Cognitive coping and childhood anxiety disorders

To investigate differences in cognitive coping strategies between anxiety-disordered and non-anxious 9–11-year-old children. Additionally, differences in cognitive coping between specific anxiety disorders were examined. A clinical sample of 131 anxiety-disordered children and a general population sample of 452 non-anxious children were gathered. All children filled out the child version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-k). Structured clinical interviews were used to assess childhood anxiety disorders. Results showed that anxiety-disordered children experience significantly more ‘lifetime’ negative life events than non-anxious children. Adjusted for the ‘lifetime’ experience of negative life events, anxiety-disordered children scored significantly higher on the strategies catastrophizing and rumination, and significantly lower on the strategies positive reappraisal and refocus on planning than non-anxious children. No significant differences in cognitive coping were found between children with specific anxiety disorders. Anxiety-disordered children employ significantly more maladaptive and less adaptive cognitive coping strategies in response to negative life events than non-anxious children. The results suggest that cognitive coping is a valuable target for prevention and treatment of childhood anxiety problems.     

Cognitive coping strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety: a comparison between adolescents and adults

The present study focused on comparability of adolescents and adults in the reporting of cognitive coping strategies and their relationship to symptoms of depression and anxiety. Two samples were included: 487 adolescents attending a secondary school and 630 adults from a general practitioners practice. Data were obtained on symptoms of depression and anxiety and the use of nine cognitive coping strategies: acceptance, catastrophizing, other-blame, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, refocus on planning, positive refocusing, rumination and self-blame.The results showed that all cognitive coping strategies were reported by adolescents to a significantly lesser extent than by adults. Further, it was shown that both in adolescents and adults a considerable percentage of the variance in symptomatology was explained by the use of cognitive coping strategies. Although adolescents and adults differed in relative strength of the relationships, generally speaking, conclusions were the same: in both groups, the cognitive coping strategies self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing and positive reappraisal were shown to play the most important role in the reporting of symptoms of psychopathology, showing the importance of introducing prevention and intervention programmes at an early stage.     

认知情绪调节策略与抑郁症状的相关性

目的 探讨认知情绪调节策略与抑郁症状水平的关系.方法 采用认知情绪调节问卷中文版(CERQ)和Beck抑郁自评问卷(BDI)对90例住院抑郁发作患者和90名健康对照组人群进行评定.结果 抑郁组CERQ非适应性策略得分[(38.38±11.68)分]高于健康对照组[(31.27±7.91)分],而适应性策略得分[(41.33±10.79)分]低于健康对照组[(45.43±12.08)分],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);灾难化、积极重新评价、重新关注计划与抑郁组的抑郁症状水平显著相关(r值分别为0.429,-0.402,-0.384;P＜0.01);多元线性回归结果表明,灾难化和积极重新评价是预测抑郁发作患者抑郁症状最重要的变量,而沉思是预测健康人群抑郁症状的重要变量.结论 认知情绪调节与抑郁密切相关,提升积极重新评价策略可能有助于改善和缓解抑郁患者的抑郁症状水平.     

缓解期抑郁症患者述情障碍与认知应对策略关系的初步研究

目的 探讨缓解期抑郁症患者述情障碍与认知应对策略的特征及二者的关系.方法 采用多伦多述情量表（TAS-20）中文版、认知情绪调节问卷中文版（CERQ-C）对130例缓解期抑郁症患者进行评定,并与95例健康志愿者（对照组）比较.结果 （1）抑郁症组TAS-20总分及因子I、III分仍显著高于对照组,依次为（51.00±9.25）分vs（48.04±8.79）分、（16.97±5.46）分vs（15.90±4.26）分、（21.31±4.11）分vs（19.09±3.03）分,P＜0.05或P＜0.01.CERQ-C中责难自己、沉思、积极重新关注、理性分析、责难他人因子分低于对照组,接受、重新关注计划、积极重新评价因子分高于对照组,依次为（10.63±3.21）分vs（12.56±2.26）分、（9.72±3.13）分vs（12.01±2.44）分、（11.08±2.94）分vs（12.11±2.65）分、（8.88±3.07）分vs（11.66±2.41）分、（8.88±3.69）分vs（10.19±2.35）分、（13.26±3.67）分vs（12.56±2.26）分、（13.56±3.56）分vs（12.51±3.65）分、（13.81±4.06）分vs（12.47±3.70）分,P＜0.01;（2）CERQ-C沉思、接受、责难他人等因子依次进入TAS-20总分的回归方程;自杀行为、医疗费用、抑郁总分等因子依次进入TAS-20因子I的回归方程;沉思因子、父母文化程度进入TAS-20因子II的回归方程; 接受、责难他人与积极评价因子等依次进入TAS-20因子III的回归方程.结论 缓解期抑郁症仍存在明显的述情障碍与不良的认知应对策略.述情障碍的不同纬度影响因素不同,不适应性的应对策略可能仍为缓解期抑郁症患者述情障碍重要的影响因素.     

西亚留学生与中国新疆大学生认知情绪调节问卷的对比分析

背景：认知情绪调节方式（CERQ）是个体处理应激性生活事件所采取的认知情绪管理方式。个体间采取的CERQ方式存在差异,本研究对我校大学生及留学生的CERQ、抑郁状况进行调查分析,以便对个体进行心理干预时提供指导依据。目的：研究留学生与中国学生使用认知情绪调节方式的情况及对照分析。方法：对255名大二、大三的留学生（男生171人,女生84人）及262名中国大二、大三的学生（男生124人,女生138人）进行CERQ、ASLEC、SDS问卷调查。结果使用SPSS16.0进行分析。结果：留学生较中国学生更经常地使用“积极重新关注”和“重新关注计划”及“灾难化”等认知调节方式。以抑郁为应变量的回归方程中,在留学生中,对抑郁有贡献的是“责难自己”和“灾难化”,与之负相关的则是“接受”;中国学生中,对抑郁有贡献的是生活事件评分和“灾难化”,与抑郁情绪呈负相关的则是“积极重新评价”。结论：在不同种族的学生中,均显示积极的应对方式与抑郁负相关,可以预防抑郁的发生,而消极的应对方式与抑郁正相关。对学生进行心理干预时鼓励其使用适应性应对方式,后者是预防抑郁的一种有效的认知行为调节方式。     

抑郁症述情障碍与认知应对策略的关系

目的：探讨发作期抑郁症述情障碍与认知应对策略的特征。方法：采用多伦多述情量表（TAS-20）中文版、认知情绪调节问卷中文版（CERQ-C）对143例发作期抑郁症患者进行评定,并与95名健康志愿者（对照组）比较。结果：抑郁症组TAS-20总分及各因子分均显著高于对照组（P均〈0.01）。CERQ-C中责难自己、接受、沉思、灾难化、责怪他人因子分高于对照组,理性分析因子分低于对照组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。患者住院与他人交流、与家人的感情等依次进入TAS-20因子I的回归方程;父母的文化程度、经济状况等依次进入TAS-20因子II的回归方程;受教育年限、CERQ接受因子等依次进入TAS-20因子III的回归方程;与他人的交流、与家人的感情等依次进入TAS-20总分的回归方程。结论：抑郁发作患者存在明显的述情障碍与不良的认知应对策略。认知应对策略、性别、受教育年限等为发作期抑郁症患者述情障碍的重要影响因素。     

Bully victimization and emotional problems in adolescents: Moderation by specific cognitive coping strategies?

Objective

Relationships between bully victimization and symptoms of depression/anxiety were examined. In addition, it was studied whether this relationship was moderated by specific cognitive coping strategies.

Methods

Participants were 582 secondary school students who filled out online self-report questionnaires on bully victimization, cognitive coping, and depression/anxiety. (Moderated) Multiple Regression analysis was performed.

Results

Strong relationships were found between bully victimization and symptoms of depression and anxiety. On top of that, two cognitive coping strategies moderated the relationship between bullying and depression, i.e. rumination (strengthening) and positive refocusing (reducing). Cognitive coping strategies that moderated the effect of bullying on anxiety symptoms were rumination, catastrophizing (strengthening) and positive reappraisal (reducing).

Conclusion

The results provide possible targets for intervention: when helping adolescents who have been bullied, maladaptive cognitive coping strategies could be assessed and challenged, while more adaptive strategies could be acquired.     

The relationship between coping and psychological well-being among people with osteoarthritis: A problem-specific approach

We examined the strategies that people with osteoarthritis (OA) use to cope with illness-related problems in four areas: household activities, leisure activities, pain management, and social relationships. We also examined the relationship between the coping strategies participants reported using upon entry to the study (Time 1) and psychological well-being reported six months later. Three hundred people, aged 50 and over, with OA participated in the study. Data were collected via two mailed questionnaires, administered at six-month intervals. We found that two of the coping strategies examined, self-criticism and social withdrawal, were used more frequently for social relationship problems than for any of the other three types of problems. None of the other coping strategies (i.e. problem solving, cognitive restructuring, social support, emotional expression, problem avoidance, turning to religion, information seeking) were used differentially across problem areas. Multivariate analyses revealed that the coping strategies people used at Time 1 significantly predicted psychological well-being, as assessed by measures of positive affect, negative affect, and depressive symptoms, six months later. However, the specific strategies that predicted positive affect were different from those that predicted negative affect and depressive symptoms. Implications of these findings for future research on coping with chronic illness are discussed.     

Longitudinal Correlates of Depressive Symptoms and Positive and Negative Affects in Family Caregivers of People With Dementia

ObjectiveCaring for a relative with dementia is considered a chronically stressful role associated with negative consequences for psychological health such as higher levels of depression. However, the subjective experience of depressive symptomatology is complex as it relates to two unique domains: positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). The objective of this study was to analyze, through a longitudinal design, the associations of caregivers’ cognitive (avoidance coping, personal mastery, and coping self-efficacy) and behavioral (frequency of pleasant events) coping strategies with depressive symptoms, PA, and NA.MethodsA total of 111 caregivers of a spouse with dementia participated in this study. They were assessed yearly across 5 years. Mixed model regression analyses were conducted separately for depressive symptoms, PA, and NA, analyzing within and between-person associations of caregivers’ age, gender, role overload, sleep quality, and coping variables previously mentioned.ResultsThe results showed that different coping strategies were associated with different components of depressive symptomatology. While avoidant coping was associated with NA and depressive symptoms but not PA at both within- and between-person levels, frequency of pleasant events was associated only with NA and depressive symptoms at the within-person level, showing no effect at the between-person level. Personal mastery and coping self-efficacy were found to be more transversal variables, being associated with most of the mood outcomes in both within and between-person effects.ConclusionFindings support the concept of depressive mood as a complex construct and highlights the importance of analyzing different coping strategies when trying to comprehend the caregiving stress process.     

有无自杀意念抑郁症患者抑郁情绪、认知应对策略及应激的比较研究

目的:探讨有无自杀意念抑郁症患者抑郁情绪、认知应对策略及应激性生活事件的差异。方法:对143例抑郁症患者进行自编一般情况问卷、Beck抑郁自评量表(BDI)、认知情绪调节问卷中文版(CERQ-C)评定。结果:有自杀意念抑郁症发作患者BDI总分、婚姻家庭应激及社会生活应激分及CERQ-C适应性策略与不适应性策略总分显著高于无自杀意念抑郁症患者(P<0.05或P<0.01)。有自杀意念抑郁症患者抑郁总分与工作学习应激、婚姻家庭应激、社会生活应激及CERQ-C不适应性策略分呈显著正相关(r=0.569,0.470,0.341,0.303,P<0.05或P<0.01);无自杀意念抑郁症患者抑郁总分仅与婚姻家庭应激呈显著正相关(r=0.361,P<0.01)。结论:有自杀意念较无自杀意念抑郁症患者经历更多的负性生活事件,存在更严重的抑郁情绪,较多地采用认知应对策略。     

A path model of the effects of spirituality on depressive symptoms and 24-h urinary-free cortisol in HIV-positive persons

OBJECTIVE: The present investigation examined the associations among spirituality, positive reappraisal coping, and benefit finding as they relate to depressive symptoms and 24-h urinary-free-cortisol output. METHODS: Following an initial screening appointment, 264 human-immunodeficiency-virus-positive men and women on highly active antiretroviral therapy provided 24-h urine samples and completed a battery of psychosocial measures. RESULTS: Spirituality was associated with higher positive reappraisal coping and greater benefit finding. Benefit finding and positive reappraisal coping scores were, in turn, both related to lower depressive symptoms. Finally, we determined that benefit finding was uniquely predictive of decreased 24-h urinary-free cortisol output. CONCLUSION: Positive reappraisal coping and benefit finding may co-mediate the effect of spirituality on depressive symptoms, and benefit finding may uniquely explain the effect of spirituality on 24-h cortisol output.     

Cognitive processes involved in the evaluation of life satisfaction: implications for well-being

Extensive research has been conducted on the level and the predictors of well-being in old age, but less is known about the cognitive processes used by the aging individual to evaluate life satisfaction. To investigate the relationship between well-being in the present and in previous decades in life and explore the cognitive processes involved in these evaluations, 203 old participants aged 70-85 years were interviewed and their level of present life satisfaction and depressive symptoms was measured. One year later, depressive symptoms were recorded for a follow-up sample of 65 participants. The results showed that evaluating old age as the best part of life was related to increased well-being. Evaluations of positive periods in life were based on general positive qualities, whereas specific negative events were given as reasons for nominations of negative periods in life. Deviations from this general pattern were related to lower levels of well-being. Use of comparison strategies to evaluate present life satisfaction was frequently reported, and the use of temporal comparisons was predictive of changes in depression over a one-year period. The present study indicates that the cognitive processes used in the evaluation of life satisfaction are related to present and future well-being.     

Early adolescent depressive mood: direct and indirect effects of attributional styles and coping

The present study used a cross-sectional survey design to examine how adolescent depressive mood was related to attributional styles and coping strategies with a sample of 326 youths (aged 8–14 years). With the cutting point adopted in the West, 20.9% of the current sample reported depressive symptoms. Regression analysis results show that, with the asymptomatic group, seeking social support strategy mediated the effects of positive-global and positive-stable attribution, and internalization strategy mediated the effects of negative-global attribution on depression mood. In the dysphoric adolescents, attributing positive events to global factors and seeking social support strategy predicted depressive mood in the negative direction whereas attributing negative events to global factors, problem solving strategy and internalization strategy, the positive direction. The current study confirmed that both attributional styles and coping strategies were significant predictors of depressive mood but different dimensions of attribution related to depressive symptoms in different magnitude.     

Increased early life stress and depressive symptoms in patients with comorbid substance abuse and schizophrenia

Early adverse events have been associated with increased rates of substance abuse and depression. To investigate the association between early adverse events and comorbid substance abuse in schizophrenia patients, early life stress, depressive symptoms, positive and negative symptoms, anxiety, and cognitive function were measured in an age-, sex-, and race-matched sample of 40 schizophrenia patients with and without comorbid substance abuse. Compared to patients without substance abuse, patients with schizophrenia and a history of substance abuse had a significantly higher incidence of early life trauma, as well as significantly higher scores on the Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview Life Events Scale. No differences between groups were found in positive or negative symptoms, anxiety, or cognitive function. The results emphasize the importance of early life stress and affective symptoms and their potential relationship to substance abuse disorders in schizophrenia patients.     

Mindful coping for adolescents: beneficial or confusing

As adolescence is a vulnerable transition phase, especially regarding the development of psychological symptoms, interventions promoting mental health for this age group have been called for. The “Conscious Coping” program (CC) is an intervention based on coping skills from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, including reappraisal and emotion regulation strategies, and mindfulness practices. The aim of this study is to evaluate the CC program for adolescents by using a mixed methods approach. The quantitative approach has a comparison group design measuring mindful coping, mental ill-health and life satisfaction. Within the qualitative approach semi-structured interviews are carried out. The study sample included one intervention group (N = 40) and one comparison group (N = 41) with high school students. Overall, quantitative results suggest that the intervention group experienced a minor deterioration in life satisfaction and psychological symptoms and no statistically significant change in use of mindful coping. However, some discrepancies with the qualitative data were found. Qualitative findings indicated that participants found mindful coping strategies such as awareness and distraction useful, but that their use of such strategies to a little extent led to experienced changes in coping. Findings provide important knowledge regarding the design of interventions integrating mindfulness to promote more adequate psychological coping amongst adolescents.     

认知情绪调节策略在中学生负性生活事件和焦虑间的中介作用

目的 探讨中学生认知情绪调节策略在负性生活事件和焦虑间的中介作用.方法 从全国10个城市抽取7 118名中学生,采用青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）、认知情绪调节问卷中文版（CERQ-C）和儿童多维焦虑量表中文版（MASC-C）进行调查,评定中学生的焦虑状态、负性生活事件应激值、认知情绪调节策略的使用,并采用路径分析评估认知情绪调节策略的中介效应.结果 中学男生的焦虑得分低于中学女生,差异具有统计学意义（t=-17.74,P＜0.01）,男女生在ASLEC得分差异无统计学意义（t=0.09,P＞0.05）.CERQ-C的适应性策略与ASLEC得分、MASC得分成负相关,非适应策略与ASLEC得分、MASC得分成正相关.认知情绪调节策略在中学生生活事件和焦虑症状之间起着部分中介作用.结论 中学生的焦虑症状可能和其经历的负性生活事件相关,而对负性生活事件的认知情绪调节策略可能有一定的中介作用.     

Predictors of subjective and objective quality of life in outpatients with schizophrenia

Aim: In recent years, greater attention has been given to quality of life (QOL) in schizophrenia and several studies reported that negative and depressive symptoms and cognitive dysfunction are related to patient QOL. But because a variety of QOL measures have been used in the previous studies, there seems to be no unanimous predictors for subjective and objective QOL. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the relationship between clinical variables and subjective and objective QOL in outpatients with schizophrenia, using schizophrenia disease‐specific QOL measures. Particular attention was paid to cognitive function as a predictor of QOL. Methods: Schizophrenia symptoms of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were divided into five factors: positive factor, negative factor, cognitive factor, emotional discomfort, and hostility. The study sample consisted of 84 schizophrenia outpatients. Subjective and objective QOL were assessed with Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) and the Quality of Life Scale (QLS), respectively. Results: Subjective QOL correlated significantly with emotional discomfort, positive factor, negative factor, extrapyramidal symptoms and cognitive factor, while objective QOL correlated with negative factor, cognitive factor, emotional discomfort, extrapyramidal symptoms, and dose of antipsychotics. Total score and three of four subscales in the QLS correlated significantly with cognitive factor, while cognitive factor had a significant correlation with only one of three scales of SQLS. Stepwise regression showed that subjective QOL was significantly predicted by emotional discomfort and extrapyramidal symptoms, while negative factor was the most important predictor of objective QOL. Conclusion: Cognitive dysfunction had a greater influence on objective QOL than subjective QOL. Treating depressive and negative symptoms and extrapyramidal symptoms might contribute to enhanced subjective and objective QOL.     

认知行为干预护理对抑郁症患者影响的临床对照研究

目的探讨认知行为干预护理对抑郁症患者应对方式的影响。方法采用随机数字表法将符合《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(第3版)》(CCMD-3)的64例抑郁症患者分为研究组和对照组各32例。两组患者均接受抗抑郁药物治疗,研究组合并认知行为干预护理,对照组仅予常规精神科护理。所有患者在入组时、治疗6周后采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项(HAMD-24)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)及简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)进行评估。结果干预6周后研究组的HAMD-24、SDS、SAS得分较对照组低(P0.01);研究者组SCSQ中消极应对方式评分较对照组低(P0.01),积极应对方式评分则高于对照组(P0.01)。结论认知行为干预护理可能有利于改善抑郁症患者焦虑抑郁情绪和提高其积极应对能力。     

Stress‐coping strategies of patients with gender identity disorder

Aims: Previous research has not addressed gender differences in coping strategies among patients with gender identity disorder (GID). Nor has the relationship of coping strategies to other demographic characteristics ever been clarified in GID. In this study, we tried to clarify the relationship between stress‐coping strategies and demographic characteristics among patients with GID. Methods: The coping strategies of 344 patients with GID [227 female‐to‐male (FTM) and 117 male‐to‐female (MTF)] were assessed using the Japanese version of the Ways of Coping Questionnaires, Lazarus Stress‐coping Inventory. Results: Comparison of the stress‐coping inventory between MTF and FTM GID patients revealed that FTM GID patients were significantly more reliant on positive reappraisal strategies in stressful situations than MTF GID patients (P = 0.007). Conclusions: The difference in the usage of positive reappraisal strategies between MTF and FTM type GID patients was not explained by other demographic characteristics, and we suppose that the gender difference in GID patients might influence the usage of positive reappraisal strategies. The ratio of FTM GID patients might be higher at our center because MTF GID patients can obtain vaginoplasty easily, whereas phalloplasty surgery for FTM GID patients is performed at only a few centers, including our clinic, in Japan. As a result, more FTM GID patients come to our clinic with a clear intention to undergo sexual rearrangement surgery, which might influence the gender difference in using positive reappraisal.     

Cognition, coping, and outcome in Parkinson's disease

ABSTRACT Background: Cognitive impairment and depression are common and disabling non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies have shown associations between them but the nature of the relationship remains unclear. In chronic illness, problem- or task-oriented coping strategies are associated with better outcome but often require higher level cognitive functioning. The present study investigated, in a sample of patients with PD, the relationships between cognitive function, choice of coping strategies, and a broad index of outcome including depression, anxiety, and health-related quality of life (QoL). It was hypothesized that the coping strategy used could mediate the association between cognition and outcome. Methods: 347 participants completed the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-8, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the hypothesized model of cognition, coping, and outcome based on a direct association between cognition and outcome and an indirect association mediated by coping. Results: Overall, poorer cognition predicted less use of task-oriented coping, which predicted worse outcome (a latent variable comprised of higher depression and anxiety and lower QoL). The analyses suggested a small indirect effect of cognition on outcome mediated by coping. Conclusions: The findings suggest that patients who fail to employ task-oriented coping strategies may be at greater risk of depression, anxiety, and poor health-related QoL. Even mild to moderate cognitive impairment may contribute to reduced use of task-oriented coping. Suitably adapted cognitive-behavioral approaches may be useful to enable the use of adaptive coping strategies in such patients.