2种氯雷他定片剂的人体相对生物利用度试验

目的:比较2种氯雷他定片(LORAX和LORAS)在人体的相对生物利用度。方法:22名健康男性志愿者交叉单剂量(20mg)口服LORAX片或LORAS片,高效液相色谱法测定其血浆中氯雷他定浓度,3p97程序计算药动学参数。结果:LORAX片和LORAS片的t1/2Ke分别为(3.03±0.98)h、(2.65±0.81)h;Cmax为(8.59±6.70)、(9.59±8.22)ng/ml;tmax为(1.08±0.41)h、(1.21±0.28)h;AUC(0~t)为(27.29±24.54)、(27.92±20.64)(ng.h)/ml;LORAX的相对生物利用度为(100.63±14.27)%。结论:2种氯雷他定片具有生物等效性。     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法测人血浆中氯雷他定浓度及其药代动力学研究

目的建立灵敏的氯雷他定血浓度测定方法,评价氯雷他定的药代动力学特点.方法固定相ORBAX Eclipse XDB-C8(5μm,150 mm×4.6 mm),HP1100LC-MSD质谱检测器;流动相乙腈 -0.1%醋酸和0.2%醋酸铵水溶液,流速 1.0 ml·min-1.离子源AP-ESI,正离子模式,雾化电压30 psi,保护气10 L·min-1N2,毛细管电压4000 V,碎片电压为170V.SIM离子采集方式,采集离子(m/z)氯雷他定383.2(M+H),内标罗哌卡因275.1(M+H).结果氯雷他定线性范围0.5～50 ng·ml-1,最低定量限为0.5 ng·ml-1.氯雷他定片(T1)、胶囊(T2)、开瑞坦(R)主要药代动力学参数t1/2为13.52±1.35,13.14±0.98,14.00±1.25 h;Tmax为1.24±0.06,1.18±0.12,1.18±0.12h;Cmax为21.72±7.70,21.49±8.34,20.50±8.65 ng·ml-1;AUC0-48为137.24±47.87,139.65±45.69,134.19±49.03ng·h·ml-1,AUC0-∞为146.61±51.03,148.04±48.10,143.70±52.08 ng·h·ml-1.试验制剂氯雷他定片/胶囊相对生物利用度分别为(105.49±8.08)%和(102.90±10.02)%.结论HPLC-MS法测定氯雷他定血浓度实用、可行,适用于常规治疗药物监测和氯雷他定药代动力学研究.试验制剂和参比制剂为生物等效制剂.     

HPLC-MS法研究氯雷他定片人体相对生物利用度及药代动力学

目的:建立准确高灵敏的HPIC-MS法测定氯雷他定在血浆中的浓度,以研究氯雷他定片在健康华人志愿受试者中的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法:对20例健康华人男性志愿受试者进行二交叉试验,随机单剂量口服氯雷他定(20 mg)试验或参比片后,按设定时间采集肘静脉血;分取血浆1.0 mL,经0.1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液0.1 mL碱化和5 mL乙酸乙酯萃取处理;采用Zorbax-Ext-ODS柱,甲醇-乙腈-2.0％醋酸溶液(62:10:28)流动相,HPLC-MS内标(地西泮,[MH]+,m/z=285)法选择性正离子检测法测定氯雷他定([MH]+,m/z=383)血浆浓度。结果:HPLC-MS法测定血浆中氯雷他定的最低检测限为0.1 ng·mL-1,在0.2-20 ng·mL-1范围内线性关系良好;萃取绝对回收率为79.3％-84.0％;血药浓度测定日内、日间RSD均小于:15％。测得口服氯雷他定(20 mg)试验和参比片后的主要药代动力学参数Cmax(ng·mL-1)分别为8.3±3.7和6.8±5.4;Tmax(h)分别为1.3±0.6和1.3士0.4;tl/2(h)分别为4.6±1.4和5.1±1.4;AUCO→∞(ng·h·mL-1)分别为28.4±21.2和25.6±16.2,相对生物利用度F为(112.9±24.7)％。结论:建立的HPLC-MS方法灵敏、准确,测定结果可靠;统计分析表明氯雷他定试验和参比片生物等效。     

氯雷他定糖浆的人体生物等效性研究

目的 :研究氯雷他定糖浆与片剂在正常人体内的生物等效性。方法 :18名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服氯雷他定糖浆或片剂 ,分别于服药前及服药后20min、40min、1h、1.5h、2h、3h、4h、6h、8h、12h、24h采集血样 ,以高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度 ,并以3p97程序计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果 :氯雷他定糖浆与片剂体内药 -时曲线符合二室模型 ,Cmax 分别为(40. 91±15. 42)、(41 .57±18 .68)ng/ml,Tmax 为分别为 (1. 04±0. 19)、(1 .19±0 .25)h ,T1/2 分别为 (4 .43±1. 67)、(4 21±1 49)h ,AUC0～24 分别为 (127. 60±46 28)、(133 .13±45 .65) (ng·h)/ml ,AUC0～∞分别为 (132. 98±47. 43)、(138 .16±47 .26) (ng·h)/ml ;氯雷他定糖浆的相对生物利用度为 (96 .25±21. 30) %。结论 :氯雷他定糖浆与片剂具有生物等效性。     

氯雷他定口崩片的人体生物等效性研究

目的建立测定人血浆中氯雷他定的高效液相色谱法(HPLC),研究氯雷他定口崩片在男性健康志愿者体内的药动学行为,评价其人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法 18例健康男性志愿者随机分组自身交叉对照实验设计,单剂量口服氯雷他定口崩片受试制剂和参比制剂20mg,HPLC法测定服药后12h内不同时间血浆中氯雷他定的质量浓度,BAPP药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(0.90±0.30)和(0.80±0.10)h;Cmax为(42.57±7.88)和(42.96±6.97)ng.mL-1;t1/2分别为(2.20±0.35)和(2.07±0.50)h;药时曲线下面积AUC(0→12h)分别为(126.00±23.30)和(123.24±30.55)ng.h.mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为104.6%±14.7%。结论建立的分析方法准确灵敏,统计学分析表明2种制剂生物等效。     

氯雷他定片在健康志愿者的药代动力学与生物等效性研究

目的比较深圳市海滨制药有限公司研制的氯雷他定片(受试制剂)和上海先灵葆雅制药有限公司生产的氯雷他定片(商品名开瑞坦,参比制剂)在健康人体内的药代动力学过程,并评价两制剂的生物等效性.方法20例健康男性受试者随机交叉单次口服氯雷他定片40 mg后,采用固相萃取反向HPLC法测定氯雷他定血浆浓度,进行有关生物利用度研究,并评价二者的生物等效性.结果单次口服参比与受试氯雷他定片40 mg后,主要药代动力学参数Cmax分别为34.9±16.6 μg·L-1与33.5±17.4μg·L-1,tmax分别为0.76±0.24h与0.75±0.26h,f1/2分别为1.63±0.48h与1.73±0.49h,AUC0-m分别为53.7±25.9μg·h·L-1与48.8±21.0μg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞分别为58.5±28.01μg·h·L-1与54.6±23.8μg·h·L-1.受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度F为94.5%±14.5%.结论统计分析结果显示,受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效.     

左旋氧氟沙星的人体相对生物利用度研究

目的比较国产盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊(A)与进口左旋氧氟沙星片(可乐必妥片,B)的人体相对生物利用度.方法对10名男性健康志愿者交叉单剂量口服A和B各200mg后,采用HPLC测定不同时间血药浓度,绘制血药浓度-时间曲线,计算有关药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度.结果A和B两种制剂Cmax分别为(2153.5±624.5)ng/ml和(2083.0±716.6)ng/ml;Tmax分别为(0.75±0.35)h和(1.15±0.58)h,T1/2分别为(7.20±0.6)h和(7.67±1.2)h,AUC分别为(11656.5±2131.9)ng·h/ml和(11908.7±2491.2)ng·h/ml.经统计分析,两种制剂的药物动力学参数无显著性差异(P＞0.05).国产盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊的相对生物利用度为(102.0±8.7)%.结论两种制剂体内生物作用等效.     

国产卡维地洛片剂的人体药动学及相对生物利用度

目的 :对国产卡维地洛的人体药动学及其制剂的人体相对生物利用度进行研究 ,为临床用药提供依据。方法 :选择健康志愿者单剂量服用卡维地洛制剂后 ,应用反相高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定血清药物浓度。结果 :卡维地洛在我国人体内的药代动力学过程符合二室开放模型 ,试验药品和对照药品的主要药代动力学参数 :Cmax(98 89±27 60)ng/ml、(70 06±27 29)ng/ml ,Tmax(0 4849±0 2635)h、(0 6037±0 1707)h ,CL(0 1621±0 08057) (mg·h)/(ng·ml)、(0 1796±0 09198) (mg·h)/(ng·ml) ,V/F(c)(0 2127±0 1260)mg/(ng·ml)、(0 2777±0 1860)mg/(ng·ml) ,T1/2β(2 011±1 709)h、(1 959±1 156)h ,AUC(233 1±97 12)ng/(ml·h)、(168 0±70 61)ng/(ml·h) ;平均人体相对生物利用度值 (111 3±15 18) %。结论 :试验结果可指导中国人的临床用药方案设计。     

单剂口服盐酸托烷司琼颗粒剂在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究盐酸托烷司琼颗粒剂的药代动力学特征及生物等效性。方法用随机交叉给药方法,20名健康男性志愿者分别单剂量口服盐酸托烷司琼颗粒剂试验药及胶囊对照药20mg,用LC-MS/MS法测定血药浓度。计算2者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度。结果口服托烷司琼颗粒剂试验药及胶囊对照药20mg的主要药代动力学参数AUC0-t分别是:(523.82±432.96)和(547.04±455.59)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(568.07±491.48)和(591.77±513.15)ng·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为(36.67±12.30)和(37.44±14.30)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.85±1.66)和(1.85±0.79)h;t1/2分别为(9.76±6.33)和(9.77±5.51)h。相对生物利用度为(98.03±17.11)%。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

阿昔洛韦药代动力学及相对生物利用度研究

目的对阿昔洛韦药代动力学及相对生物利用度进行研究.方法用HPLC法研究10名健康男性受试者口服400mg供试制剂阿昔洛韦(无环鸟苷片)和400mg参比制剂阿昔洛韦(甘泰片)后,研究血浆中阿昔洛韦浓度及药代动力学指标,并对阿昔洛韦(无环鸟苷片)生物利用及生物等效性进行评价.结果受试者口服阿昔洛韦(甘泰片)后tmax为(1.2±0.5)h,Cmax(906.71±188.95)ng·ml-1,t1/2为(2.59±0.53)h.口服阿昔洛韦(无环鸟苷片)后,tmax为(1.8±0.5)h,Cmax为(847.72±180.32)ng·ml-1,t1/2为(2.41±0.58)h.方差分析表明两种制剂药代动力学参数AUC0-∞、AUC0-r以及Cmax生物等效.结论两种制剂的吸收程度相同,生物利用度符合要求.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.