实体器官移植后人巨细胞病毒感染的预防性治疗

人巨细胞病毒(HcMV)感染是实体器官移植后最常见的并发症之一,是导致移植物失功和移植受者发病甚至死亡的主要原因.为此,对移植受者进行必要的预防性抗病毒治疗是降低移植失败和提高移植受者生存率的关键所在,而普遍预防和抢先治疗是两种常见而有效的预防策略.     

Skin cancer and other skin disorders in patients following solid organ transplantation

Solid organ transplant patients have an increased risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas compared to the immunocompetent population, and often develop multiple and sometimes aggressive tumours. There are few published studies or reviews, which provide guidance to the clinician in the management of these patients. In the prevention of skin cancer in organ transplant patients, patient education about the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation, sun protection, and the early recognition of (pre)malignant skin lesions should be emphasised. Furthermore, close follow-up by a dermatologist and treatment of (pre)malignant lesions in an early stage are necessary. Chemoprevention of skin cancer can be achieved through systemic retinoids. Reduction of the dose of immunosuppressive agents can be considered. Excision is the first treatment of choice for squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas. In selected rumours curettage and electrodessication can be performed.     

Pulmonary infections after lung transplantation

Lung transplantation has become an accepted therapeutic modality for end-stage diseases of the lungs and the pulmonary circulation. In the past two decades more than 20,000 lung transplantations were performed all over the world. Due to improvements in immunosuppressive regimens the mortality rate of severe acute rejections has decreased up to 2% in the first post-transplant year. By contrast, infections became the most common cause of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. It was reported that 21.2 and 40% of annual deaths are due to infections in the first 30 days and one year, respectively. In the first month 35-70% of transplant recipients develop bacterial pneumonia caused often by Gram-negative organisms especially by Pseudomonas species. All patients should receive prophylactic antibiotics after the operation, which are to be modified according to the resistance patterns of pathogens isolated from the donor lungs. In the early post-operative period, the frequency of invasive fungal (Aspergillus and Candida) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections appears to be less then 10% due to prophylactic amphotericin inhalation and systemic valganciclovir administration for 100 days. After withdrawing these drugs, these infections became more common. In the late post-transplant period, the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) may predispose to infections. BOS may be manifested in approximately 50% of patients 5 years post-transplant. Routinely or urgently performed screening tests (laboratory and radiological investigations, lung function tests, sputum culture, bronchoscopy) and specific treatments are of central importance in the management of infections. In this review we discuss the clinical manifestation, the diagnosis and the treatment possibilities of the most common pulmonary infections in lung transplant recipients.     

Recent options in drug therapy after solid organ transplantation

Solid organ transplantation has shown improvement in patient and graft survival rates due to the development of immunosuppression in the last fifty years; however only the last two decades led to the development of new, baseline immunosuppressive drugs that avoid the unlikely side effects of calcineurin inhibitors, especially nephrotoxicity. The transplanted organ is foreign to the host and, therefore, it induces a complex immune response of the recipient. In this review, a brief outline of immune response is given, followed by the introduction of new immunosuppressive drugs acting via variant pathways. These are compounds which are already in use or becoming shortly available and are potential future alternatives for the calcineurin inhibitors. This paper highlights the role of co-stimulation blockade with belatacept and the recently even more intensively studied field of tolerance induction.     

Prevention of nosocomial infection in solid organ transplantation.

Despite improvements in survival rates, infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality following solid organ transplantation. Prevention of infection and, failing this, prompt diagnosis and treatment remain the cornerstones of management. During the peri-operative admission, when the level of immunosuppression is at its height, nosocomial infection accounts for the majority of infective morbidity. Although the measures taken to prevent nosocomial infection may vary, centres undertaking such procedures must ensure that strategies are in place to protect patients. The importance of basic infection control measures cannot be over-emphasised. In addition, appropriate prophylactic agents, rapid diagnostic techniques and the early institution of appropriate therapy are essential. As developments in this field advance, the epidemiology of infection will continue to change, demanding an ongoing assessment of preventative, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.     

器官移植供者来源感染防控效果研究

目的探讨供者来源感染(Donor derived infection,DDI)防控干预措施对降低实体器官移植患者医院感染发生率、耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌(Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae,CRKP)感染率以及DDI引起的CRKP感染率的效果。方法采用回顾性队列研究,选择在上海长海医院接受器官移植的所有患者为研究对象,2016年6月-2017年12月收集的患者586例为对照组,实施常规医院感染防控措施,2018年1月-2019年2月收集的患者289例为干预组,分别从供者感染状态评估分层后决定器官取舍、供者维护期间的感染防控及接受高风险供者器官移植后受者的防控三个方面实施DDI防控干预措施。观察对比干预前后实体器官移植患者医院感染发生率、医院感染患者中CRKP感染占比、由DDI引起的CRKP感染占比及CRKP感染患者病死率。结果干预组患者医院感染发生率为6.23%(18/289),低于对照组的9.22%(54/586)(P=0.131);干预组CRKP感染率为0.35%(1/289),低于对照组的1.71%(10/586)(P=0.169);干预组医院感染患者中CRKP感染占5.56%(1/18),低于对照组的18.52%(10/54)(P=0.344);干预组由DDI引起的CRKP感染百分比为0.00%,低于对照组的80.00%(P=0.273);干预组CRKP感染患者病死率为0.00%,低于对照组的40.00%(P>0.999),差异均无统计学意义。结论采取DDI防控干预措施能有效降低实体器官移植患者医院感染发生率、CRKP感染率、医院感染患者中CRKP感染占比,特别是由DDI引起的CRKP感染以及CRKP感染患者病死率。     

Bariatric surgery outcomes following organ transplantation: A review study

Weight gain is a frequent postoperative complication following a solid organ transplant which can be solved by bariatric surgery. The outcomes of bariatric surgery among patients with an organ transplant history are always a challengeable subject for surgeons and surgery candidates. In this review article, we aim to investigate the existence literature about the rates of morbidity and mortality, frequent complications in terms of graft function, remission in diabetes, hypertension, pulmonary and cardiovascular disorders, hepatic and renal functions, and immunosuppressive stability, as well as the safety of bariatric surgery among patients.     

实体器官移植供者来源感染防控研究进展

供者来源感染(Donor-derived infection)是实体器官移植工作面临的重大挑战。目前我国实体器官捐献者多为滞留ICU的患者,是多药耐药菌感染或定植的高危人群,由此引发的供者来源性感染,严重时可威胁受者生命安全。移植工作中既要避免供者来源感染的威胁又要充分利用稀缺的供者器官,需要加强信息沟通,多学科协作从源头上进行过程监控、主动监测,对潜在供者进行感染预防维护、对供者感染状况评估分层决定器官取舍以及对移植后受者进行感染防控。     

Human organ transplantation

In terms of rehabilitation and extended years of survival, transplantation is a good treatment if vital organs are affected by end-stage disease. Rejection is one of the most serious complications, although advances in molecular biology may well lead to specific immunosuppression with few or no side-effects. The unique metabolic functions of the heart, liver and kidney make it doubtful whether artificial replacements will become available in the foreseeable future. In the present state of knowledge, metabolic feedback between artificial organs probably cannot be accomplished, and organ transplantation is therefore likely to remain an evolving technology for many years to come.     

Clinical picture of Herpesviridae infections among immunocompromised patients: bone marrow and solid organ transplants recipients

The human herpes virus (HHV) family (herpesviridae) are large DNA viruses containing eight important, ubiquitous human pathogens. This group of viruses encompasses: herpes simplex virus (HSV types 1 and 2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), HHV-6, HHV-7 (cause roseola or exanthema subitum in children) and Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus--(KSHV). The outstanding property of herpes viruses is lifelong persistence of infection and potential periodic reactivation, particularly often among immunocompromised patients. Herpesvirus infections are associated with a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from local ulceration to serious systemic illnessess or malignancies. These infections are one of the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised patients.