成人颈椎关节突关节螺旋CT三维参数的测定

目的 观察成人正常颈椎关节突关节的三维解剖形态,利用影像归档和通信系统(Picture Archiving and Communication Systems,PACS)测量其三维参数并探讨其临床意义,为后期颈椎小关节界面撑开器的设计与制作提供可靠的依据. 方法 选取2019年9月～2020年5月在我院影像科行颈椎三维...     

下颈椎关节突关节解剖及生物力学研究进展

颈椎关节突关节（zygapophyseal joints）又称椎间小关节（facet joints），由相邻上、下颈椎关节突的关节面组成。双侧的关节突关节同前方的椎体及椎间盘一起构成颈椎的椎间关节，共同维持颈椎的稳定。近年来解剖学和生物力学研究表明，关节突关节损伤、退变是引起慢性颈痛的最常见原因之一，被喻为慢性颈痛的发动机。颈椎关节突关节增生退变也是引起颈椎不稳和神经根受压的重要原因。笔者就下颈椎关节突关节的解剖学和生物力学相关问题作一综述。     

颈椎关节突关节面倾角测量特点及临床意义

目的观察正常成年人下颈椎关节突关节面倾斜角度测量特点,探讨其正常值范围及临床意义。方法随机抽取门诊正常成年人颈椎侧位X线片500张,利用Unisight放射影像处理软件逐个测量其C3～7小关节突关节面倾角。结果 C3～7倾角大小依次分别为：61.9°±5.4°、54.8°±4.7°、50.7°±4.9°、55.8°±5.1°、63.4°±5.3°。C3～7倾角值大小呈＂U＂形分布,以C5最小,C7最大,各倾角均值〉45°。经统计分析,各个下颈椎小关节突关节面倾角大小比较可以概括为C7〉C3〉C4=C6〉C5。结论下颈椎小关节突关节面倾角不同,了解其分布特点有利于理解颈椎生物力学特性及相关颈椎疾病、颈椎外伤的发病机制。     

下颈椎关节突关节与椎体后缘关系的影像学研究

目的：研究探讨下颈椎关节突关节前缘与椎体后缘的位置关系，为临床行下颈椎经关节螺钉植入时评价进钉深度提供参考。方法：选取无明显下颈椎畸形的标准颈椎侧位X线片100张，下颈椎标准CT平扫片50张，测量下颈椎关节突关节顶点、中部、基底部前缘与椎体后缘的距离（分别记为HS，HM，HI），椎体后缘之前为负、之后为正。并对测量数据行统计学分析。结果：所有关节突关节前缘距离、椎体后缘的距离从顶点到基底部逐渐减小（HS〉HM〉HI）。C。关节突关节前缘大多位于椎体后缘之前（HS，HM，HI均为负值）；C4.5C5.6关节突关节前缘逐渐后移；Co，，关节突关节前缘均位于椎体后缘之后（HS，HM，HI均为正值）。下颈椎关节突关节顶点前缘与椎体后缘的距离HS从C。到C6，7逐渐增大，C3．4为（0±0．25）mm，C4．5为（2．03±0．47）mm，C5．6为（2．45±0．56）mm，C6．7为（2．91±1．05）mm；下颈椎关节突关节中部前缘与椎体后缘的距离HM从C3.4到C6.7逐渐增大，C3.4为（-1．57±0.53）mm,C4.5为（O．50±0．26）mm，C5．6为（0．56±0．36）mm，C6．7为（1．54±0．39）mm；下颈椎关节突关节基底部前缘与椎体后缘的距离HI从C3.4到C6.7逐渐增大，C3.4为（-2．03±0．40）mm，C4．5为（0±0．30）mm，C5，6为（0．50±0．44）mm，C6．7为（1．08±0．70）mm。结论：在行下颈椎经关节螺钉固定时，螺钉的头部在C3.4应位于相应榷体后缘前方0～2mm，C4.5应位于相应椎体后缘之后0-2mm，C5.6应位于相应椎体后缘之后0．5-2．5him，C6.7应位于相应椎体后缘之后1～3mm。下颈椎关节突关节前缘与椎体后缘关系的确立，可为临床工作中下颈椎经关节螺钉植入时判断进钉深度提供参考。     

颈椎小关节的形态学研究进展

颈椎小关节(cervical facet joints,CFJ)又称颈椎关节突关节(zygapophyseal joints),由相邻上、下颈椎关节突的关节面组成,CFJ具有一定的稳定性及在一定范围内的伸屈和旋转运动功能。每个颈椎节段,均包括三个不同的关节,即双侧的关节突关节与前方的椎间关节,共同维持颈     

下颈椎关节突关节的解剖学测量与经关节螺钉固定的关系

目的:测量下颈椎关节突关节的相关数据,探讨其与经关节螺钉固定的关系。方法:41具成人颈椎干燥标本,测量其颈椎关节突关节的上、下关节面的高度、宽度和冠状面角度以及下关节面在侧块后方投影的高度,并对侧块进行形态学评定;根据Dalcanto技术对30具颈椎标本行经关节突关节螺钉固定,以侧块中心点下2mm为进钉点,在矢状面上尾倾40°、在冠状面上外倾20°置入螺钉,测量螺钉的长度,观察螺钉位置。结果:C3～C7下关节面在侧块后方投影的高度为7.4～9.0mm,侧块的中心点约在下关节面后方投影的上界下方2mm。C6和C7上、下关节面的倾斜角度相对更大,侧块厚度相对较薄。采用Dalcanto技术经关节突关节螺钉固定,螺钉长度从C3/4向C7/T1呈下降趋势,由16.9mm降至15.7mm,其中在C7/T1水平螺钉最短。螺钉由头侧向尾侧经关节突关节复合体,大体上从关节面的中心点穿过;在矢状面上几乎与关节面垂直;无一例损伤到横突孔,螺钉从下位椎体的上关节突基底部的侧前方穿出,钉道指向侧前下方。结论:下颈椎关节突关节复合体可为经此关节螺钉固定提供足够的皮质骨。Dalcanto技术经关节突关节螺钉不仅具有可行性,而且可以避开横突孔,钉道方向几乎与横突沟平行,安全空间较大。由于C6、C7侧块的厚度较薄,在C6/7和C7/T1行经关节固定时不宜使用16mm以上长度的螺钉。     

大重量颅骨牵引复位下颈椎小关节突脱位的机理

目的　探讨大重量颅骨牵引复位下颈椎小关节突脱位的可行性及临床效果。方法　本组 6 4例 ,男 4 8例 ,女 16例 ,年龄 18～ 5 2岁 ,平均 31岁。单侧小关节突脱位 19例 ,双侧小关节突脱位 4 5例。采用Gardner颅骨牵引在X线透视监视下行闭合复位 ,牵引重量从 4 5kg始 ,每间隔 15～ 30min增加 2 5～ 4 5kg ,至复位成功为止。结果　 6 4例中 ,6 0例复位成功 ,4例不成功 ,成功率为 93%。复位牵引重量为 18～ 4 0 5kg,平均 2 7 5kg。不全瘫患者均有不同程度恢复 ,7例神经功能正常者复位后均无损伤 ,无一例出现神经功能恶化。 4例不成功者中 ,1例系呼吸困难 ,1例系关节突骨折 ,1例系陈旧性脱位 ,1例因不能耐受大重量颅骨牵引而终止复位。结论　大重量颅骨牵引复位可显著提高复位成功率 ,且不会加重脊髓损伤     

下颈椎双侧关节突脱位复位方式探讨

[目的]探讨下颈椎双侧关节突脱位的复位方式及治疗效果。[方法]2000年～2005年6月收治下颈椎双侧关节突脱位患者22例，其中13例行MRI检查，9例有椎间盘突出，占69．2％。依据复位前是否切除损伤的椎间盘分为2组，分析复位后神经损伤的变化。[结果]未切除损伤的颈椎间盘，复位中1例、复位后3例神经症状加重。（ASIS）分级，C—A1例，C—B1例，C—D2例。切除组复位后神经症状无1例加重。[结论]下颈椎双侧关节突脱位大多数并发椎间盘突出，未切除椎间盘复位可能加重神经损伤。前路损伤椎间盘切除、复位、椎间植骨可1次完成，不但能避免各种继发性损伤，而且可即刻稳定，便于护理，融合率高。     

应用影像归档和通信系统测量成人下颈椎关节突关节的临床意义

目的通过影像归档和通信系统(PACS)测量成人下颈椎关节突关节解剖参数,并探讨其临床意义。方法选择2014年9月—2015年2月本院63例成年门诊患者,行颈椎CT检查,所得数据传输至PACS,然后在Aquarius NET Viewer(V4.4.6.80)窗口界面手工进行颈椎关节突关节各参数的测量分析。所得数据纳入统计学分析,比较同一关节突关节左右侧的差异以及男女间的差异。结果成年人下颈椎同一关节突关节的左右两侧横径、矢状径及外斜径差异无统计学意义,成年人下颈椎双侧关节突关节基本对称。男性下颈椎不同关节突关节面的矢状径为11~13 mm,外斜径为11~12 mm;女性矢状径为10~12 mm,外斜径为10~11 mm,男性下颈椎关节突关节明显大于女性。结论 PACS测量成人下关节突关节解剖参数具有较高的一致性,对颈椎后路置钉融合手术中侧块螺钉的选择具有参考意义。按Magerl或Anderson方法置入下颈椎侧块螺钉时,男性选择长12~14 mm的螺钉是安全的,而对于女性则建议选择长12 mm的侧块螺钉。     

终板法与椎弓根法对青少年特发性胸椎脊柱侧凸Cobb角测量的比较

目的:对青少年特发性胸椎脊柱侧凸Cobb角测量的终板法和椎弓根法进行对比研究,比较两种方法的可信度、可重复性及两种方法测量结果的差异。方法:选取我院2010年7月～2011年3月门诊就诊的55例特发性胸椎脊柱侧凸患者,由一名高年资医师预先确定测量主弯的上、下端椎后,3名脊柱外科医师分别使用终板法和椎弓根法对站立位X线片进行手工测量评估,记录冠状面侧凸Cobb角数值,同时根据Nash-Moe法评估测量主弯上、下端椎的旋转度。1周后,打乱患者顺序,再由该3名医师重复测量。对测量结果进行可信度和可重复性分析,检验一致性并对两种方法的测量结果根据端椎旋转度和Cobb角大小分组进行分析比较。结果:终板法和椎弓根法测量主胸弯Cobb角的可信度和可重复性均为好～极佳的水平。终板法测量的总体可信度和可重复性分别为0.969和0.900,椎弓根法测量的总体可信度和可重复性分别为0.972和0.880。根据下端椎旋转度将AIS患者分组后的结果显示:下端椎无旋转组(Nash-Moe 0度)中椎弓根法与终板法测量结果无明显差异(P>0.05),而下端椎旋转明显组(Nash-MoeⅠ度和Ⅱ度)中椎弓根法测量结果较终板法小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据Cobb角是否大于25°进行分组后的统计分析表明,在两组中椎弓根法测量结果均显著小于终板法(P<0.05)。结论:对于青少年特发性胸椎脊柱侧凸而言,终板法和椎弓根法测量Cobb角的可信度和可重复性均较好,但对于下端椎旋转明显(Nash-MoeⅠ度以上)的患者,椎弓根法较终板法测量结果小,建议对此类患者采用终板法测量Cobb角。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧弯Cobb角与直线棘突角相关性分析

目的:分析轻中度青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者Cobb角与X线片直线棘突角(spinous process angle,SPA)、体表直线SPA相关性,探讨直线SPA评估脊柱侧弯的可能性。方法:Cobb角与X线片直线棘突角相关性研究为单中心回顾性研究,纳入自2019年1月至2021年12月脊柱全长正位X线片的AIS患者,测量患者直线SPA与Cobb角,并对两者进行相关性分析。Cobb角与体表直线SPA相关性研究为前瞻性研究,纳入自2022年12月1日至2022年12月9日就诊的AIS患者,测量Cobb角与站立位下体表直线SPA,并对两者进行相关性分析。结果:回顾性研究中共纳入113例AIS患者,男26例,女87例,年龄10～18(14.02±2.16)岁;轻度AIS患者71例,中度AIS患者42例。AIS患者Cobb角与直线SPA存在明显负相关(r=-0.564,P<0.001),两者线性回归方程为:Cobb角=169.444-0.878×SPA;轻度侧弯患者Cobb角与直线SPA存在明显负相关(r=-0.269...     

Time series spinal radiographs as prognostic factors for scoliosis and progression of spinal deformities

The effectiveness of clinical measures to predict scoliotic progression is unclear. The objective of this study was to identify potential prognostic factors affecting scoliosis progression. Consecutive measurements (181) from 35 non-instrumented adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with at least two follow-up assessments were studied. Potential prognostic factors of gender, curve pattern, age, curve magnitude, apex location and lateral deviation and spinal growth were analyzed. Stable and progressed groups were compared (threshold: Cobb angle ≥5° or 10°) with sequential clinical data collected in 6-month intervals. Double curves progressed simultaneously or alternatively on curve regions. Age was not significantly different prior to and at maximal Cobb angle. Maximal Cobb angles were significantly correlated to initial Cobb angles (r = 0.81–0.98). Progressed males had larger initial Cobb angles than progressed females. Apex locations were higher in progressed than stable groups, and at least a half vertebra level higher in females than males. Maximal apex lateral deviations correlated significantly with the initial ones (r = 0.73–0.97) and moderately with maximal Cobb angles (r = 0.33–0.85). In the progressed groups, males had larger apex lateral deviations than females. Spinal growth did not relate to curve progression (r = −0.64 to +0.59) and was not significantly different between groups and genders. Scoliosis may dynamically progress between major and minor curves. Gender, curve magnitude, apex location and lateral deviation have stronger effects on scoliosis progression than age or spinal growth. Females with high apex locations may be expected to progress.     

Detection of Common Anatomical Landmarks and Vertical Trajectories for Freehand Pedicle Screw Placement

Objective

It is clinically important for pedicle screws to be placed quickly and accurately. Misplacement of pedicle screws results in various complications. However, the incidence of complications varies greatly due to the different professional titles of physicians and surgical experience. Therefore, physicians must minimize pedicle screw dislocation. This study aims to compare the three nail placement methods in this study, and explore which method is the best for determining the anatomical landmarks and vertical trajectories.

Methods

This study involved 70 patients with moderate idiopathic scoliosis who had undergone deformity correction surgery between 2018 and 2021. Two spine surgeons used three techniques (preoperative computed tomography scan [CTS], visual inspection-X-freehand [XFH], and intraoperative detection [ID] of anatomical landmarks) to locate pedicle screws. The techniques used include visual inspection for 287 screws in 21 patients, preoperative planning for 346 screws in 26 patients, and intraoperative probing for 309 screws in 23 patients. Observers assessed screw conditions based on intraoperative CT scans (Grade A, B, C, D).

Results

There were no significant differences between the three groups in terms of age, sex, and degree of deformity. We found that 68.64% of screws in the XFH group, 67.63% in the CTS group, and 77.99% in the ID group were placed within the pedicle margins (grade A). On the other hand, 6.27% of screws in the XFH group, 4.33% in the CTS group, and 6.15% in the ID group were considered misplaced (grades C and D). The results show that the total amount of upper thoracic pedicle screws was fewer, meanwhile their placement accuracy was lower. The three methods used in this study had similar accuracy in intermediate physicians (P > 0.05). Compared with intermediate physicians, the placement accuracy of three techniques in senior physicians was higher. The intraoperative detection group was better than the other two groups in the good rate and accuracy of nail placement (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Intraoperative common anatomical landmarks and vertical trajectories were beneficial to patients with moderate idiopathic scoliosis undergoing surgery. It is an optimal method for clinical application.     

螺旋CT扫描三维、多平面重建在髋臼骨折中的应用

目的探讨螺旋CT扫描三维表面遮盖重建(surfaceshadeddisplay,SSD)和多平面重建(mutiplanarreconstruction,MPR)在髋臼骨折诊断中的应用价值。方法以儿童髋臼“Y”型软骨的解剖为基础,将成人髋臼分为“二柱”(前、后柱)、“四壁”(前、后、内侧、顶壁)。回顾性分析1999年3月~2001年8月68例髋臼骨折患者的影像资料,依据SSD和MPR准确划分骨折部位并进行统计分类。结果68例中双柱三壁(前、后柱,前、后、内侧壁)复合骨折28例、单柱三壁(前柱,前、后、内侧壁)复合骨折7例、单柱两壁(前柱,前、内侧壁)复合骨折5例、单纯后壁骨折21例、单纯前壁骨折7例;对其中21例双柱三壁骨折、7例单柱三壁骨折、5例单柱两壁骨折、15例单纯后壁骨折、3例单纯前壁骨折患者行钢板或可吸收螺钉内固定;对其余7例双柱三壁骨折、6例单纯后壁骨折、4例单纯前壁骨折患者,因髋臼骨折骨块分离、移位不明显而采用牵引复位治疗,直至骨折愈合。X线片与SSD、MPR比较在显示骨折数目和分型方面,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论SSD、MPR对于术前充分了解损伤情况、制定严格的手术计划、选择适当的内固定器材具有一定的指导意义,累及前柱或后柱的骨折须钢板固定才能使骨折部位稳定,而前壁或后壁的骨块只须螺钉内固定即可,内侧壁骨折后形成的较小的     

Financial analysis of circumferential fusion versus posterior-only with thoracic pedicle screw constructs for main thoracic idiopathic curves between 70° and 100°

Purpose Reports on thoracic pedicle screw (TPS) constructs have demonstrated their safety and efficacy; however, concerns exist regarding their increased cost. This is a review of adolescents with main thoracic scoliosis surgically treated with anterior release and posterior fusion or posterior fusion only. The objectives were to compare the radiographic outcomes and financial data of two surgical treatments: anterior/posterior spinal fusion (APSF) versus posterior spinal fusion (PSF-TPS) alone with TPSs, in patients with large 70–100° main thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) curves. Methods We identified 43 patients with main thoracic Lenke type 1–4 AIS curves between 70 and 100° who had been treated with either APSF or PSF-TPS. Results Both groups had equivalent radiographic corrections postoperatively. The PSF-TPS group patients had higher implant charges, but the APSF group had higher surgeon procedural charges, operating room charges, anesthesia charges, and inpatient room charges. Total charges were $75,295 for the APSF group and $71,236 for the PSF-TPS group (P > 0.05). Analyses of two subgroups of the APSF group, anterior release via thoracotomy versus VATS and same-day versus staged surgeries, failed to change any of the above findings. Conclusion Based on this financial analysis, there was no statistically significant differences between the APSF and PSF-TPS groups, with equivalent radiographic corrections.     

Defining the number and type of fixation anchors for optimal main curve correction in posterior surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Background Context

The number and type of fixation anchors to use during posterior surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is still debated, and the relationship with curve correction remains unclear.

A reliability and validity study for different coronal angles using ultrasound imaging in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Background Context

Radiation exposure remains a big concern in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Ultrasound imaging of the spine could significantly reduce or possibly even eliminate this radiation hazard. The spinous processes (SPs) and transverse processes (TPs) were used to measure the coronal deformity. Both landmarks provided reliable information on the severity of the curve as related to the traditional Cobb angle. However, it remained unclear which coronal ultrasound angle is the most appropriate method to measure the curve severity.

寰枢关节旋转运动CT扫描的临床意义

目的了解不同旋转状态下CT扫描寰枢关节的影像学变化,探讨CT对寰枢关节旋转固定的诊断价值。方法分别对正常组30例、寰枢关节旋转固定患者组16例、新鲜尸体标本组5例行头部功能位CT扫描,测量并比较各组的寰齿前间隙、寰齿侧间隙及寰枢椎相对旋转角的变化。结合标本解剖观察寰枢关节不同旋转状态在SSD法重建图像上的表现。结果不同旋转状态下CT扫描寰枢关节的影像表现变化较大。旋转前后正常组与寰枢关节旋转固定患者组相比:寰齿前间隙及寰枢关节相对旋转范围变化差异有显著性(P<0·01),寰齿侧间隙的变化差异无显著性(P>0·05),寰枢关节不同旋转状态下在SSD法重建图像上表现与标本解剖观察基本一致。结论静态CT扫描不能准确诊断Ⅰ型寰枢关节旋转固定,功能位CT扫描能够准确诊断寰枢关节旋转固定。