冠心病分叉病变的处理原则

冠状动脉分叉病变是冠心病介入治疗领域颇具挑战性的病变类型,其手术技术复杂,术后再狭窄率高,即使在药物洗脱支架时代,分支再狭窄率仍未显著降低。分叉病变介入治疗的原则包括分支保护、合理选择支架植入策略、对吻球囊后扩张等。     

球囊与支架对吻技术在冠状动脉分叉病变中的疗效观察

目的观察冠状动脉分叉病变中分支血管直径2.5mm时,主支血管支架置入同时与分支血管保护球囊低压力扩张对吻技术保护分支血管的疗效。方法选择冠心病患者102例,随机分为试验组51例(主支血管支架置入同时与分支血管保护球囊低压力扩张对吻);对照组51例(主支血管支架置入同时分支血管采用导丝保护)。比较2组术中并发症、术后6个月主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生率。结果试验组术中并发症和术后MACE发生率明显低于对照组(9.8%vs 29.4%,P0.05;9.8%vs 27.5%,P0.05)。结论在分叉病变处理中,球囊-支架对吻技术保护分支血管成功率高,有效降低分支血管闭塞、术中并发症和MACE。     

经桡动脉途径行改良球囊挤压支架术治疗冠状动脉分叉病变

目的 分析经桡动脉途径应用改良球囊挤压支架术治疗冠状动脉分叉病变的可行性及成功率。方法 经桡动脉途径造影证实血管病变处有直径>2.5 mm分支,分支起始部有>70%狭窄的患者17例,应用改良球囊挤压支架术治疗分叉病变,观察病变血管狭窄程度、斑块移位及球囊对吻扩张成功率和随访效果。结果 分叉病变中均成功植入雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架,15例患者行同步对吻球囊技术进行后扩张, 术后前向血流均为TIMI Ⅲ级,所有患者未发生边支急性闭塞、支架内血栓、心源性休克、死亡等并发症。结论 冠心病分叉病变介入治疗中,经桡动脉途径通过6F或7F指引管完成改良球囊挤压支架术可获得满意结果,支架间隙小或无,再狭窄率低。     

单支架最终对吻球囊扩张治疗冠状动脉分叉病变效果临床研究

目的比较主支单支架植入后进行最终对吻球囊扩张与未行最终对吻球囊扩张治疗主要冠状动脉分叉病变的临床疗效。方法自2010年1月至2013年6月在沈阳军区总医院心内科因心绞痛、陈旧性心肌梗死、无痛性心肌缺血行冠脉造影检查证实为冠状动脉分叉病变,并接受冠状动脉支架介入治疗的361例患者。所有患者均采用主支植入药物涂层支架的治疗策略,其中117例行最终对吻球囊扩张,244例未行最终对吻球囊扩张。比较两组患者6个月及以上主要不良心血管事件以及冠脉造影随访显现分支狭窄及支架内再狭窄的发生率。结果 6个月后随访结果显示最终对吻球囊扩张组和非最终对吻球囊扩张组的总MACE发生率无明显差别,分别为12.0%和13.9%,P=0.93;最终对吻球囊扩张组术后心肌梗死的发生率为1.7%,非最终对吻球囊扩张组则为0.8%,P=0.60,差异无统计学意义;在最终对吻球囊扩张组和非最终对吻球囊扩张组中靶血管血运重建率分别5.1%和5.7%,P=1.00;靶病变血运重建最终对吻球囊扩张组和非最终对吻球囊扩张组的发生率非别为3.4%和6.1%,P=0.33;支架内血栓形成两组的发生率均为0;全因死亡率最终对吻球囊扩张组和非最终对吻球囊扩张组的发生率非别为1.7%和0.8%,P=0.60;6个月后心绞痛CCS分级≥2级最终对吻球囊扩张组为12.8%,非最终对吻球囊扩张组为13.1%,P=1.00。6个月及以上行冠状动脉造影随访,非最终对吻球囊扩张组与最终对吻球囊扩张组的支架内再狭窄率分别为12.9%与23.4%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.15);最终对吻球囊扩张组的分支狭窄率低于非最终对吻球囊扩张组的分支狭窄率:最终对吻球囊扩张组34.0%,非最终对吻球囊扩张组55.3%(P=0.03)。结论对于冠状动脉分叉病变患者而言,植入单支架治疗后,无论是否进行最终对吻球囊扩张,其6个月及以上临床随访心脏不良事件相似,最终对吻球囊扩张组的分支狭窄率低于非最终对吻球囊扩张组的分支狭窄率,而两组主支支架内再狭窄率相当。     

冠状动脉分叉病变特点、分型和治疗策略

分叉病变始终是冠状动脉介入治疗的一个难点,尽管药物洗脱支架减少了介入术后主支的再狭窄,但分支血管的术中急性闭塞风险和术后再狭窄和支架内血栓问题仍值得关注。现回顾冠状动脉分叉病变的定义、分类和各种治疗方法,以期对冠状动脉介入治疗有一个较全面的认识。     

改良mini-Crush技术治疗冠状动脉分叉病变

冠状动脉病变中分叉病变较为常见,约占经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)的15%～20%[1]。由于存在斑块移位、病变弹性回缩及支架内再狭窄,冠状动脉分叉病变的介入治疗存在许多难题[2]。经典挤压(Crush)支架技术支架可完全覆盖分支开口,但是与其他技术相比,Crush支架术支架内血栓发生率似乎有增加的趋势[3]。我们近年来采用改良mini-Crush支架技术(原mini-Crush技术采用两次对吻球囊扩张,而我们的技术只采用一次最终球囊对吻扩张,简化了步骤)治疗真性冠状动脉分叉病变,取得了良好的近期结果。     

根据冠状动脉分支参考直径和病变对称性评价分叉病变的价值研究

目的探讨具有介入操作指导意义的冠状动脉分叉病变分型方法。方法根据冠状动脉分支参考直径和病变对称性对分叉病变进行分型,并在此基础上设计介入治疗原则。(1)首先根据分支参考直径将分叉病变分为分支对等型和分支优势型。(2)然后根据分叉处病变是否对称分为对称型和非对称型两个亚类。(3)对于分支优势型非对称分叉病变再根据病变部位分为A、B两个亚型。(4)对等对称型分叉病变原则上采用双支架术,全部对吻扩张;其他类型原则上采用单支架术,非支架分支开口70%残余狭窄者对吻扩张。结果按照新分型法的使用时间将连续300例老年冠心病分叉病变分为传统分型组(Lefevre组)和新分型组(ERDALS组)各150例,两组手术成功率都是100%,与Lefevre组相比,分叉病变支架使用率(1.2%比1.5%)、双支架率(23.3%比52%)、操作时间(15.3min比21.6min)和随访心脏事件率(1.3%比3.3%)明显优于Lefevre组(P0.05)。结论按照分支参考直径和病变对称性设计分叉病变分型法具有简便、直观、系统和操作性强的优点,对临床介入治疗具有指导意义。     

介入治疗中分支血管不同处理方法的疗效观察

分叉病变的介入治疗由于会引起冠状动脉分支血管的狭窄或闭塞，一直受到介入医师的关注。冠状动脉主支置入支架后分支血管开口病变的介入方法有支架置入、单纯球囊扩张或不予处理。本研究总结了我院近年来对中等大小分支血管的治疗情况，试图发现有效的治疗方法。     

Crush及Culotte术式治疗冠状动脉分叉病变的主要不良心脏事件风险比较

目的研究Culotte techniques(DK-Mini-Culotte)双支架术及Crush techniques(DKMini-Crush)双支架术式治疗冠状动脉分叉病变主要不良心脏事件发生情况。方法纳入2015年7月至2019年1月中国科学技术大学附属第一医院收治的221例冠状动脉分叉病变患者,按照手术方式分两组,其中观察组行DK-Mini-Crush术(154例),对照组接受DK-Mini-Culotte术(67例)。比较两组造影特征及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)情况(包括主支病变长度、分支病变长度、主支支架长度、分支支架长度、平均支架植入数、手术时间、造影剂总量、住院天数及病变分布特点、手术成功率、最终对吻球囊扩张成功率、主支即刻造影成功率、分支即刻造影成功率),分析两组术后主要不良临床事件发生情况。结果两组主支病变长度、分支病变长度、主支支架长度、分支支架长度、平均支架植入数、手术时间、造影剂总量、住院天数及病变分布情况、手术成功率、最终对吻球囊扩张成功率、主支即刻造影成功率、分支即刻造影成功率比较差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。观察组术后支架内再狭窄率为1.30%,显著低于对照组的7.46%(χ2=3.948,P <0.05),出血、再发心绞痛、心源性死亡、病变血运重建所占比例较对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。结论 DK-Mini-Crush术与DK-Mini-Culotte术治疗冠状动脉分叉病变最终对吻球囊扩张成功率均较高,均具有良好的临床及造影结果,但后者支架内再狭窄率相对较高,临床应引起足够重视。     

冠状动脉分叉病变支架术对相关分支的影响

目的　了解支架置入术对冠状动脉分叉处病变相关分支的影响。方法　 12 0例病人 ,132处分叉病变使用经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA)和支架术治疗 ,观察介入治疗对分叉病变相关分支的影响。结果　术中有 2 4根分支血管受压迫 ,分支受累发生率为 14 2 8%。以具有分支开口狭窄的Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型分叉病变的分支受累发生率为高。结论　冠状动脉分叉病变的介入治疗操作和分叉病变本身的解剖特征均是影响分支血流的重要因素。     

Stenting of bifurcation lesions: a rational approach

The occurrence of stenosis in or next to coronary bifurcations is relatively frequent and generally underestimated. In our experience, such lesions account for 15%-18% of all percutaneous coronary intervention > (PCI). The main reasons for this are (1) the coronary arteries are like the branches of a tree with many ramifications and (2) because of axial plaque redistribution, especially after stent implantation, PCI of lesions located next to a coronary bifurcation almost inevitably cause plaque shifting in the side branches. PCI treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions remains challenging. Balloon dilatation treatment used to be associated with less than satisfactory immediate results, a high complication rate, and an unacceptable restenosis rate. The kissing balloon technique resulted in improved, though suboptimal, outcomes. Several approaches were then suggested, like rotative or directional atherectomy, but these techniques did not translate into significantly enhanced results. With the advent of second generation stents, in 1996, the authors decided to set up an observational study on coronary bifurcation stenting combined with a bench test of the various stents available. Over the last 5 years, techniques, strategies, and stent design have improved. As a result, the authors have been able to define a rational approach to coronary bifurcation stenting. This bench study analyzed the behavior of stents and allowed stents to be discarded that are not compatible with the treatment of coronary bifurcations. Most importantly, this study revealed that stent deformation due to the opening of a strut is a constant phenomenon that must be corrected by kissing balloon inflation. Moreover, it was observed that the opening of a stent strut into a side branch could permit the stenting, at least partly, of the side branch ostium. This resulted in the provocative concept of "stenting both branches with a single stent." Therefore, a simple approach is currently implemented in the majority of cases: stenting of the main branch with provisional stenting of the side branch. The technique consists of inserting a guidewire in each coronary branch. A stent is then positioned in the main branch with a wire being "jailed" in the side branch. The wires are then exchanged, starting with the main branch wire that is passed through the stent struts into the side branch. After opening the stent struts in the side branch, kissing balloon inflation is performed. A second stent is deployed in the side branch in the presence of suboptimal results only. Over the last 2 years, this technique has been associated with a 98% angiographic success rate in both branches. Two stents are used in 30%-35% of cases and final kissing balloon inflation is performed in > 95% of cases. The in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) rate is around 5% and 7-month target vessel revascularization (TVR) is 13%. Several stents specifically designed for coronary bifurcation lesions are currently being investigated. The objective is to simplify the approach for all users. In the near future, the use of drug-eluting stents should reduce the risk of restenosis.     

Modified crush technique with double kissing balloon inflation (sleeve technique): a novel technique for coronary bifurcation lesions.

We report a modified crush technique with double kissing balloon inflation (the sleeve technique) in an attempt to increase the success rate of final kissing balloon inflation, which has been shown to improve the angiographic outcomes of side branch in bifurcation lesions. A stent was advanced across the side branch with protrusion of 3-5 mm of proximal stent segment into the main vessel. At the same time, a size-matched balloon with length long enough to cover the bifurcation as well as the protruding stent segment was placed in the main vessel. The side-branch stent is deployed first, the wire and stent balloon are removed. This is followed by balloon inflation in main vessel at high pressure to crush the protruding stent segment against vessel wall. The side branch is then rewired, two balloons are advanced to the main vessel and side branch, and the bifurcation is kissed with balloons the first time. The side branch is now like a new sleeve. The balloon and wire of the side branch are removed. Another stent was positioned and then deployed in the main vessel. The side branch is rewired the second time, two balloons are advanced to the main vessel and side branch again, followed by final (second) kissing balloon inflation of the bifurcation. The sleeve technique has been employed in six consecutive patients with 100% success rate of final kissing balloon inflation. There was no major adverse cardiac events or stent thrombosis encountered within 30 days of percutaneous coronary intervention.     

Bifurcation lesions.

The introduction of drug-eluting stents has significantly improved the immediate and long-term results following treatment of bifurcation coronary lesions. Despite these improvements, few questions are still without a clear answer. Among them the most important one is the need to use two stents vs provisional side branch stenting in true bifurcations. At present time the approach most frequently applied is to stent the main branch stenting to the side branch only for suboptimal results. In situations when the operator needs two stents as intention to treat we suggest the usage of the "Crush" or "V" technique. These two approaches have been utilized with good immediate and long-term results with sirolimus-eluting stents and with polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stents. The usage of the "Crush" technique followed by final dilation of the side branch and with kissing balloon inflation has decreased. We recently evaluated results with this technique in 70 patients treated with sirolimus-eluting stents. The 6-month angiographic follow-up was available in 83% of the lesions and restenosis rate was 33% (7% main and side branches and 26% only side branch). No difference was observed in the restenosis rate on the main branch between lesions treated with final kissing balloon inflation and lesions without final kissing inflation (4% in the final kissing group vs 8% in the no final kissing group, p = 1.00). The restenosis rate on the side branch was lower in the final kissing group (17%) in comparison to the no final kissing group (42%) (p = 0.046). Similar results are achieved with polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stents. The introduction of drug-eluting stents with selective usage of stenting the main and side branches applying the "Crush" or "V" techniques has significantly improved the results compared to bare metal stents in bifurcation lesions.     

Balloon crush: treatment of bifurcation lesions using the crush stenting technique as adapted for transradial approach of percutaneous coronary intervention.

The recent advent of drug-eluting stents has allowed the crush stenting technique to be adopted, thus simplifying the treatment of bifurcation coronary artery lesions. However, this can only be achieved in 7 Fr or greater guiding catheters, hence precluding most transradial percutaneous coronary interventions that are usually undertaken using 6 Fr or less guiding catheters. We assessed the feasibility of balloon stent crush as a stepwise procedure in achieving bifurcation crush stenting in 6 Fr transradial percutaneous coronary interventions. Since it is not possible to place two stents through a 6 Fr guiding catheter, we have adapted the crush stenting technique by initially placing a stent in the side branch and a balloon in the main vessel. The side branch stent is then deployed against the main vessel balloon that is later inflated, crushing the side branch stent within the main vessel. The main vessel is then stented and the side branch recrossed for kissing inflations. Seven patients (five males; age range, 47-78 years) with bifurcation lesions were treated using the above-described technique without major complications. Balloon crush of the side branch stent were successfully achieved in all cases without balloon trapping. In six cases where side branch recrossing was attempted, all were successful and kissing balloon inflations were undertaken in five cases. We have demonstrated that the modified crush stenting technique is feasible and can be safely adapted for use in a 6 Fr transradial percutaneous coronary intervention approach.     

Novel stent and delivery systems for the treatment of bifurcation lesions: porcine coronary artery model.

BACKGROUND: In percutaneous treatment of bifurcation coronary lesions, side-branch restenosis remains a significant limitation in current therapeutic approaches. Coronary stents with a side aperture and a sleeve may be clinically advantageous to maintain access to side branch, stabilize the side-branch orifice, and deliver the appropriate drug to the side-branch ostium. METHODS: A novel stent system (PETAL stent; Advanced Stent Technologies, Pleasanton, CA), incorporating a side aperture with deployable struts, was compared within porcine coronary model to the prior stent version having only the side aperture (SLK-View stent). In six pigs, each stent was implanted either in the left anterior descending coronary artery or the left circumflex coronary artery with adjunctive kissing balloon dilatation. At 28-day follow-up, coronary angiography was performed. RESULT: A total of six SLK-View stents and six PETAL stents were implanted in coronary arteries without any complication, and adjunctive kissing balloon dilatations were successful in all lesions. Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) data at 28 days showed that PETAL stents exhibited superior QCA in mean diameter compared with SLK-View stents for side branch, inferring efficacy of PETAL ostial struts. CONCLUSION: AST-PETAL stent has the potential to be a new solution for treatment of bifurcation lesions. Antirestenosis drug elution should be considered with this successful platform.     

Provisional reverse "mini-crush" technique for bifurcation angioplasty

The crush and "mini-crush" techniques have been described previously for complex coronary bifurcation intervention. Typically, the single stent technique, with or without final kissing balloon inflation, has been preferred over the 2-stent method, whenever possible, to minimize stent length or stent overlap. The multiple 2-stent techniques need to be utilized, however, when tackling compromised or dissected large side branches. We describe a new provisional 2-stent technique, which is a modification of the reverse crush technique while minimizing stent overlap at the bifurcation and ensuring good stent coverage at the side branch ostium.     

Treatment Strategies for Bifurcation Lesions

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of coronary artery bifurcations represents a still evolving field of interventional cardiology. The dilatation of stenoses located at the site of coronary bifurcations has been limited by the risk of side branch occlusion with subsequent myocardial infarction and high rates of late restenosis. The initial success rates of conventional balloon dilatation were improved by the introduction of side branch protection using two guidewires as well as the "kissing balloon" technique. The potential advantage of atherectomy techniques, however, was associated with a high incidence of acute complications. While bifurcation stenting promises to allow optimal geometric reconstruction of bifurcation lesions using multiple or single component bifurcation stents, late intimal hyperplasia remains a potential limitation of this interventional approach.     

Transradial treatment of bifurcation coronary disease using the Multi-Link Frontier bifurcation stent system

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for bifurcation lesions is technically limited by the risk of side branch occlusion. Despite using various strategies for the treatment of bifurcation lesions, adequate stent coverage of the side branch ostium remains difficult with conventional stent design. The Multi-Link Frontier stent is a specifically designed bifurcation stent that allows stenting of the main branch and the side branch ostium with a single stent, whilst preserving access to the side branch. Requirement for a 7 French (Fr) guide has discouraged operators from using this device via a transradial approach. We present the immediate results of using the Multi-Link Frontier stent in 5 consecutive cases with bifurcation coronary lesions using a transradial approach.     

New strategies in the treatment of coronary bifurcations

Despite major improvements in stent technology (i.e., drug-eluting stents, DES), treatment of coronary bifurcations is an ever occurring problem of the interventional cardiology. While stenting the main branch with provisional side branch stenting seems to be the prevailing approach, in the era of DES various two-stent techniques emerged (crush) or were re-introduced (V or simultaneous kissing stents, crush, T, culottes, etc.) to allow stenting in the side branch when needed. New techniques in imaging like optical coherence tomography help in better understanding bifurcation anatomy and, thus, have the potential to help us better treat this challenging subset of lesions. In addition, new dedicated bifurcation stents have been proposed in an attempt to overcome limitations associated with current approaches, and they showed promising results in early studies; however, the safety and the efficacy of these devices remain to be seen in the ongoing and upcoming trials. This review focuses on the current approaches and the development of new techniques employed for the treatment of bifurcation disease.