脑室外引流术后脑实质内条状钙化一例报告

患女，68岁。主因头痛3d、意识障碍1d．于2004年6月23日入院。体格检查：浅昏迷，颈抵抗阳性．刺激肢体周曲。头部CT平扫显示．左侧裂池高密度影，脑实质内未见异常影像(图1)，脑血管造影检查发现颅内多发动脉瘤。于入院后第2天行右侧脑室外引流术。手术后患神志逐渐清醒，入院第8天再次昏迷，复查CT显示左颞叶脑实质内血肿，紧急行开颅血肿清除 动脉癌夹闭术．     

以脑出血为首发症状的神经梅毒一例

患者，男性，48岁，以“突发昏迷伴呕吐3h”入院。既往史：无特殊性，否认高血压病史。查体：昏迷状态，双侧瞳孔等圆等大，约2．0mm，对光反射减弱。颈软，无抵抗感，心肺腹未见明显异常，压眶刺激可见肢体活动，但右侧肢体活动差，四肢肌力未能检查，肌张力无增高。双侧Babinski征阴性。头颅CT：左颞顶脑出血．出血量约40mL。给予急诊开颅血肿清除术，术中见左颞皮层下2cm处一管腔样结构，疑为脑动静脉畸形，因没脑血管造影，故未能切除。术中见血肿周围有米汤样的脑脊液。术后第1天，神志转清；术后第2天，再发昏迷，复查头颅CT，再次出血，再次急诊手术，术中切除管腔样结构。     

横纹肌样脑膜瘤1例报告

患者男性,37岁,因脑出血术后、持续昏迷10个月入院。患者因高血压脑出血于当地医院行“左颞骨窗开颅血肿清除术”,术后患者一直处于植物生存状态。促醒治疗期间发现左颞减压窗逐渐膨起、张力大,腰椎穿刺测脑脊液压力高达220mmH2O,考虑脑积水遂行脑室-腹腔分流术,术后意识无好转     

高血压脑室出血术后并发消化道大出血救治成功1例

１病例介绍 患者男性， ３２岁，以“突然晕倒后昏迷２小时”入院。头颅ＣＴ示：双侧脑室出血。查体：血压３０／２０ＫＰａ，昏迷，双侧病理征阴性。急行双侧脑室穿刺血肿引流术。术后３小时患者清醒，感头痛，测血压２０／ １３ＫＰａ，四肢活动正常，给予降血压，预防感染，预防消化道出血，止血治疗。双侧脑室引流通畅。２天后患者出现柏油样大便，面色苍白，脉搏细速，化验大便结果：隐血试验强阳性，诊断“上消化道出血”，置胃管，给予云南白药、凝血酶、思密达。同时静推洛赛克。患者柏油样便每天不止，量约４００ｍｌ左右。反复多…     

留置棉片填塞止血分次手术治疗巨大硬膜外血肿1例

1临床资料 患者男，27岁．因松果体区肿瘤、梗阻性脑积水、颅内压增高入院。入院第4天在全麻下行第三脑室肿瘤切除术，术中左枕叶向外膨出，脑压高，快速滴入甘露醇，脑室外引流管无脑脊液流出，切除膨出的脑组织，再向松果体区探查．由于脑压始终高，无法进入第三脑室．故改行右侧脑室一腹腔分流术。术后即带气管插管复查头部CT，了解术中脑膨出原因。CT示左额颞顶巨大急性硬膜外血肿．中线右移，右侧后颅窝少量硬膜外血肿。     

脑室铸型血肿的软性神经内镜治疗

目的 探讨应用软性神经内镜治疗脑室铸型血肿的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2014年5月～2016年1月航空总医院神经外科采用软性神经内镜治疗11例脑室铸型血肿患者的临床资料.评估手术时间、术后脑室外引流时间,额外的脑脊液分流手术,术后3个月结果和相关并发症.结果 在发病后第4天和第5天接受软性神经内镜手术的2例患者需要随后的脑脊液分流手术.相比之下,在发病当天接受内镜手术的9例患者中,只有1例患者因为纤维粘连导致继发性梗阻,需要额外行第三脑室底造瘘术.术后3个月,所有6例mRS评分为2～3分的患者符合以下标准:初始格拉斯哥昏迷评分高于8分,在发病当天接受软性神经内镜手术,并且脑室外引流时间小于4d.结论 使用软性神经内镜早期干预和术后短时间脑室外引流对于脑室铸型血肿效果较好.     

个体化治疗脑出血破入脑室的疗效评价

的探讨脑出血破入脑室的治疗方法与效果。方法根据头颅CT影像学特征采用个体化治疗方案：（1）A组血肿以脑室系统为主，脑室外血肿量小于30ml者行双侧脑室外引流术；（2）B组血肿以脑室系统为主，脑室外血肿量大于30m1者行血肿清除术＋对侧脑室外引流术；（3）C组血肿以脑实质内为主，为单侧脑室积血，第Ⅲ、Ⅳ脑室无铸造形，脑室外血肿量大于30ml者行血肿清除术。结果A组恢复良好率59．40％，不良率18．7％，病死率21．9％；B组恢复良好率58．40％，不良率20．8％，病死率20．8％；C组恢复良好率57．1％，不良率23．8％，病死率19．1％。结论对脑出血破入脑室者根据头颅CT影像学特征，并结合脑室内、外血肿情况综合分析，采用个体化治疗方案，可提高患者的生存质量和预后，减少并发症，降低致残率及病死率。     

后颅窝肿瘤术后继发幕上硬膜外血肿3例

例1:女性,23岁。头颅CT示:小脑蚓部肿瘤,脑室中度扩大。开颅前行脑室外引流,手术全切阻脂瘤。术后3天拨除脑室引流管,1周内病人恢复顺利。术后第12天,患者病情恶化。头颅CT示:左颞顶硬膜外血肿。急诊手术,清除血肿50ml。痊愈出院。例2:女性,29岁。头颅CT示:右小脑肿瘤,脑室扩大。开颅前行脑室外引流,全切胶质瘤。术后第18天患者出现高颅压症状,头颅CT示:右颞顶硬膜外血肿,手术清除血肿45ml,痊愈出院。例3:女性,39岁。头颅CT示:右桥小脑角肿瘤,脑室扩大。     

高血压脑出血第Ⅲ、Ⅳ脑室铸型的个性化置管治疗

目的总结高血压脑出血第Ⅲ、Ⅳ脑室铸型患者的治疗特点和经验。方法对30例高血压脑出血伴有Ⅲ、Ⅳ脑室铸型的患者，采用个性化置管排空血肿。对10例双侧脑室血肿为主，少量流入第Ⅲ、Ⅳ脑室患者行双侧脑室额角置管；对13例丘脑基底节出血大量血肿破入第Ⅲ脑室患者行一侧额角＋贯穿血肿腔并达第Ⅲ脑室置管；对7例小脑出血大量血肿破入第Ⅳ脑室患者行一侧额角＋后颅窝开颅第Ⅳ脑室置管。结果30例中血肿经过充分引流，奎根试验，夹管试验等措施确认可以拔管后有8例再次置外引流管救急，6例因不能拔管行V—P术。死亡2例。存活28例中随访一年GOSⅠ级7例，Ⅱ级16例，Ⅲ-Ⅳ级5例。结论第Ⅲ、Ⅳ脑室血肿铸型患者应该根据出血部位不同采用个性化置管方式，强调拔管指征，夹管时间时间应适当延长。     

第Ⅳ脑室血肿扩张对脑出血预后的影响

目的：探讨第Ⅳ脑室血肿扩张与脑出血预后的关系。方法：应用头部CT对脑出血破 不破入第Ⅳ脑室患者,以及健康对照者分组测量第Ⅳ脑室的左右径、前后径、第Ⅳ脑室与颅骨的比值（VCR）及哥拉斯格昏迷计分法（）GCS）判断意识障碍。结果与健康对照组及出血未破入Ⅳ脑室组比较,脑出血破入Ⅳ脑室组尤其Ⅳ脑室血肿扩张组Ⅳ脑室左右径、前后径及VCR均扩大（P＜0．01）,GCS计分明显下降（P＜0．01）,死亡率明显增加（P＜0．01）。Ⅳ脑室左右径,前后径扩大与VCR呈正相关,与GCS计分呈负相关。结论：Ⅳ脑室血肿扩张是脑出血预后不良的重要标志。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.