不同厂家枸橼酸莫沙必利片的体外溶出度比较

［摘要］目的考察不同厂家枸橼酸莫沙必利片的体外溶出度，评价其片剂质量。方法采用《中华人民共和国药典》（2005年版）溶出度测定法第3法，以盐酸溶液（9→1 000）为溶剂，转速为75 r•min 1，采用高效液相色谱法测定溶出量，测定波长为274 nm，计算累积溶出量。结果在30 min内不同厂家的待测药物累积溶出量均＞70%。结论不同厂家的枸橼酸莫沙必利片均符合质量标准，但不同厂家的产品之间存在很大的差异。     

固体分散技术提高枸橼酸莫沙必利片溶出度的研究

目的考察固体分散技术对枸橼酸莫沙必利片的体外溶出度的影响。方法以聚维酮K30为载体制备枸橼酸莫沙必利片固体分散体,紫外分光光度法对其体外溶出度进行测定。结果聚维酮K30-枸橼酸莫沙必利比例大于2∶1(w/w)时所得枸橼酸莫沙必利片5 min累积溶出量接近100%,而市售品溶出缓慢,5 min累积溶出量约为50%,30min累积溶出量约为90%。结论采用固体分散技术制备的枸橼酸莫沙必利片能显著提高枸橼酸莫沙必利的溶出速率。     

不同厂家复方黄连素片的溶出度试验

目的对复方黄连素片进行溶出度试验。方法采用溶出度测定第一法，纯化水1 000 mL为溶剂，转速120 r·min 1；高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定盐酸小檗碱的累积溶出量。结果不同厂家复方黄连素片溶出速率差异较大，但60 min时累积溶出量基本＞70%。结论建议建立复方黄连素片的溶出度检查项目。     

盐酸氨溴索片的溶出度比较

目的 :比较不同厂家的盐酸氨溴索片溶出度。方法 :按国家药品监督管理局试行标准WS-430(X -370)-2000 ,测定4厂家的盐酸氨溴索片溶出度。结果 :各厂家的盐酸氨溴索片在45min时累积溶出量均>80 % ,符合规定。经方差分析 ,威布尔分布函数参数m、T50 和Td 都有极显著性差异 (P<0.01)。结论 :不同厂家的盐酸氨溴索片溶出度存在显著性差异     

不同厂家替米沙坦制剂的体外溶出度比较

目的 比较不同厂家生产的替米沙坦片或胶囊在不同溶出介质中的体外溶出度。方法 按中国药典2010版采用紫外分光光度法,以1 000 mL不同溶液为溶出介质,转速50 r·min^-1,温度(37±0.5)℃,测定不同厂家的6个品种的替米沙坦片剂或胶囊的体外溶出度。结果 在pH 7.5磷酸盐缓冲液中,30 min的累积溶出量均超过标示量的85%;而在0.1 mol·L-1盐酸中,只有R片剂(Micardis)30 min的累积溶出量>80%,其中C和D在60 min的累积溶出量<30%,D片30 min的溶出度<10%。结论 各生产厂家应严格控制产品内在质量,保证临床用药安全有效。     

不同厂家枸橼酸他莫昔芬片的体外溶出度考察

目的:考察国内4个厂家生产的枸橼酸他莫昔芬片的体外溶出度,为临床选用用药提供参考。方法:采用中国药典2010年版中规定的桨法测定溶出度,紫外分光光度计测定溶液吸光度,吸收系数法计算他莫昔芬浓度。利用Excel软件计算累积溶出百分率,并对各厂家之间的溶出度进行比较分析。结果:4个厂家枸橼酸他莫昔芬片的体外溶出度均达到中国药典规定的要求,但各厂家的溶出表现存在一定差异。结论:不同厂家枸橼酸他莫昔芬片的溶出表现存在一定差异,应予关注。     

4种头孢泊肟匹酯片的体外溶出度比较

目的考察4种头孢泊肟匹酯片的体外溶出度，评价其片剂质量。方法采用2005年版《中国药典（二部）》溶出度测定法第2法。以盐酸溶液（9—1000）为溶出介质，转速为100r／min，用紫外分光光度法测定溶出量（测定波长为263nm），计算累积溶出量。结果在45mi。内不同厂家的待测药物累积溶出量均〉70％。结论4种头孢泊肟匹酯片均符合质量标准，但不同厂家的产品质量还是存在很大的差异。     

3家不同厂家苯磺酸氨氯地平片体外溶出度的比较

目的比较3个厂家苯磺酸氨氯地平片体外溶出度。方法采用药典溶出度测定法[1]测定苯磺酸氨氯地平片的体外溶出度(转速分别为100和50 r.min-1),采用HPLC法测定溶出量,检测波长为236 nm[2],计算累积溶出百分率,并进行溶出参数(m,td,t50)分析。结果转速为100 r.min-1时,3个厂家苯磺酸氨氯地平片在30 min均溶出95%以上;转速为50 r.min-1时,3个厂家苯磺酸氨氯地平片在30 min均溶出85%以上。结论3个厂家生产的苯磺酸氨氯地平片均符合质量标准,但统计学分析表明厂家之间有差异。     

4厂家产枸橼酸他莫昔芬片的溶出度考察

目的 :考察枸橼酸他莫昔芬片的溶出度。方法 :采用转篮法和浆法对国内4家制药厂生产的枸橼酸他莫昔芬片的溶出度进行了测定 ,并对溶出度参数Td 进行方差分析。结果 :转篮法和浆法测得的不同厂家产品的Td 值均有显著性差异 ,同一厂家产品的Td值转篮法小于浆法。结论 :不同厂家枸橼酸他莫昔芬片的溶出度存在显著性差异     

3厂家罗格列酮片的体外溶出度比较研究

目的比较3种不同厂家生产的罗格列酮片的体外溶出度。方法以盐酸溶液（9→1000）为溶出介质，采用2005年版《中华人民共和国药典（二部）》中溶出度测定法第3法测定溶出度；用紫外分光光度法测定溶出量，计算累积溶出百分率，并以威布尔公式计算溶出参数T50，Td，m值，并对参数进行￡检验。结果3厂家的罗格列酮片在45min内的累积溶出百分率均达70％以上，但其溶出度参数死。及乃值有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论3厂家的罗格列酮片均符合质量标准，但不同厂家的产品之间有差异。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.