不同发生时期的增生性瘢痕中基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制因子基因表达的变化

目的:研究基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2),基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMF-9)及其抑制因子(TIMP-2)在不同形成时期的增生性瘢痕中的基因表达变化。方法:提取16例不同发生时期的增生性瘢痕和8例正常皮肤的总RNA后,分离mRNA,用RT-PCR方法检测MMP-2,MMP-9和TIMP-2基因在不同组织中的表达。结果: MMP-2,MMP-9和TIMP-2基因在正常皮肤和增生性瘢痕中都有表达。在增殖期的瘢痕中,这3种基因转录产物的灰度比值分别为(13．5±4．5),(18．4±4．7),(13．6±2．4),与正常皮肤相比明显升高(P<0．05)。在成熟期的瘢痕中这三种基因表达量恢复到正常皮肤水平。结论:MMP-2,MMP-9和TIMP-2基因表达增强可能是增生性瘢痕形成的机制之一,而MMP-2和MMP-9基因表达降低可能与增生性瘢痕达到相对稳定的成熟状态有关。     

增生性瘢痕中基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制因子基因的表达

目的 了解基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2,又称明胶酶A)、MMP-9(又称明胶酶B)及其金属蛋白酶1组织抑制因子(TIMP-1)在增生性瘢痕不同形成时期的基因表达.方法 提取16例人体不同时期增生性瘢痕样本和8例正常皮肤样本总RNA,分离mRNA,用反转录-聚合酶链反应法检测MMP-2、MMP-9和TIMP-1基因在不同样本中的表达.结果 在正常皮肤中MMP-2、MMP-9和TIMP-1基因转录产物的灰度比值分别为(3.8±0.7)%、(5.8±4.4)%、(30.3±3.0)%,在增殖期瘢痕中分别为(13.5±4.5)%、(18.4±4.7)%、(37.7±4.3)%,明显高于正常皮肤(P＜0.05).成熟期瘢痕MMP-2和MMP-9基因表达量已恢复至正常水平,但TIMP-1基因较正常皮肤仍持续高表达(P＜0.05).结论 MMP-2、MMP-9和TIMP-1基因表达增强可能是增生性瘢痕形成的机制之一,MMP-2和MMP-9基因表达降低可能与增生性瘢痕达到相对稳定的成熟状态有关.     

β1转化生长因子对瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞分泌相关的基质金属蛋白酶的影响

目的探讨β1转化生长因子(TGF-β1)对瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞分泌基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP-1)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)表达的调节作用,及TGF-β1与瘢痕的关系。方法培养的瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞经TGF-β1处理,采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞上清液中MMP-1、MMP-2和TIMP-1的水平。结果瘢痕疙瘩中成纤维细胞MMP-1、MMP-2和TIMP-1的生成量显著高于正常皮肤(P<0.01);加TGF-β1处理后,瘢痕疙瘩中成纤维细胞MMP-1的分泌量显著降低(P<0.01),MMP-2的分泌量显著升高(P<0.01),而TIMP-1的分泌量无显著改变(P>0.05)。结论培养的瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞显示MMP-1、MMP-2和TIMP-1增加,TGF-β1在生成调节过程中起重要作用。     

川崎病患儿基质金属蛋白酶-9及其组织抑制物-1血清水平变化的临床意义

目的通过对川崎病(KD)患儿血清基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-9及其抑制物组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制物(TIMP)-1水平的测定,探讨MMP-9 及TIMP-1与川崎病发病及其冠状动脉并发症发生发展的关系.方法采用酶联免疫吸附检测(ELISA)法对30例KD无冠状动脉病变(CAL)及9例KD合并CAL患儿急性期和恢复期血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平进行检测,并与15例其他发热性疾病患儿及18例正常健康儿童进行对照.结果急性期KD有CAL组和无CAL组血清MMP-9、TIMP-1、MMP-9/TIMP-1分别是896.2±81.7、342.6±43.1、2.5±0.6和284.3±40.9、389.5±20.8、0.8±0.2,均较发热对照组及正常对照组(87.9±18.9、251.5±13.0、0.3±0.1和24.6±2.8、90.0±4.2、0.3±0.02)明显增加(P<0.01),且有CAL组的MMP-9及MMP-9/TIMP-1较无CAL组增高更为显著(P<0.01);恢复期KD无CAL组患儿血清MMP-9、TIMP-1、MMP-9/TIMP-1降至正常水平(26.4±7.6、95.6±5.8、0.2±0.1),而有CAL组患儿虽较急性期亦明显下降(220.0±28.3、258.9±15.0、0.9±0.3),但仍然明显高于正常对照组(分别P<0.01和P<0.05),发热对照组血清MMP-9及TIMP-1水平亦较正常对照组明显增高(P<0.01),但其MMP-9/TIMP-1与正常对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05).结论 MMP-9及TIMP-1参与了川崎病的病理生理过程,血清MMP-9升高及MMP-9/TIMP-1持续失衡可能与川崎病冠状动脉炎及动脉瘤的形成有关.     

MMP-1、TIMP-1及PDGF在病理性瘢痕中的表达

目的研究基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP-1)、金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)、血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)在病理性瘢痕中的表达及意义。方法对58例病理性瘢痕手术切除标本采用免疫组化方法。结果MMP-1、TIMP-1、PDGF在病理性瘢痕中呈阳性表达(62.07%,63.71%,55.17%),在正常皮肤与普通瘢痕中几乎无阳性表达,病理性瘢痕组与两对照组差异均有显著意义(P<0.05)。病理性瘢痕中TIMP-1与PDGF呈正相关(r=0.331,P<0.05)。结论TIMP-1、PDGF促进病理性瘢痕形成;在病理性瘢痕形成过程中PDGF可促进TIMP-1的表达;病理性瘢痕的形成与MMP-1、TIMP-1、PDGF相互作用失衡有关。     

水蛭素对瘢痕成纤维细胞基质金属蛋白酶作用的实验研究

目的:探讨水蛭素对体外培养的增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞基质金属蛋白酶(mat r i x met al l opr ot ei nas es,MMPs)表达水平的影响。方法:取10例烧伤愈合后6个月内瘢痕挛缩需手术治疗的患者的瘢痕组织,采用组织块法分离培养增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞。取第4～7代细胞实验,加入0、1、10、50U/ml的水蛭素干预。观察加药后24h、48h成纤维细胞形态学变化,利用MTT(四甲基偶氮唑蓝)比色法及酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme-l i nked i mmunos or bent as s ay,ELI SA)检测水蛭素对增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞(hypert rophi c scar fi brobl ast,HSFB)及基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-2、MMP-9)的作用。结果:①1、10、50U/ml组水蛭素对HSFB均有抑制作用(P<0.05),以50U/ml作用最明显(24h、48h抑制率分别为14.75%、15.42%);②水蛭素作用成纤维细胞24h后MMP-2、MMP-9表达含量均增加,分别以1U/ml、50U/ml作用最明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);48h后MMP-2表达降低,MMP-9表达有增加但无意义。结论:水蛭素能够抑制增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞增殖,能促进增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞分泌基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-2,MMP-9)有利于细胞外基质降解减少沉积。     

基质金属蛋白酶-1、金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1、增殖细胞核抗原在病理性瘢痕中的表达

目的：研究基质金属蛋白酶-1（MMP-1）、金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1（TIMP-1）、增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）在病理性瘢痕中的表达及意义.方法：对58例病理性瘢痕手术切除标本采用免疫组化方法.结果：MMP-1、TIMP-1、PCNA在病理性瘢痕中呈阳性表达.结论：病理性瘢痕中细外基质合成增加为成纤维细胞过度增殖所致;病理性瘢痕形成与MMP-1、TIMP-1相互作用失衡有关.     

不同发育时期胎儿皮肤中基质金属蛋白酶-9,2及金属蛋白酶-2抑制因子基因表达的变化

目的:研究基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)及其组织抑制因子(TIMP-2)在不同胎龄的胎儿皮肤中表达的变化特征及其可能的生物学意义.方法:用病理学技术检测不同发育时期胎儿皮肤的结构特征后,提取18例不同胎龄(13～33周)的胎儿皮肤总RNA后,分离mRNA,用RT-PCR方法检测这3种基因在不同组织中的表达变化规律.结果:MMP-9、MMP-2和TIMP-2基因在不同发育时期的胎儿皮肤组织中的表达变化规律相似.在早期妊娠胎儿皮肤中,这3种基因表达较弱,随着胎儿生长发育,MMP-9,MMp-2和TIMP-2基因表达逐渐增强,妊娠晚期的皮肤组织内,这3种基因表达产物的灰密度比值分别是妊娠早期的8.8、2.4和3.1倍,基因表达水平显著升高(P＜0.05).结论:MMP-9,2和TIMP-2对皮肤的生长发育、结构功能的维持以及创面修复具有重要的调节作用.妊娠早期,TIMP-2基因低表达可能与胎儿皮肤创面无瘢痕愈合相关,而妊娠晚期皮肤中TIMP-2基因表达增强可能是创面愈合后形成瘢痕的机制之一.     

垂体腺瘤侵袭性与基质金属蛋白酶-2、基质金属蛋白酶-2抑制因子、细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导者基因蛋白表达的关系

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶-2、基质金属蛋白酶-2抑制因子、细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导者的表达与侵袭性垂体腺瘤的关系.方法 用免疫组织化学染色法检测60例垂体瘤组织标本中MMP-2、TIMP-2、CD147蛋白水平表达.免疫组织化学染色检测结果应用半定量图像分析方法计算MMP-2、TIMP-2、CD147阳性细胞占全部肿瘤细胞的百分率.结果 影像学证实,60例垂体瘤患者中,30例为侵袭性垂体腺瘤、30例为非侵袭性垂体腺瘤.免疫组织化学染色法显示,在侵袭性组垂体腺瘤标本中,28例(93.33%)MMP-2表达为阳性、27例(90.00%)CD147表达为阳性、11例(36.67%)TIMP-2表达为阳性;在非侵袭性组垂体腺瘤标本中,13例(43.33%)MMP-2表达为阳性、11例(36.67%)CD147表达为阳性、27例(90.00%)TIMP-2表达为阳性.侵袭性垂体腺瘤中MMP-2、CD147的表达显著高于非侵袭性垂体腺瘤中MMP-2、CD147的表达(P《0.01).侵袭性垂体腺瘤中TIMP-2的表达显著低于非侵袭性垂体腺瘤中TIMP-2的表达(P《0.01).结论 MMP-2、CD147蛋白水平高表达,以及TIMP-2蛋白水平低表达与垂体腺瘤的侵袭性密切相关.MMP-2、TIMP-2、CD147可以作为判定垂体腺瘤侵袭性的有效指标.     

MMP-2、TIMP-2、VEGF和bFGF在血管瘤增生及消退过程中的变化

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）及其抑制剂（TIMP-2）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）在血管瘤增生、消退过程中的变化。方法 采用免疫组织化学链霉亲和素-过氧化酶（SP）法，检测增生期血管瘤32例、消退期血管瘤10例、血管畸形17例及小儿正常皮肤10例标本中MMP-2、TIMP-2、VEGF及bFGF的表达。结果 MMP-2、VEGF及bFGF在增生期血管瘤中的表达明显高于消退期血管瘤、血管畸形和正常皮肤，其差异有统计学意义；TIMP-2在消退期血管瘤中的表达明显高于增生期血管瘤、血管畸形和正常皮肤，其差异有统计学意义。结论 MMP-2、VEGF及bFGF可能促进血管瘤血管生成，从而促进血管瘤增生，而TIMP-2可能促进血管瘤消退。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.