产妇行椎管内麻醉剖宫产医院感染病原菌分布与相关因素分析

目的探讨产妇行椎管内麻醉剖宫产手术后医院感染及相关危险因素,为降低剖宫产产妇术后感染率提供依据。方法选择2013年10月-2014年9月收治的1 035例行椎管内麻醉剖宫产产妇为研究对象,对术后发生医院感染的60例产妇感染部位及病原菌分布进行分析。结果 1 035例行椎管内麻醉剖宫产产妇术后感染60例,感染率为5.80%;产妇感染部位主要为手术切口、呼吸道、生殖道及泌尿道,分别占48.33%、25.00%、16.67%及10.00%;共分离出107株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌51株占47.66%、革兰阴性菌56株占52.34%;logistic回归分析发现胎膜早破、侵入性检查、术中出血量、并发症、手术时间是术后医院感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论行椎管内麻醉剖宫产产妇术后感染的危险因素较多,应采取措施尽量缩短手术时间、减少组织损伤及术中出血量,合理预防性应用抗菌药物,以降低剖宫产产妇医院感染率。     

认知行为干预在剖宫产产妇中的应用效果观察

目的探讨认知行为干预对产妇剖宫产术后医院感染的的影响,为剖宫产后护理提供指导。方法回顾性收集2013年3月—2015年3月行剖宫产的640例产妇资料,根据护理方式的不同分为对照组和干预组,各320例。两组产妇均接受剖宫产常规产科护理,干预组在此基础上给予认知行为干预,比较两组产妇入院时、术后第1天及术后第5天皮质醇Cor.水平、术后体温变化、退热时间、感染发生率及感染部位分布情况。计量资料比较采用t检验,计数资料比较采用χ~2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果干预组产妇术后Cor.水平、退热时间及感染发生率低于对照组(均P0.05),对照组术后感染的部位依次为呼吸道、手术切口、泌尿系统、消化系统、生殖道感染,分别占43.48%、17.39%、17.39%、13.04%、8.70%,干预组感染的部位依次为手术切口、生殖道、呼吸道、泌尿系统、消化系统感染,分别占40%、20%、20%、10%、10%。结论认知行为干预可以降低剖宫产后血清Cor.水平,降低术后感染的发生率。     

剖宫产术后发生医院感染的相关因素分析与对策

目的 探讨剖宫产术术后发生医院感染的相关因素及护理对策.方法 对2945例剖宫产产妇病历资料进行回顾性分析.结果 剖宫产产妇术后发生医院感染者83例,感染率为2.82％;年龄≥30岁、体重指数≥25、阴道指诊次数≥3次、术前导尿次数≥2次、手术时间≥60 min、术中出血量≥300 ml、术后留置尿管时间≥24 h,有胎膜早破、有胎盘因素、有内科并发症感染率分别为6.49％、7.15％、3.25％、6.89％、5.77％、5.77％、9.71％、5.73％、5.96％、6.22％,均为剖宫产术后发生医院感染的相关危险因素(P＜0.05);感染部位构成呼吸道感染占43.37％,泌尿系感染占26.51％,生殖道感染占16.87％,手术切口感染占13.25％.结论 剖宫产术后发生医院感染与高龄、多次阴道指诊、多次导尿、合并有内科合并症等多种因素相关,针对高危因素应该积极采取相应护理措施,以降低感染发生.     

瘢痕子宫产妇剖宫产术后切口感染病原菌分布及危险因素分析

目的分析在瘢痕子宫产妇剖宫产术后切口感染病原菌分布情况和切口感染危险因素,为瘢痕子宫产妇剖宫产切口感染措施制定提供参考。方法按照是否发生切口感染将2019年1月-2019年7月在温州医科大学附属第一医院行剖宫产手术的359例瘢痕子宫产妇分为感染组(25例)和非感染组(334例)。统计总结切口感染患者病原菌分布情况。对两组患者的一般资料、妊娠情况及医疗措施等进行对比分析,将差异有统计学意义的指标纳入多因素Logistic系统行危险因素分析。探讨瘢痕子宫产妇剖宫产术后切口感染的预防措施。结果①25例切口感染产妇均行病原学培养,20例患者病原菌培养阳性,共检出29株病原菌,5例病原菌培养阴性。检出病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌大肠埃希菌为主,其次为革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄糖球菌。②单因素分析显示,产妇BMI、上次剖宫产至本次剖宫产术间隔时间、合并糖尿病、胎膜早破、合并生殖道感染、手术医师年资、责任护士年资、手术时机、手术季节、手术切口尺寸、手术时间、接台手术及预防性使用抗生素为影响瘢痕子宫产妇剖宫产切口感染相关因素,③多因素Logistic分析显示,BMI>30 kg/m^2、产前生殖道感染、胎膜早破、合并糖尿病、急诊手术、间隔时间≤2年、围术期未使用抗生素及手术切口>10 cm瘢痕子宫产妇切口感染危险因素。结论瘢痕子宫剖宫产产妇术后切口感染相关因素及危险因素较多,术前综合评估并采取措施对可预防的相关因素及危险因素进行预防,降低瘢痕子宫产妇剖宫产切口感染率,提高产妇产后康复质量。     

剖宫产术后切口感染的相关性研究

目的探讨剖宫产术后发生切口感染的相关性因素。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院收治的46例剖宫产术后发生切口感染产妇的病例资料，并对发生切口感染的危险因素进行分析。结果所有产妇经分析结果显示，手术时间、腹部脂肪厚度、生殖道感染为主要的危险因素。结论进行剖宫产手术时应对发生切口感染的危险因素采取相应的预防措施，以降低产妇发生术后切口感染的几率。     

剖宫产产妇医院感染原因及干预对策

目的探讨剖宫产产妇医院感染原因及干预对策,以期为降低剖宫产产妇医院感染发生率提供参考。方法回顾性分析1 241例剖宫产产妇临床资料,分析其医院感染发生率、感染部位及感染原因,采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析。结果 1 241例剖宫产产妇发生医院感染12例,感染率0.97%,感染部位主要为呼吸道、泌尿道、切口、生殖道,分别占41.67%、25.00%、16.67%、8.33%;产妇年龄≥30岁、体质量指数≥25kg/m2、合并有基础疾病、有胎膜早破、阴道检查次数≥3次、产程≥12h、手术时间≥1h、术中出血量≥500ml、术后留置导尿时间≥12h等因素,感染分别占66.67%、66.67%、75.00%、75.00%、83.33%、66.67%、66.67%、66.67%、75.00%;单因素分析结果显示,以上因素的存在均是引起剖宫产产妇发生医院感染的高危因素(P<0.05)。结论剖宫产产妇发生医院感染的原因主要为高龄、肥胖、合并基础疾病、有胎膜早破、阴道检查次数多、产程及手术时间较长、术中出血量较多、术后留置导尿时间较长,对以上因素制定出相应的干预及护理措施,是降低剖宫产产妇医院感染的主要方法。     

产妇术后医院感染分析及控制研究

目的探讨剖宫产术后医院感染的主要原因,并采取有效的应对策略,为预防和控制剖宫产术后医院感染提供科学有效的依据。方法回顾性分析2011年6月-2013年6月行剖宫产术的3 502例产妇临床资料,数据分析采用SPSS11.0统计软件。结果 3 502例剖宫产产妇术后共发生医院感染108例,感染率3.08%;医院感染的部位依次为呼吸道、泌尿系统、手术切口、生殖道感染,分别占41.67%、28.70%、16.67%、12.96%;医院感染的原因有高龄、体质量指数高、胎盘异常、胎膜早破、妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠高血压综合征、贫血、手术前阴道指诊次数、术前导尿次数、术中出血量、术后尿管留置时间及手术时间。结论剖宫产术后发生医院感染的原因较多,与产妇高龄、肥胖、术前多次阴道指诊和导尿、合并糖尿病等多种内科合并症等因素有关,针对高危因素积极采取相应的应对策略给予预防,可降低医院感染的发生率。     

剖宫产产妇术后切口感染的病原菌特点及危险因素分析

目的研究剖宫产产妇切口术后发生感染的病原菌特点及危险因素分析。方法选取2015年1月-2018年6月在本院行剖宫产的产妇1 468例,收集术后感染切口分泌物进行细菌培养并鉴定病原菌种,对产妇的临床资料采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析其感染的危险因素。结果 1 486例剖宫产产妇切口术后确诊64例发生感染,发生率为4.31%,共培养出68株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌48株,占70.59%,革兰阳性菌14株,占20.59%,真菌6株,占8.82%。单因素和进一步Logistic回归分析显示,手术时间≥1 h、阴道指检次数≥3次、无预防使用抗生素、术中出血量≥400 ml和试产时间≥8 h是剖宫产产妇切口术后发生感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论剖宫产产妇切口术后发生感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,针对危险因素采取预防措施,可以预防感染发生,降低术后感染的发生率。     

产科感染因素分析与预防对策

目的 探讨医院产科感染发生的相关原因和预防方法.方法 选择2009年1月-2011年12月在医院住院分娩的9212例产妇,采取回顾性方法分析产科感染发生的原因.结果 9212例产妇中发生感染312例,感染率为3.4％;发生感染最多的是上呼吸道感染,占34.6％,其次是手术切口、泌尿道、下呼吸道、胃肠道及生殖道,分别占27.6％、10.9％、10.3％、8.3％及6.7％.结论 免疫力下降以及较少活动是导致上呼吸道感染的主要因素,剖宫产术后导尿留置是泌尿道感染的主要因素;医务人员要保证严格的无菌操作,提高产科患者的抵抗力以及适当使用抗菌药物可有效预防产科感染的发生.     

高龄产妇术后感染的危险因素分析

目的探讨高龄产妇剖宫产术后医院感染的危险因素,并采取有效的干预措施,减少术后感染的发生。方法回顾性调查分析2009年1月-2015年1月380例高龄产妇住院进行剖宫产术后的临床资料,数据分析采用SPSS 13.0统计软件。结果 380例高龄剖宫产产妇发生医院感染42例,感染率为11.05%。感染部位为呼吸道、泌尿道、手术切口、生殖道感染,分别占35.71%、23.81%、19.05%、14.29%,主要的感染因素为体重、合并糖尿病、高血压、营养不良、术中出血等。结论高龄产妇为产科的高危人群,术后易发生医院感染,针对高危因素进行分析并采取相应的预防措施,可有效降低医院感染的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.