带血管蒂髌骨移位修复膝关节面缺损的应用解剖

目的：为带血管蒂髌骨移位修复股骨髁和胫骨髁关节面缺损提供解剖学基础。方法：用34侧经动脉红色乳胶灌注的下肢标本，经解剖和铸型研究髌骨的血供。观测30块髌骨和胫骨内外侧髁上关节面的形态和面积。结果：供应髌骨的各支动脉先在髌骨周围吻合成髌周动脉环，再由该环发支进入髌骨。参与形成髌周动脉环的主要动脉有膝上外动脉、膝下外动脉、膝降动脉髌上支、膝降动脉髌下支和膝下内动脉。髌骨关节面与股骨内外侧髁关节面、胫骨内外侧髁上关节面形态大小相似。结论：带血管蒂髌骨可以移位至股骨内外侧髁、或胫骨内外侧髁，利用髌骨的关节面修复股骨髁或胫骨髁关节面缺损，以期最大限度保留膝关节的功能。     

带血管蒂髌骨移位修复胫骨内侧髁上关节面缺损的解剖与临床

目的：探索用带血管蒂髌骨移位的方法，修复胫骨内侧髁上关节面缺损。方法：用经动脉乳胶灌注的下肢标本37侧，经解剖、厚切片和铸型等方法研究髌骨的血管；观测30块髌骨和胫骨内侧髁上关节面的形态和面积。结果：供应髌骨血液的动脉有多条，这些血管先在髌骨周围相互吻合成髌周动脉环，再由该环发支供应髌骨。于髌骨内下方参与形成髌周动脉环的膝降动脉关节支的髌下支或膝下内动脉干长、位置恒定。髌骨和胫骨内侧髁上关节面的形态和面积相似。结论：带血管蒂髌骨可以移位至腔骨内侧髁，利用髌骨的关节面修复胫骨内侧髁上关节面的缺损，以保留膝关节的功能。     

人工膝关节置换术中髌骨截骨厚度对髌股关节压力及髌骨应变影响的研究进展

目的 总结髌股关节力学特点及人工膝关节置换术(TKA)中髌骨截骨厚度变化对髌股关节压力及髌骨应变影响的研究进展。方法 在PubMed、Springer Link、FMJS、万方等数据库以“髌骨厚度、髌股关节应力、髌骨应变”为关键词,检索1985年1月—2015年1月国内外有关髌骨厚度变化与髌股关节力学关系的相关文献资料,并进行汇总分析。结果 TKA术中无论是否进行髌骨置换,髌骨厚度的变化均会导致髌股关节力学特点的变化,可能会加剧髌股关节假体间的磨损或增加髌骨内压力,从而导致假体磨损、松动或膝前痛的发生。髌骨厚度增加2～4 mm可能会增加髌股关节压力及手术失败的风险。截骨过多时,髌骨应变比截骨较少的髌骨要大,从而有更高的骨折风险,或导致髌股关节痛。结论 TKA术后髌骨应尽量保持术前厚度,以保持髌股关节力学特点的稳定,减少髌股关节压力和假体磨损。髌骨截骨厚度减少可以降低术后髌骨应变,从而降低了髌骨骨折及膝前痛的发生率。     

髌骨的生物力学研究进展

髌骨的生物力学是近年来研究的热点之一，髌股关节之间的运动十分复杂，对合不良被认为和膝前痛密切相关。作者从髌骨在伸膝机制中的作用、髌骨软骨的特性与髌股关节活动的匹配性、髌股关节面在伸屈膝过程中的接触区域变化、髌股关节作用力和压应力、髌骨的运动轨迹五个方面阐述近年来的一些研究进展，并分析了一些问题、挑战和前景。     

带血管蒂髌骨移位修复胫骨外侧髁上关节面缺损的应用解剖

目的：研究用带血管蒂髌骨移位的方法修复胫骨外侧髁上关节面缺损。方法：用３７侧成人下肢标本，经解剖、厚切片和铸型研究髌骨的血管。观测３０块髌骨和胫骨外侧髁上关节面的形态和面积。结果：①供应髌骨血液的各支动脉先在髌骨周围吻合成髂周动脉环，再由该环发支进入髌骨；②于髌尖外下方参与形成髌周动脉环的膝下外动脉蒂长、径粗、位置恒定；③髌骨关节面与胫骨外侧髁上关节面形态大小相似。结论：带血管蒂髌骨可移位至胫骨外侧髁，利用其关节面，修复上关节面缺损，以期最大限度地保留膝关节的功能     

髌骨高度的测量及高位髌骨的研究进展

背景：随着运动医学的不断发展以及对髌股关节疾病的深入研究,高位髌骨作为髌股关节病的重要发病因素被越来越多的研究,其影像学测量指标众多,广大临床医生和影像学工作者尝试早期诊断和治疗这一重要疾病。 目的：对高位髌骨的影像学诊断及最新进展进行综述,指出各个指标的优点和局限性,为下一步研究拓宽思路。 方法：应用计算机检索1989至2013年中国知网及Pubmed数据库,关于髌骨高度测量、高位髌骨的影像学诊断方面的文献报道,并对不同的诊断指标进行归纳综述。中文检索词为“高位髌骨、髌骨高度、髌骨位置、诊断、测量”,英文检索词为“patella alta, patella height,measurement,diagnosis”。 结果与结论：目前临床上常用的评估髌骨高度的指标很多,主要被分为两类：一类是间接指标,评估髌骨与胫骨之间的位置关系,比如经典的Insall-Salvat(IS)指数,Blackburne-Peel(BP)指数,和Caton-Deschamps(CD)指数。另一类是直接指标,评估髌骨与股骨之间的关系。包括等“The patellotrochlear index”,“The patellophyseal index”等。现在认为,髌股关节的生物力学是阐明髌骨关节紊乱疾病基础的关键。随着MRI技术的推广,直接评估髌股关节关节软骨面位置关系的指标如髌骨滑车指数被认为反映髌股关节的实际匹配状况的最佳指标。但对于髌骨滑车指数的研究同样有不少问题等待解决。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

保留和置换髌骨对全膝关节置换术中髌股关节轨迹不良临床效果的影响

目的探讨保留和置换髌骨对全膝关节置换术(TKA)中髌股关节轨迹不良术后的临床效果和影像学评价的影响。方法回顾性分析78例(80膝)TKA中髌股关节轨迹不良患者:保留髌骨组40例(41膝):保留髌骨进行TKA手术。置换髌骨组38例(39膝):置换髌骨,其余TKA手术操作相同。比较两组术后HSS评分、髌骨FELLER评分及影像学评价。结果术后随访时间23~132个月,平均64.2个月。两组数据HSS功能、髌骨FELLER评分手术前后对比有明显提高,而两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。影像学评价:膝关节侧位片两组Caton Index指数没有明显变化=1.47(P0.05)、屈膝45°Knutsson髌骨轴位X线片髌股指数置换髌骨组优于保留髌骨组=2.65(P0.05),CT扫描外侧髌骨移位=3.12和髌骨倾斜角=3.39,置换髌骨组较保留髌骨组改善(P0.05),两组比较差异有统计学意义。结论对于髌股关节轨迹不良患者,恰当选择置换髌骨进行膝关节置换可改善髌股轨迹,进一步减少髌股关节并发症,提高人工膝关节置换的疗效。     

保留髌骨膝关节置换的症状及影像学评价

背景：膝关节置换中是否置换髌骨是一个持续争论的话题。 目的：侧重评价保留髌骨膝关节置换后髌骨的影像学稳定性和症状改善。 方法：对39例(48膝)骨关节炎及类风湿性关节炎患者行保留髌骨的全膝关节置换。 结果与结论：术中记录髌骨软骨退变分级Ⅲ级和IV级达36膝,占75%,置换后HSS评分及FELLER髌骨评分较置换前明显改善,明显膝前痛病例为5例,占10%,其髌骨病理分级均达到Ⅳ级。保留髌骨膝关节置换前后影像学评价髌股关节的对线差异无显著性意义,下肢力线校正满意。提示对于置换前髌股轨迹不良、术中软骨病理分级较低者应该进行选择性的髌骨置换,恰当选择病例采用保留髌骨的膝关节置换可减少髌股关节并发症,置换前仔细评估,综合考虑多种因素操作可进一步改善髌股轨迹。     

髌外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带紧缩术治疗习惯性髌骨脱位

目的:探讨外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带重建术治疗习惯性髌骨脱位及半脱位的手术方法及临床疗效.方法:经对10例(13膝)经临床检查确诊的髌骨脱位及半脱位患者,在行髌外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带紧缩的的基础上,配合胫骨结节内移等手术治疗.手术前后均对患者的膝关节功能进行Lysholm评分.结果:10例患者随访3～15个月(平均9个月),术后膝关节稳定性增加,无髌骨再脱位发生,恐惧试验均为阴性.Lysholm评分术前平均(69.6±3.9),术后平均(94.1±3.7).结论:髌外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带紧缩为主的综合术式治疗髌骨脱位能有效减轻症状防止复发,,对维持髌骨的稳定有重要作用.     

镍-钛聚髌器配合可吸收线荷包缝合治疗严重髌骨粉碎性骨折

目的探讨严重髌骨粉碎性骨折的治疗方法。方法运用镍-钛聚髌器配合可吸收线荷包缝合治疗严重髌骨粉碎性骨折,术后观察临床效果。结果镍-钛聚髌器各爪支的连接体部正位于髌骨前表面,固定完全符合张力带原则,配合可吸收线荷包缝合,可对粉碎性髌骨达到牢固固定,固定效果远较其它方法可靠,可早期进行膝关节功能锻炼。结论镍-钛聚髌器配合可吸收线荷包缝合治疗严重髌骨粉碎性骨折,不仅疗效高,而且方法简便易行,并发症少,是一种较为理想的手术方法。     

The arterial supply to the brain of the yak (Bos grunniens)

Fifteen head specimens of the yak were dissected to study the arterial supply to the brain. The supply comes from the internal carotid, maxillary, occipital and vertebral arteries. Except for the internal carotid artery, the branches of the above-mentioned arteries contributed in the formation of the rete mirable of which the vascular diameter was larger and the wall was thinner. The brain was mainly supplied by branches from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries in which the blood is oxygenated. These branches joined to form the circle of Willis (Circulus arterious cerebri) in the region of the pituitary gland. The arterial supply to the cerebrum was mainly provided by the middle and rostral cerebral arteries, which arose from the internal carotid. The basilar, cerebellar and caudal cerebral arteries came from the vertebral artery. However, the adult yaks do not have the rostral communicating artery. The outer diameter at the origin of the vessels ranged from 0.40 to 2.60 mm. The outer diameter of the left arterial vessel at its origin was larger than the same vessel of the right by about 0.20 mm in the all samples.     

Arterial patterns in the thoracic and abdominal segments of the esophagus: anatomy and clinical significance

Cadaver studies were made to obtain more details about the arterial patterns in the thoracic and abdominal segments of the esophagus, with emphasis on the arterial supply to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The results showed that the inferior thoracic segment of the esophagus usually received blood supply from a single artery, with an average diameter of 1.42 ± 0.49 mm (X ± s), whereas the abdominal segment was commonly supplied by two arteries. The abdominal esophageal arteries coming from the left gastric artery were semi-circular in shape with an average diameter of 2.06 ± 0.70 mm. From these semi-circular esophageal arteries, 3 to 8 smaller arteries branched off and penetrated into the muscle of the abdominal segment of the esophagus or anastomosed with arterial branches from the inferior thoracic segment. Thus, the blood supply of the abdominal segment was richer than that of the inferior thoracic segment. This richness of blood supply, characterized by semicircular esophageal arteries in the abdominal segment, may be important for the function of the LES.     

上下唇血液供应及其临床意义

目的：研究上下唇的血液供应,为新的组织瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法：对10具从面动脉灌注红色乳胶的成年新鲜尸体标本的口周区域进行解剖研究,在2具尸体标本的面静脉内注入兰色乳胶。在3.5倍的手术放大镜下解剖显著血管。结果：上唇动脉发生浅隔支与深隔支,向上走行进入鼻中隔前下部参与克氏动脉丛的组成。观察到2种新的下唇动脉的分布情况。下唇动脉沿途发出唇颏支,与进入颏部的其它血管分支相互吻合。结论：上下唇血供丰富,可设计含浅、深隔支的上唇岛状组织瓣、含鼻隔支的岛状鼻中隔软骨粘膜瓣及含颏唇支的颏唇瓣;了解下唇动脉的解剖变异,对成功地施行一期下唇动脉岛状瓣手术是很重要的。     

Morphometry and Variability of the Brain Arterial Circle in Chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger,Molina)

Arterial circles of brains from 70 adult chinchillas were filled with synthetic latex. The arterial circle of the brain is formed as the result of vertebral arteries being merged into the basilar artery. Caudally, both vertebral arteries gave rise to the ventral spinal artery. The ventral spinal artery splits into tiny cerebellar vessels, the pontine and cochlear branches. Distally, the basilar artery ramified into two terminal branches that formed the arterial circle of brain, rostrally open in most cases (75%). The observed variability of the arterial circle of brain of chinchillas pertained to all elements of that circle. The greatest variability within the vessels of the circle of Willis in chinchillas was observed in 22 cases (31.4%) of internal ophthalmic arteries. In chinchillas, a trend toward slight variability within the arteries comprising the arterial circle of the brain was observed in 44 animals. This accounted for 62.8% of all cases. Only in three cases was the arterial circle of brain clearly symmetrical. At the same time, 23 animals (32.8%) revealed features of significant vascular variability within the brain base region. These consisted of disturbed geometry of the entire arterial circle, different levels of ramifications into individual arteries, as well as the number and diameter of arteries. No internal carotid arteries were observed in chinchillas apart from one atypical case in which the carotid artery extended unilaterally into the basilar artery. These investigations indicate on the significant variability of arterial circle in rodents. Anat Rec, 300:1472–1480, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The systemic arterial pattern of the guinea pig: The head,thorax, and thoracic limb

The systemic arterial pattern of the guinea pig was studied to determine the arrangement of the major arterial trunks and their branches. Fifty-nine specimens were examined by dissection, angiography, and corrosion casting. The arterial arrangement was found to resemble a typical mammalian pattern, although some exceptions were noted. For example, the internal carotid arteries were small and of questionable significance in the cerebral blood supply. Instead, a major portion of the blood supply to the brain appeared to be provided by the internal ophthalmic arteries. In the thoracic region, large dorsal scapular arteries originated and were distributed in part to the large fat pad in the dorsal cervical region. Also, each vertebral artery arose as two separate rami that anastomosed a few millimeters from their origin. The arterial pattern of the thoracic limb presented no unusual features.     

Effect of induced hypertension on experimentally-induced cerebral arterial spasm

Ten adult cats were anesthetized and ventilated by respirator. After the basilar artery was exposed transclivally and visualized with an operative microscope, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was raised gradually by intravenous drip infusion of norepinephrine (5-20 micrograms/kg) or angiotensin-II-amide (0.3-1.0 micrograms/kg). At various blood pressures, microphotographs were taken. There was no appreciable change in vessel diameter at a MABP ranging from 78 to 191 mmHg. The blood pressure was allowed to return to the initial baseline level. Arterial spasm was produced by the topical application of 0.2 M calcium gluconate, which decreased the arterial diameter by 13 to 58 percent for more than 60 min. Blood pressure was increased again after the production of the arterial spasm. Significant increases in the diameter of the arteries were produced by the drug-induced hypertension at levels of MABP ranging from 82 to 192 mmHg. The maximum arterial dilations ranged from 123 to 208 percent of the untreated control. The degree of dilation of the arteries almost paralleled the rise in MABP. Norepinephrine and angiotensin-II had a similar effect on both the blood pressure and the arterial diameter. Induced hypertension would be expected to improve blood flow parameters in the case of spastic cerebral arteries.     

足舟骨血供及其临床意义

通过动脉灌注,对60侧不同年龄(新生儿至67岁)尸体足舟骨的血液供应进行了研究.舟骨的动脉分散发自足背动脉和足底内侧动脉的分支.舟骨辐射状动脉可分背侧和跖侧两组,背侧组供应舟骨背周区.跖侧组供应舟骨中央和跖侧区.对舟骨血管分布的临床意义进行了讨论.     

逆行缝匠肌皮瓣修复小腿皮肤缺损应用解剖学

目的为设计逆行缝匠肌皮瓣转位修复小腿皮肤缺损提供解剖学基础。方法解剖观测40侧缝匠肌的动脉来源、走行、外径、分布及吻合。取4侧新鲜成尸下肢标本进行动脉造影,观察缝匠肌内动脉吻合。结果营养缝匠肌的动脉为6～7支,呈节段性分布,缝匠肌的上1/5段动脉来源于旋髂浅动脉、旋股外侧动脉或股深动脉,中2/5段动脉来源于股动脉,下2/5段动脉来源于隐动脉。隐动脉起点位于内收肌结节上(10.2±1.0)cm处,外径(1.5±0.2)mm,向下发出3～5个分支入缝匠肌,隐动脉终末支在膝下内侧参与膝关节网。缝匠肌的各节段动脉在肌内分为4～7支沿缝匠肌纵轴走行,相邻动脉的分支在肌内形成链型吻合,吻合处外径0.3mm左右。深筋膜表面有皮动脉和肌皮动脉形成的链式血管吻合网,营养缝匠肌表面的皮肤。结论缝匠肌内动脉链型吻合为逆行缝匠肌皮瓣供血,扩大了该肌皮瓣的切取长度,故以隐动静脉为血管蒂的逆行缝匠肌皮瓣可修复小腿中下段软组织缺损。