Morphological differences between the aneurysmal and normal artery in patients with internal carotid–posterior communicating artery aneurysm

The aim of this study was to identify image-based morphological parameters that correlated with the formation of internal carotid artery–posterior communicating artery (ICA–PcomA) aneurysms. Morphological parameters obtained from 3-dimensional digital subtraction angiography (3D-DSA) were evaluated from nine patients with ICA–PcomA aneurysms, including the diameter of the ICA (Dica) and PcomA (Dpcom), the angle between the ICA and the origin of the PcomA (Apcom), and the angle between the ophthalmic and communicating segments of the ICA (Aica). Measurements were performed on both sides of each patient. Parameters were analyzed with a paired-samples t-test for significance. In additional, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed on the significant parameter. Statistically significant differences were found between the aneurysmal (45.28 ± 29.07°) and control sides (79.22 ± 17.83°) for Apcom (p = 0.020). In the ROC analysis, the area under the curve value of Apcom was 0.852, and the threshold for optimal sensitivity and specificity was 52.25°. Therefore, the Apcom parameter was correlated with the formation of an ICA–PcomA aneurysm, and seems to be a promising morphological parameter for risk assessment of aneurysm formation.     

320排动态容积CTA与3D—DSA对颅内小型动脉瘤诊断价值的对比研究

目的对比评价320排动态容积CT四维血管造影（4D-CTA）和三维数字减影血管造影（3D-DSA）对颅内小动脉瘤（SAN）的诊断价值。方法2012年1月至2012年4月,临床怀疑颅内动脉瘤的患者185例均行4D-CTA和3D-DSA检查,应用三维工作站行图像后处理。结果结合3D-DSA所见,185例中的87例患者发现99个小动脉瘤,4D-CTA正确检出94个小动脉瘤,7例显示为假阴性,2例显示为假阳性。在总体检出SAN数量方面,4D-CTA的敏感性为92．9％,特异性为93．9％,准确性为93．2％,4D-CTA与3D-DSA的一致性为优（Kappa值=0．83）;对于SAN瘤体最大径的测量,CTA容积重建图像与3D-DSA容积重建图像测量值[（3．O±0．73）mm：（3．3±O．98）mm]差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论320排4D-CTA对诊断SAN的敏感性、特异性和准确性很高,可作为颅内动脉瘤筛查和术前评估的首选技术之一,但对于颈内动脉颅内段和椎-基底动脉的小动脉瘤仍有漏诊。     

3D-CTA、DSA对颅内动脉瘤诊疗价值的对比

目的 评价3D-DSA、3D-CTA、2D-DSA在颅内动脉瘤诊疗中的作用.方法 回顾性分析32例动脉瘤患者3D-DSA、3D-CTA、2D-DSA和手术资料.结果 32例患者共35个动脉瘤(有3例患者为多发动脉瘤).3D-DSA能清楚显示所有动脉瘤的形态,准确判断3例多发动脉瘤中破裂的动脉瘤且手术顺利夹闭;3D-CTA检出33个,遗漏1个前交通动脉瘤及1个颈内动脉瘤;2D-DSA检出32个,遗漏2个前交通动脉瘤和1个大脑中动脉瘤.3D-DSA及3D-CTA在显示瘤颈上明显优于2D-DSA,3D-CTA可准确显示动脉瘤与相邻骨质结构关系.结论 3D～CTA是检查颅内动脉瘤高度敏感的无创影像手段,其诊断效价优于2D-DSA,可以作为动脉瘤首选影像学诊断方法 .必要时再行3D-DSA进行确诊,尤其是多发复杂动脉瘤和微小动脉瘤及3D-CTA阴性的SAH患者,3D-DSA应视作颅内动脉瘤诊断的金标准.     

3D-DSA诊断颅内动脉瘤的临床应用

目的总结3D—DSA诊断颅内动脉瘤的经验。方法18例颅内动脉瘤或可疑动脉瘤病人进行常规2D-DSA检查后，再进行3D—DSA重建检查。对两种检查方法的结果进行比较分析。结果18例中，常规2D—DSA检出动脉瘤的患者13例，共15个动脉瘤；3D—DSA检出15例，共18个动脉瘤。结论3D—DSA较2D—DSA能提高对颅内动脉瘤有效的阳性率检出。     

Three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography vs two-dimensional digital subtraction angiography for detection of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a study of 86 aneurysms

AIMS: Three-dimensional reconstruction of intracranial vessels is of interest for evaluation of aneurysms. This study determined diagnostic difference of three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography (3D-DSA, volume-rendering image) versus 2D-DSA for evaluating ruptured intracranial aneurysms, particularly focusing on the size of aneurysms as depicted in both images. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Sixty-nine patients underwent 3D-DSA and 2D-DSA. The relative size of an aneurysm, which is the ratio of the maximal diameter of an aneurysm to the diameter of a major vessel, was compared between imaging techniques. In addition, relative sizes of smaller aneurysms (< 5 mm) were compared with those of larger aneurysms (>10 mm). Statistical analysis used: For comparison of aneurysm size and location of aneurysm, statistical analysis was performed with the Yates chi square test; statistical significance was set with a P value of less than 0.05. RESULTS: Sixty-three (73.3%) of the 86 total aneurysms were bigger when measured with 3D-DSA versus 2D-DSA. When measured with 3D-DSA, 28 (84.8%) of the 33 smaller aneurysms were bigger, and 50% of the larger aneurysms were bigger versus measurements of 2D-DSA images (P < 0.05). In ACA and ICA territories, which tended to have smaller mean aneurysmal size, relative size of the aneurysm was bigger when measured with 3D-DSA (81.5% and 81.0%, respectively). In MCA, where the mean aneurysmal size was the largest, relative size of aneurysms was bigger when measured with 3D-DSA in 15 cases (53.6%, P < 0.05). In the posterior circulation, aneurysm size was similar between 3D-DSA and 2D-DSA measurements. CONCLUSIONS: 3D-DSA, especially volume-rendering images, tends to depict ruptured intracranial aneurysms bigger than 2D-DSA. This is particularly true with cerebral aneurysms that are < 5 mm in size and are located in the anterior circulation, especially ICA and ACA territories.     

3D-DSA、CTA在颅内动脉瘤个体化锁孔手术中的应用价值

目的 探讨三维数字减影血管造影(3D-DSA)、多排螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)技术对锁孔手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的应用价值.方法 福建医科大学附属第一医院神经外科自2007年4月至2009年6月应用3D-DSA、CTA技术分析动脉瘤的影像学特征,个体化设计锁孔手术并治疗颅内动脉瘤患者175例(192个动脉瘤),其中眶上锁孔人路38例(40个动脉瘤),翼点锁孔入路132例(146个动脉瘤),额锁孔纵裂入路3例(4个动脉瘤),颞下锁孔入路2例(2个动脉瘤),分析3D-DSA、CTA在颅内动脉瘤锁孔手术策略中的应用与意义.结果 本组患者均一次性成功完成手术,其中动脉瘤夹闭188个,动脉瘤包裹4个.术后复查DSA或CTA显示动脉瘤均夹闭满意.GOS评分显示术后良好165例,轻残6例,重残2例,死亡2例.结论 3D-DSA、CTA可清晰显示颅内动脉瘤三维形态特征,为个体化的锁孔手术入路设计提供依据,是手术成功的前提.     

Duplicated Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms Treated by Coil Embolization; A Report of Two Cases and Literature Review

BackgroundDuplication of the middle cerebral artery (DMCA) is an anomalous vessel arising from the internal carotid artery (ICA). Aneurysms at the origin of a DMCA have been reported; however, most have been treated with clipping surgery. Here, we describe two cases of aneurysms at the origin of a DMCA treated with coil embolization.Case presentationCase 1: A seventy-three year-old man presented with severe headache and was diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and 3-dimensional (3-D) DSA showed an aneurysm arising from a DMCA. Coil embolization was performed with DMCA patency. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course.Case 1A 44-year-old woman presented with a history of clipping for an IC-anterior choroidal artery (AchA) aneurysm 8 years prior. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed regrowth of the aneurysm. 3-D DSA showed an IC-DMCA aneurysm located laterally and distal to the AchA. The DMCA arose from the bottom of the aneurysm. Coil embolization was performed without DMCA occlusion and showed no postoperative ischemic changes.ConclusionAn IC-DMCA aneurysm is rare and may be misdiagnosed as an AchA aneurysm. Clinicians should perform a 3D-DSA evaluation if the aneurysm arises from the lateral wall of the IC to obtain a precise diagnosis and to preserve the DMCA during coil embolization.     

3D—CTA、3D—DSA对颅内动脉瘤临床诊断价值的对比

目的探讨三维CT血管造影术（3D-CTA）在颅内动脉瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法采用3D-CTA检查疑似颅内动脉瘤患者62例。根据3D-CTA结果决定直接手术者51例,进一步行三维数字减影全脑血管造影（3D-DSA）检查11例（5例诊断为颅内动脉瘤者接受了手术治疗）。术后复查3D-DSA56例。结果62例患者中,6例经3D-CTA及3D-DSA检查均未发现动脉瘤,56例依3D-DSA检查及手术所见,共发现68个颅内动脉瘤。3D-CTA在显示动脉瘤大小及形态方面与术中所见及3D-DSA检查发现相类似。3D-CTA和3D-DSA测得的颅内动脉瘤瘤体纵径、颈宽等均差异不显著（P0.05）。结论尽管3D-DSA目前仍然是诊断颅内动脉瘤的金标准,但3D-CTA也是诊治颅内动脉瘤的一种快捷、安全、操作简便的方法,亦可为制定手术方案提供详细的资料。     

平板3D-DSA在前交通动脉瘤血管内治疗中的价值

目的评估平板3D-DSA在前交通动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析12例前交通动脉瘤行介入栓塞治疗的资料,常规全脑血管DSA检查后,再行三维重建,选择适合的栓塞材料及工作角度进行手术,并分析3D-DSA对介入栓塞治疗的应用意义。结果 8例动脉瘤100%栓塞,2例栓塞95%,1例栓塞90%,1例栓塞80%,急性脑血栓形成1例,血管痉挛2例,无动脉瘤破裂出血及死亡病例。结论 3D-DSA能够详细地显示前交通动脉瘤的解剖信息,可明确其诊断,对制定栓塞手术计划及介入治疗具有重要的临床应用价值。     

经翼点入路显微手术治疗40例破裂的前交通动脉瘤

目的探讨经冀点入路成功夹闭40例破裂的前交通动脉瘤的显微外科手术技巧及处理方法。方法回顾性分析自2000年1至2005年12月手术治疗40例前交通动脉瘤的临床表现,影像学资料,术中困难及手术结果。结果术前3D-DSA能清楚显示动脉瘤的大小,形状和附近血管的关系。40例患者中出院时按GOS评分分为恢复良好者32例,中残3例,重残3例,死亡2例。结论大脑前动脉水平段(A1段)发育不全与前交通动脉瘤有较高的相关性；尽早手术夹闭前交通动脉瘤能防止因动脉瘤再次破裂引起的直接死亡和病情恶化,及时清除血肿能减轻脑血管痉挛,改善患者的预后。     

3D-CTA在颅内动脉瘤诊治中的应用

目的探讨3D-CTA在颅内动脉瘤诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法采用3D-CTA检查疑似颅内动脉瘤病人52例,根据造影结果决定直接手术或进一步行3D-DSA检查。术后均复查3D-CTA。结果共发现58个动脉瘤,6例查3D-CTA及3D-DSA均未发现动脉瘤。3D-CTA对颅内动脉瘤诊断的敏感度、特异度、阴性似然比分别是94.8%、100%、0.052。诊断颅内动脉瘤病人的敏感度、特异度、阴性似然比分别是97.8%、100%、0.022。术前3D-CTA在估计动脉瘤大小及形态方面与术中所见 3D-CTA结果相似。3D-CTA清晰显示了动脉瘤的自身形态和周边的关系。结论3D-CTA是诊治颅内动脉瘤的一种快捷、安全、操作简便的方法,为制定手术方案提供了详细的资料,具有很高的临床实用价值。     

Detection of infundibula using three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography with volume rendering at 3.0 Tesla compared to digital subtraction angiography

We aimed to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of unenhanced, three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D-TOF-MRA) with volume rendering (VR) at 3.0 Tesla in the detection of infundibula (IF). A total of 136 consecutive patients with suspected or known aneurysms detected by MRA were examined using DSA, and IF were identified. A 3D specialist adjusted window width to the appropriate threshold, took level and MR source images and performed MRA post-processing techniques, including VR and the single artery highlighting method. VR-DSA was obtained from the rotational DSA data, and two-dimensional (2D)-DSA and VR-DSA were combined as the gold standard. Three blinded readers evaluated the diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy of 3D-TOF-MRA with VR. The 2D-DSA and VR-DSA revealed 44 IF in 34 of the 136 patients and no cerebral IF in 102 patients. For MRA, sensitivity per patient for all readers ranged from 89.5% to 97.1%, while accuracy per patient ranged from 97.1% to 99.3%. Per IF sensitivity for all readers ranged from 91.7% to 97.7%, while the per IF accuracy ranged from 97.3% to 99.3%. For detection of IF at the internal carotid artery, sensitivity for all readers ranged from 89.5% to 97.1%, and accuracy from 89.5% to 97.4%. For detection of IF at the anterior choroidal arteries, sensitivity and accuracy was 100% in all patients. There were no significant differences in the sensitivity or accuracy of all readers in the detection of single and multiple IF (p > 0.05). One false-negative was found for IF by reader 1, two for reader 2 and four for reader 3. We conclude that VR 3D-TOF-MRA at 3.0 T is an ideal, non-invasive imaging exam for the detection of IF and can be used effectively in its diagnosis.     

Endovascular treatment of ruptured tiny,wide-necked posterior communicating artery aneurysms using a modified stent-assisted coiling technique

The endovascular treatment of patients with tiny, wide-necked aneurysms is technically challenging, due to the small volume for microcatheterization and coil stabilization inside the aneurysm sac. We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of stent-assisted embolization for patients with ruptured, tiny, wide-necked posterior communicating artery (PcomA) aneurysms. Between January 2007 and August 2011, 17 tiny, wide-necked PcomA aneurysms that had ruptured were treated at our institution using a modified stent-assisted technique, with delivery of the first coil inside the aneurysm followed by placement of a self-expanding stent via a second microcatheter. All patients were treated successfully using this modified stent-assisted coiling technique. Initial results showed aneurysm occlusion of Raymond Class 1 in 10 patients, Class 2 in four patients, and Class 3 in three patients. The angiographic follow-up results for 13 patients (mean, 12.5 months) showed that all aneurysms remained stable or improved, without any in-stent stenosis or recurrence. Of the other four patients, three refused angiography for economic or personal reasons, and one was lost in follow-up. Clinical follow-up of 16 patients for a mean of 23.8 months showed no death or rebleeding. These results imply that endovascular treatment of ruptured tiny, wide-necked PcomA aneurysms using our modified stent-assisted coiling technique is safe and feasible. This technique improves the long-term outcomes of these aneurysms by increasing the packing density and diverting the intra-aneurysmal blood flow.     

3D-CTA容积重建在诊断颅内动脉瘤中的临床应用研究

目的通过3D-CTA容积重建(VR)图像与DSA结果的对照研究,探讨3D-CTA VR在颅内动脉瘤诊断中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性总结126例115个动脉瘤的3D-CTA和DSA比较影像学资料,分析3D-CTA VR重建表现。影像学分析诊断采用双盲法。结果126例患者共发现115个动脉瘤,102个病人为单发动脉瘤,5例为2个动脉瘤,1例为3个动脉瘤。3D-CTA VR重建漏诊9例,DSA漏诊2例。17例DSA和3D-CTA VR重建均诊断为阴性。经统计分析3D-CTA VR重建在诊断颅内动脉瘤的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别达到92.2%、94.4%和92.5%。结论3D-CTA VR技术在颅内动脉瘤的诊断中具有较好的诊断方法,在颅内动脉瘤的诊断中具有重要的筛检价值。     

Recovery of posterior communicating artery aneurysm-induced oculomotor nerve paresis after endovascular treatment

Objective

Recovery of aneurysm-induced oculomotor nerve paresis (ONP) after endosaccular coiling has not yet been adequately assessed. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that affect the outcome of ONP after endovascular treatment of posterior communicating artery (PcomA) aneurysms.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively evaluated the clinical characteristics and the outcome of oculomotor nerve function in a series of 36 patients with ONP due to PcomA aneurysms treated by endovascular coiling. Univariate analysis was applied to test the association between ONP recovery and clinical variables.

Results

Thirty-six consecutive patients (20 women, 16 men; mean age, 54.3 ± 9 years) presenting with ONP underwent endosaccular coiling were enrolled in this study. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was present in 21 patients. The mean size of the aneurysms was 9.3 ± 3.9 mm. ONP was complete in 14 patients (38.9%) and partial in 22 patients (61.1%) at admission. Seventeen patients (47.2%) had complete recovery of oculomotor nerve function, 15 had incomplete recovery (41.7%), and 4 (11.1%) remained unchanged after treatment. Factors showing significant association with recovery of oculomotor nerve function were the length and degree of ONP before treatment (P = 0.035 and P = 0.019, respectively).

Conclusions

Endosaccular coiling of PcomA aneurysms in patients with ONP resulted in cure or improvement of oculomotor nerve dysfunction in the majority of patients. The length and degree of preoperative ONP were the statistically significant predictors of complete ONP recovery.     

Clinical Study of Cerebral Ischemia in Moyamoya Disease from the View of Development of the Anterior Choroidal Artery

ObjectivesThe anterior choroidal artery (AchA) is one of the collateral vessels in moyamoya disease (MMD). The incidence of cerebral ischemia in MMD was analyzed through the association between development of the AchA and advancement of MMD stage.Materials and MethodsTwelve patients of MMD with cerebral ischemia (infarction; 9 patients, transient ischemic attack; 3 patients) were enrolled. Advancement of MMD was evaluated using Suzuki's stage. The grades in Suzuki's stage were subclassified into a non-progressive stage for grades 1 and 2, and a progressive stage for grades 4 and 5. Dilatation of the AchA was judged as the presence of development of this artery. Development of the AchA was grouped into proximal type and proximal and distal type.ResultsMost frequent locations of infarcts were the anterior and parietal lobes in 6 patients each. Development of the AchA was confirmed on the ischemic side in all patients and on the non-ischemic side in 9 patients. Development of the AchA in the progressive stage was limited in the proximal and distal type on both sides. Development of the AchA in the non-progressive stage was the proximal type on the ischemic side.ConclusionsThe cause of cerebral ischemia was possibly associated with inadequate blood supply of the AchA in the non-progressive stage, and the lower blood flow from the internal carotid artery (ICA) in the progressive stage. Disparity between collateral blood flow from the AchA and the blood flow from the ICA was considered to relate to incidence of cerebral ischemia in MMD.     

大脑中动脉分叉角度与分叉处动脉瘤形成关系的研究

目的 探讨大脑中动脉(MCA)分叉角度与分叉处动脉瘤的关系.方法 选取成像质量较好的单侧MCA分叉处动脉瘤病人19例,应用3D-DSA造影获取三维图像,通过Philips三维工作站重建后获取患侧与健侧大脑中动脉分叉角度并进行同源配对t检验.结果 患侧MCA分叉角度与健侧MCA分叉角度的差别具有统计学显著性差异(P=0.00 ＜0.05).结论 MCA分叉处,分叉角度和动脉瘤的形成具有一定的关系.     

Slicer三维可视化后处理软件进行3D-CTA重建诊断颅内破裂动脉瘤的准确性

目的 探讨基于Slicer三维可视化后处理软件的3D-CTA诊断颅内破裂动脉瘤的可靠性以及准确性。方法 回顾性分析2017~2018年收治的57例拟诊为颅内动脉瘤且完成CTA和3D-DSA检查的影像学资料,将CTA检查原始数据分别经传统影像工作站和Slicer后处理软件进行3D-CTA重建诊断动脉瘤,以3D-DSA为金标准。结果 57例中,3D-DSA检出51例60个动脉瘤,传统影像工作站及Slicer重建的3D-CTA均检出46例54个动脉瘤。两种重建方法获得的3D-CTA对于颅内破裂动脉瘤的诊断具有相同的诊断效能（灵敏度为88.3%,特异度为85.7%）,而且两种CTA后处理方法对于瘤体大小的判断无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 基于Slicer软件获取的3D-CTA重建图像对于颅内破裂动脉瘤的诊断可靠性、准确度令人满意,可被选择作为一种颅内动脉瘤CTA图像重建方法。     

The Efficacy of Simultaneous Bilateral Internal Carotid Angiography during Coil Embolization for Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms

Objective

Successful coil embolization of anterior communicating (A-com) artery aneurysms requires good visualization and understanding of the entire H complex. Bilateral carotid angiography may optimize anatomical understanding and visualization of the H complex. We therefore assessed the efficacy of simultaneous bilateral internal carotid angiography during coil embolization for A-com artery aneurysms.

Methods

Of the 153 patients with intracranial saccular aneurysms who underwent embolization between July 2008 and December 2009, 12 had A-com artery aneurysms and were embolized under bilateral carotid angiography. Patients were evaluated angiographically, immediately and 6 months (n=11) after embolization, using a 3-point scale (complete, residual neck, residual aneurysm). The safety, performance and efficacy of this approach were retrospectively evaluated.

Results

In all patients, bilateral internal carotid artery angiography provided more detailed anatomical information and understanding around the A-com artery, and, in complex situations, it allowed for more effective coil embolization through bilateral routes to the A-com artery. Angiography immediately after embolization showed occlusion of 11 of the 12 (92%) aneurysms, with none of these 11 showing evidence of recanalization at 6 months.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that simultaneous bilateral carotid angiography during coil embolization of selected complex A-com artery aneurysms provided improved anatomical understanding, and resulted in more effective and safer procedures than typical unilateral angiography.     

颅内后循环复杂动脉瘤的诊治

目的探讨颅内后循环复杂动脉瘤的诊断及治疗。方法回顾分析38例颅内后循环复杂动脉瘤病人资料,Hunt-Hess分级0级5例,Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级19例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例;其中开颅手术3例,介入治疗25例,介入联合开颅治疗1例,未治疗9例。结果出院时根据GOS评分:4～5分20例,2～3分15例,死亡3例。17例经3个月～1.5年随访,其中GOS4～5分12例,2～3分2例,死亡3例。结论 DSA尤其3D-DSA是诊断颅内后循环动脉瘤的金标准,颅内后循环复杂动脉瘤多以介入治疗为主,其治疗应遵循个体化原则。