除干扰.结论 可以应用细菌内毒素检查法对诺新康注射液进行热原检查.     

脉络宁注射液细菌内毒素检查方法的探讨

目的 对脉络宁注射液进行鲎试剂检查法实验,以替代热原检查,建立脉络宁注射液细菌内毒素检查法.方法 利用不同厂家生产的鲎试剂对不同批号的脉络宁注射液进行干扰试验,全面考察脉络宁注射液对细菌内毒素检查的干扰作用,以确定其最大不干扰浓度及最佳试验浓度.结果 试验证明脉络宁注射液20倍以上可消除干扰作用,为最佳试验浓度,检查结果全部为阴性,结果准确可靠.结论 脉络宁注射液内毒素限值按2.5×103 EU·L-1进行细菌内毒素检查,安全可靠,可以用鲎试剂检查法取代家兔热原检查法.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.