Pulmonary function in children with initial low birth weight

The objective of this analysis was to examine the effect of low birth weight and prematurity on bronchial air-flow, bronchial reactivity, airway symptoms and asthma diagnosis at school age. A cross-sectional epidemiologi-cal study was performed in three small towns in the eastern part of Germany on 2470 school children aged 5–14 (89.1% of eligible children). A 78 item questionnaire to determine risk factors at birth and in early childhood was employed. 7.8% of the children were born before completing 38 gesta-tional weeks; 6.6% had a birth weight less than 2500 g. Pulmonary function analysis were done by a mobile plethysmography at the school. There were only weak restrictions in lung volume in term low birth weight (LBW) children (100 ml lower TLC, p = 0.107), and flow (257 ml lower PEFR, p=0.108), were low. However, bronchial hyper-responsiveness indicated by 292 ml lower FEV_1.0 after cold air bronchial provocation, was significantly increased compared to term normal birth weight children (p < 0.001). The effect of LBW was less in older children, only slightly stronger in girls and increased in children mechanically ventilated during the postnatal period. Correspondingly, there was a higher prevalence of diagnosed asthma in term LBW children (OR 1.6, 95%-confidence interval 1.0–2.6), however these were without an increased risk for any allergic sensitization. LBW, therefore, seems to be a risk factor for smaller lungs and hyperreactive airways primarily in term born children, whereas in pre-term children the immature bronchial system seems to be recover by school age.     

Early rapid weight gain and current overweight in relation to asthma in adolescents born with very low birth weight

Early catch-up growth and subsequent overweight are suggested to be associated with later cardiovascular diseases and later type II diabetes. However, the impact of early catch-up growth and childhood overweight on the development of asthma has been less studied, particularly in children born with very low birth weight (VLBW). A birth cohort of 74 VLBW children (birth weight < or = 1500 g) was followed from birth and investigated on asthma at 12 yr of age. Early rapid weight gain was in one way defined as an increase of weight > or =1 standard deviation score (SDS) at 6 months of corrected postnatal age. Current overweight was defined by body mass index (BMI) exceeding 21.2 and 21.7 kg/m(2), respectively, for boys and girls at 12 yr of age. Current asthma was diagnosed by a pediatrician, according to asthma ever in combination with a positive response to hypertonic saline bronchial provocation test and/or wheeze at physical examination at 12 yr old. Being overweight at 12 yr of age was associated with an increased risk for current asthma in the VLBW children [crude odds ratio (OR): 5.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-22.2]. After adjustment for early weight gain and neonatal risk, the OR of overweight increased nearly three times (adjusted OR: 15.3, 95% CI: 2.5-90.6). Early rapid weight gain seemed to be inversely associated with current asthma (adjusted OR: 0.49 for an increase of weight equal to 1 SDS, 95% CI: 0.23-1.02, p = 0.06). In addition, early rapid weight gain was inversely associated with the magnitude of bronchial responsiveness at 12 yr (coefficient -1.15, p < 0.01). There was a strong and positive association between overweight and asthma at 12 yr of age in the VLBW children. This strong association had been reduced by early rapid weight gain, possibly via the reduction of bronchial responsiveness.     

极低及超低出生体重儿的预后因素分析

目的 分析极低及超低出生体重儿（出生体重≤ 1 200 g）的临床资料,为其预后及临床干预提供预警指标。方法 回顾性分析108 例极低及超低出生体重儿的母孕期病史、新生儿出生时情况、诊治经过及预后,采用非条件logistic 回归分析筛选预后的影响因素。结果 108 例极低及超低出生体重儿,出生体重范围在结论 极低及超低出生体重儿的病死率较高,且随着日龄的增加,影响早产儿生存的预后因素不同,临床上应针对这些因素制定合理的管理方案,提高早产儿生存率。     

极低出生体重儿支气管肺发育不良潮气呼吸肺功能临床观察

目的 研究极低出生体重儿支气管肺发育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasi,BPD)潮气呼吸肺功能的改变.方法 选取在温州市儿童医院住院的262例极低出生体重儿作为研究对象,在出院前1周内和纠正胎龄6~8个月时做潮气呼吸肺功能检测.根据临床诊断,分为BPD组(65例)和非BPD组(197例),BPD组根据严重程度分为轻度BPD组(31例)、中度BPD组(20例)和重度BPD组(14例),比较不同组患儿的肺功能指标.结果 出院前1周内测量潮气呼吸肺功能显示,BPD组患儿呼吸频率较非BPD组均增快(P均＜0.05);呼气峰流速,75%、50%、25%潮气量时的呼气流速比较,均为重度BPD组高于其余组(P均＜0.05),轻度BPD组低于非BPD组(P均＜0.05);达峰时间比、达峰容积比BPD组较非BPD组均降低,BPD程度越严重,下降越明显(P均＜0.05);各组间潮气量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).矫正胎龄6~8个月时行潮气呼吸肺功能检查,呼气峰流速,75%、50%、25%潮气量时的呼气流速比较,提示重度BPD组仍较其余组均高(P均＜0.05),达峰时间比、达峰容积比仍低于其余组(P均＜0.05),而其余各组间比较各指标差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 出院前1周内BPD患儿有不同程度的肺功能损伤,但随日龄增大(矫正胎龄6~8个月时),部分肺功能指标逐渐改善,但早期重度小气道阻塞性病变仍较严重,因此,积极预防、治疗BPD对呼吸道疾病的防治有重要意义.     

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??Abstract??Objective??To observe the effect of early drip feeding and the occurrence of its correlated complications in premature and very low birth weight infants??and study its clinical application value. Methods??From June 2006 to December 2008 at the Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College Hospital ??45 cases of very low birth weight babies in premature infants were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty-three cases with early drip feeding were included in study group and 22 cases with early nasogastric tube feeding in control group. Milk amount increasing speed?? body weight increasing speed?? the time of beginning oral feeding??total enteral feeding?? recovery time of birth weight?? completely meconium excretion time?? all acumulative phototherapy time?? hospital stay time and correlated complications were compared between the two groups. Results??Compared with the control group?? body weight increased faster in study group ??P < 0.05????and milk amount obviously increased more in study group ??P < 0.01??.The time of beginning oral feeding?? the time of total enteral feeding??recovery time of birth weight??completely meconium excretion time?? all acumulative phototherapy time and hospitalization period were obviously shorter in study group than in control group??P < 0.01??.The incidence rates of aspirated pneumonia??gastric hemorrhage and stomatitis in study group decreased compared with control group??P < 0.05??.The incidence rates of apnoea??emesia and abdominal distension in study group obviously reduced compared with control group??P < 0.01??. Conclusion??Early drip feedling can quickly boost the survivability of enteral feeding in premature very low birth weight infant?? shorten the clinical course and reduce the occurrence of clinically complications. It is worthy of clinically application and extension.     

极低出生体质量儿胎粪钙卫蛋白水平及影响因素分析

目的 了解极低出生体质量儿胎粪钙卫蛋白(FC)水平及其影响因素.方法 收集2018年6月—2019年5月住院的极低出生体质量儿出生后第1次胎粪,采用免疫荧光法定量检测胎粪钙卫蛋白水平,并收集患儿一般资料及母孕期资料.结果 共纳入87例极低出生体质量儿,男45例、女42例,中位胎龄30.3周(29.1～31.1周),中位...     

母乳喂养质量改进对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响

目的 探讨NICU 中母乳喂养质量改进措施对极低和超低出生体重儿亲母母乳喂养率的影响。方法 回顾性调查收集2014 年7 月至2015 年7 月收治的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进前组）以及实施母乳质量改进措施后的2015 年8 月至2016 年6 月的极低和超低出生体重儿（质量改进后组）资料。对两组患儿住院期间亲母母乳喂养情况（喂养率、喂养量、喂养时间）、静脉营养持续时间、达到全肠道喂养的时间,喂养不耐受发生率等指标进行比较。结果 实施质量改进后,亲母母乳喂养率和喂养量均明显增高,母乳强化剂添加时间、静脉营养时间、达全肠道喂养时间均较改进前提前,喂养不耐受的发生率较改进前有所改善,差异有统计学意义。结论 亲母母乳喂养质量改进措施可提高NICU 亲母母乳喂养率,改善早产儿消化系统相关并发症。     

238例极低出生体重早产儿的生长速率和影响因素

目的 观察极低出生体重早产儿住院期问的生长速度及营养支持情况,研究影响其生长的因素.方法 采用回顾性调查的方法,收集2005年1月1日至2006年6月30日我国不同地区10所三甲医院檄低出生体重早产儿的临床资料,对影响早产儿生长的因素进行分析.结果 共有238例符合条件的极低出生体重早产儿,出生胎龄为(30.9±1.9)周,出生体重(1313±129)g.生后第1周～第6周平均体重生长速率分别为-7.2、14.2、13.6、13.7、14.2、14.8 g/(kg·d).肠内、外营养开始平均时间分别为(3.4±2,3)d和(3.1±1.7)d,总热卡达120 kcal/(kg·d)平均时间为(21.3±11.6)d,喂养奶量达150 ml/(kg·d)平均时间为(23.4±10.8)d.恢复出生体重后平均生长速率为(13.8±3.5)g/(kg·d),平均住院时间(39.8±13.9)d.出生时小于胎龄者较适于胎龄者恢复出生体重后的平均生长速率快[14.4 vs 13.2 g/(kg·d),t=2.703,P<0.05].结论 平均生长速率较快组[≥15 g/(kg·d)]与较慢组[<15g/(kg·d)]相比,出生胎龄差异无显著性,但出生体重低、接受肠内肠外营养早.大多数极低出生体重早产儿在住院期间不能达到正常胎儿在官内的生长速率.更积极的肠内肠外营养,可能有利于极低出生体重儿生后的早期牛长.     

超低和极低出生体重儿神经发育结局及影响因素分析

目的 评估超低/极低出生体重儿 （ELBWI和VLBWI） 在纠正年龄 （CA） 18月时神经发育结局,探讨影响神经发育结局的因素。方法 收集2013年1月至2014年6月入住新生儿重症监护病房并存活出院的ELBWI和VLBWI病例,在CA40周、1、3、6、12、18月定期随访,评估神经发育结局。按神经发育状况分为神经发育正常组和神经发育异常组,比较两组临床资料的差异,分析ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育的危险因素。结果 共338例ELBWI和VLBWI纳入研究,15例在住院期间死亡。CA18月时,145例 （44.9%） 存活且随访资料完整,75例 （23.2%） 死亡,失访103例 （31.9%）。CA18月时,145例患儿中神经发育损伤71例 （49.0%）,3例 （2.1%） 脑性瘫痪;未发现单眼或双眼失明的视觉损伤及需要助听器的听觉损伤。Logistic回归分析发现BPD和败血症是ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育异常的独立危险因素 （OR=3.530,P < 0.001;OR=2.528,P=0.035）,BPD发生程度越重,神经发育异常的发生率越高。结论 败血症、BPD （尤其是重度BPD） 是ELBWI和VLBWI神经发育异常的危险因素。     

极低/超低出生体重儿迟发型败血症发生情况及其危险因素分析

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)极低/超低出生体重儿迟发型败血症(LOS)的发生情况及危险因素。方法收集2011年1月至2013年12月入住NICU的极低或超低出生体重儿的临床资料,根据是否合并LOS分为两组:LOS组和无LOS组。回顾性分析LOS的发生率、病死率、常见病原菌及危险因素。结果纳入的226例极低/超低出生体重儿中,117例(51.8%)发生了LOS,其中45例为确诊LOS,72例为临床诊断LOS。LOS组患儿病死率为13.7%(16/117),明显高于无LOS组(5/109,4.6%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。共培养出51株病原菌,其中32株(63%)为革兰阴性细菌,16株(31%)为革兰阳性细菌,3株(6%)为真菌。多因素logistic回归分析显示,胎龄、小于胎龄儿、肠外营养持续时间、经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)、机械通气是极低/超低出生体重儿LOS发生的独立影响因素(OR分别为:0.84、1.59、1.34、3.11、4.55,均P0.05)。结论极低/超低出生体重儿LOS的发生率及病死率较高。LOS常见病原菌为革兰阴性细菌。胎龄低、肠外营养持续时间长、小于胎龄儿、PICC或机械通气的极低/超低出生体重儿LOS的发生危险可能增加。     

Executive function deficit in preschool children born very low birth weight with normal early development

Background

Many studies showed that children born very low birth weight (VLBW) are at high risk of executive function (EF) deficit, including impulse control, working memory and cognitive flexibility. However, they did not exclude the influence of abnormal early development on EF deficit.

Aims

The aim was to investigate if six-year-old VLBW children with normal early development still have EF deficit.

Methods

The research was conducted in two groups. The VLBW group included 37 children at aged 6, with more than 70 of Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Second Edition (BSIDII) before aged 2. The normal group included 22 term children aged 6 who were born healthy and developed normally, with comparable IQ and social economic status. Five instruments, including Comprehensive Nonverbal Attention Test Battery (CNAT), Tower of London (ToL), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Knox's Cube Test and Digit Span Subtest of WISC-IV, were analyzed to evaluate four kinds of EF, including impulse control, planning, cognitive flexibility and working memory.

Results

The EF of VLBW group was significantly lower in independent t-test on the scores of planning in ToL, cognitive flexibility in WCST and nonverbal working memory in Knox's Cube Test. Yet, the inferiority in EF of VLBW group became less significant when ANCOVA analysis was used to adjust gestation age and birth weight.

Conclusions

Six-year-old VLBW children even with normal early development are still at risk of deficits in “planning”, “cognitive flexibility” and “nonverbal working memory” while the preterm factors, both gestation age and birth weight, were important covariant factors.     

Growth of very low birth weight infants at 12 months corrected age in southern Brazil

The objective of this article is to describe growth of very low birth weight infants born in southern Brazil. All infants weighing < or =1500 g were followed up until 12 months corrected age (CA). Growth was recorded at 40 weeks, 6 and 12 months CA. Catch up was considered if the measures were > or =-2 SD of World Health Organization growth charts for weight and length; and of National Center for Health Statistics for head circumference. One hundred and ninety three infants born were followed up for the study. At 40 weeks CA, 57.8% patients achieved catch-up in weight and 50.9% in length. At 6 months CA, 82.2% achieved catch-up for weight and length and at 1 year CA, 92% achieved catch-up in weight and 86.9% in length. Catch-up in head circumference was achieved for 93.4%, 85.9% and 85% patients at 40 weeks, 6 months and 12 months CA, respectively. At 12 months CA, no catch-up in weight, length and head circumference was related to higher SNAPPE-II (P = 0.046) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) (P = 0.003); longer time to achieve full enteral nutrition at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (P = 0.037), lower maternal education (P = 0.018) and PVL (P = 0,003); higher SNAPPE-II (P = 0,004), PVL (P = 0.005) and longer time to achieve full enteral nutrition at the NICU (P = 0.044), respectively. In conclusion, PVL and higher SNAPPE-II were important factors to catch-up delay. Catch-up growth was high at 12 months CA.     

极低出生体质量儿置入中心静脉导管相关血流感染的临床研究

目的探讨极低出生体质量儿经外周置入中心静脉导管(PICC)致导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)的发生及相关因素。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年12月收治的入住新生儿重症监护病房且置入PICC导管的极低出生体质量儿的临床资料。结果 PICC致CRBSI的发生率为6.36/1 000导管日(32/5 028);检出病原体以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,占46.9%(15/32),革兰阴性菌和近平滑念珠菌也较常见;检出的细菌均为耐药菌,真菌尚未见耐药。胎龄28周早产儿CRBSI的发生率高于胎龄28~32周及≥32周的早产儿(27.9%对9.9%和2.4%),差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。出生体质量1 000 g的早产儿CRBSI的发生率高于≥1 000 g者(19.2%对8.6%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PICC留置时长20 d的早产儿CRBSI的发生率低于20~30 d和≥30 d者(2%对20.9%和15.3%),差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论极低体质量儿留置PICC时引起CRBSI的多为条件致病菌,且致病菌大多为耐药菌。引起CRBSI的危险因素为胎龄小、出生体质量轻和PICC管留置时间长。     

极/超低出生体重儿生后早期腹部局部组织氧饱和度变化趋势的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨极/超低出生体重儿（very/extremely low birth weight infant,VLBWI/ELBWI）出生后的腹部局部组织氧饱和度（abdominal regional oxygen saturation,A-rSO₂）变化趋势。 方法 选取2019年9月至2021年5月在新生儿重症监护室住院的VLBWI/ELBWI作为研究对象。利用近红外光谱技术,从出生后第1天开始每天监测A-rSO₂,共监测4周。并根据出生胎龄分为较低胎龄组（<29周组）及较高胎龄组（≥29周组）,对两组VLBWI/ELBWI生后4周内的A-rSO₂进行比较分析。 结果 共纳入VLBWI/ELBWI 63例,其中<29周组30例,≥29周组33例。63例VLBWI/ELBWI生后2周内A-rSO₂呈现波动变化：生后第1天为最低值（47.9%）,后逐渐升高,第4天达最高峰（67.4%）,第5~9天逐渐下降,然后再次上升,至出生2周后趋于稳定。≥29周组出生后第1周及第2周A-rSO2均高于<29周组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。出生第3周及第4周两组A-rSO₂均值比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 VLBWI/ELBWI的A-rSO₂在出生后最初2周随日龄增加存在波动变化,2周后趋于稳定;生后2周内的A-rSO₂与胎龄相关。     

极低出生体质量儿中枢神经系统假丝酵母菌感染诊断

全身播散性假丝酵母菌感染已成为极低和超低出生体质量儿晚发感染的主要病原之一,而其导致的中枢神经系统受累的临床表现缺乏特异性、神经病理学的多样性使得脑脊液微生物学和常规细胞学分析不能除外特殊的损伤类型,特别是微小脑脓肿.因此中枢神经系统假丝酵母菌感染的诊断必须结合脑脊液和影像学检查,磁共振弥散加权成像可能成为早期诊断微小脓肿的重要方法.     

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随着我国医学科学的进步和新生儿重症监护水平的提高,超低出生体重儿(extremely low birth weight infant,ELBWI)的抢救成功率也在逐年上升,如何保证ELBWI从宫内至宫外的平稳过渡,适时合理地提供类似于宫内的营养,使其达到理想的生长状态,成为新生儿科医生面临的挑战。