纤维胆道镜在临床中的广泛应用

目的探讨纤维胆道镜在普外科临床广泛应用的方法和临床价值.方法纤维胆道镜治疗肝内外胆管结石37例.通过纤维胆道镜下的碎石后取石,治疗肝内外胆管巨大结石,嵌顿结石4例30例次.纤维胆道镜治疗疑难特种病例3例.其中1例为纤维胆道镜下治疗胆总管下段良性狭窄,2例为纤维胆道镜下,置放营养管于空肠远端.结果应用纤维胆道镜取石成功率100%,1例胆总管下段良性狭窄,经纤维胆道镜下,置放塑料支撑管一次性成功.2例经纤维胆道镜下,利用术后腹壁的肠管造瘘孔道,置放营养管,解决了术后病人,肠内营养问题.结论纤维胆道镜治疗肝内外胆管结石,不容质疑.良性狭窄内支撑管的引流是安全的,有效的,无并发症,可避免病人再手术.利用手术后腹壁的肠管造瘘孔道,置放营养管是可行的,解决了肠内营养,避免了再次手术的痛苦.     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影对520例胆囊切除术后胆道疾病患者的诊治分析

目的:探讨胆囊切除术后众多胆管病变患者内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)内镜诊治的结果.方法:回顾性总结分析2009年1月至2010年12月间临床诊断为胆囊切除术后众多胆管病变患者的520例ERCP资料.结果:520例患者均行ERCP诊治,结果为单纯胆总管结石384例(73.85％),胆总管良性狭窄90例(17.31％),其中明确为手术中胆管损伤后的长期胆道狭窄11例,胆肠吻合术后所致胆总管残端的盲袢综合征8个(1.54％),壶腹部肿瘤9例(1.73％),胆管癌10例(1.92％),肝门部肿瘤13例(2.50％),胆道蛔虫症6例(1.15％).结论:胆囊切除术后胆管病变以胆总管结石最为多发,其次为胆总管良性狭窄.而对于胆囊切除术后胆管疾病,ERCP诊治是一种微创、安全、有效的措施.     

应用经肝U型胆道引流管患者的护理

经肝U型胆道引流管是肝胆道手术中用以处理因胆道肿瘤、外伤、炎症、结石所致之狭窄的一种引流管。其留置的时间往往较长,作用为内或/及外引流、支架、灌洗、造影等。术时根据病变部位及范围,将导管置入有梗阻之胆管内,然后在导管的肝内胆管段(梗阻部位上方)与胆总管段(梗阻部位下方),作侧孔4～5个,以利梗阻部位引流,并起到支架作用(图1)。管的两端均在体外接引流瓶,术后还可经此管作     

胰头及壶腹周围良性病变误行胰十二指肠切除术6例分析

目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除术中良性病变所占比例及术前、术中明确诊断的方法。方法:回顾性分析我院2000～2006年期间115例术前诊断为胰头或壶腹周围恶性肿瘤而做胰十二指肠切除术病例中,术后病理诊断为良性病变者6例的临床、病理资料。结果:术后病理检查发现慢性胰腺炎4例,胆总管下段埋藏性结石1例,胆总管下段炎性狭窄1例。良性病变占整个胰十二指肠切除术病例的(6/115)5.2%。结论:在做胰十二指肠切除术术中胆道镜检、活切和胰腺穿刺活检做冰冻切片病理检查是鉴别良、恶性病变的最有效方法。     

治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影在成人原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的应用

目的 探讨成人原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)表现和内镜治疗方法,评估治疗性ERCP的作用和地位.方法 22例成人原位肝移植术后胆道并发症患者实施34次ERCP,并根据ERCP结果实施相应内镜治疗.结果 21例33次获得成功,ERCP成功率为97.06%(33/34).全组患者ERCP后明确胆道并发症原因,并发症发生的部位为:供体肝、供体及受体胆管、胆管吻合口及十二指肠乳头.其中胆管炎性狭窄5例,胆管炎性狭窄伴肝内外胆管胆泥或胆石形成3例,胆管吻合口狭窄3例,十二指肠乳头功能紊乱2例,十二指肠乳头狭窄2例,胆管过长、扭曲2例,吻合口胆漏2例,供体胆管与受体胆管直径差异过大1例,胆总管轻度扩张1例.该组无胆道出血患者,其中胆管炎性狭窄发生率最高,为36.36%(8/22);其次为胆管吻合口狭窄,为13.64%(3/22).内镜治疗治愈率为63.64%(14/22),好转率为31.82%(7/22).治疗方式选择:乳头球囊扩张(EPBD)17.65%(6/34),乳头括约肌切开EST35.29%(12/34),扩张胆管41.18%(14/34),鼻胆管引流(ENBD)70.59%(24/34),胆管支架引流(ERBD)26.47%(9/34),取石11.76%(4/34),胆管冲洗29.41%(10/34).结论 治疗性ERCP已成为成人原位肝移植术后胆道并发症非手术治疗的首选方式和主要方法,具有创伤小、治疗效果可靠、诊疗一体化等优点,逐渐成为肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要治疗手段.     

应用纤维胆道镜诊治胆管癌

该院应用纤维胆道镜诊治胆管癌４例。患者术前Ｂ超、ＣＴ等各种检查方法和手术探查未能发现明确病变及部位,经术中或术后纤维胆道镜检查和取活检确诊。采用纤维胆道镜经Ｔ管窦道通过肿瘤狭窄段作胆管引流的方法,使１例胆管癌患者发生的胆道感染得以治愈,延长了患者的生命。另１例胆管癌患者,经纤维胆道镜应用微波治疗肝门部胆管癌性狭窄,然后应用纤维胆道镜在Ｘ线透视下经Ｔ管窦道放入钛镍记忆合金胆道内支架支撑癌性狭窄段,达到了解除胆道梗阻、控制胆道感染的目的,也获得了较好的效果。结果表明：纤维胆道镜能弥补各种影像学检查的不足,为胆管癌的诊断和鉴别诊断提供方便,为选择术式和术后治疗方案提供帮助。应用微波经纤维胆道镜治疗胆管癌性狭窄和经Ｔ管窦道置管通过肿瘤狭窄段作胆管引流以及钛镍记忆合金胆道内支架的应用都在胆管癌治疗方面起到一定的作用。     

急性重症胆管炎的急诊内镜治疗

目的探讨内镜在急性重症胆管炎(ACST)急诊治疗中的应用价值.方法自1997年1月～2002年5月应用十二指肠镜急诊治疗急性重症胆管炎.对于乳头部结石嵌顿用针型刀切开乳头,插管困难者先行乳头括约肌切开术.选择直径<1.2 cm的1～2颗胆总管结石行EST网篮取石放置鼻胆引流管(EN-BD),其余直接行鼻胆引流管引流.结果156例ACST,148例ENBD治疗成功,内镜治疗成功率94.9%.125例ENBD治疗后症状24 h内减退.所有良性病变(胆总管结石、胆管良性狭窄)均得到有效引流,5例胆道恶性肿瘤由于胆管的多处狭窄引流失败.平均引流时间为7.3 d(1～25 d).无1例消化道穿孔和死亡,术后出现5例急性轻型胰腺炎,3例乳头出血,总的并发症发生率5.1%.结论急诊内镜治疗ACST操作简便,安全有效,尤其适用于高龄、一般情况较差、肝硬化凝血功能障碍和多次胆道手术患者.     

双镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的技术处理探讨——附85例分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的微创处理方法和技术疗效。方法:85例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者,术前行B超、CT及磁共振胰胆管造影检查明确结石情况,于全身麻醉下通过四孔法行腹腔镜胆囊切除联合胆总管切开胆道镜探查取石术(LC+LCBDE),评价手术疗效。结果:手术成功率为96%(82/85),82例的手术时间为(226±36)min,出血量为(40±20)ml,此82例中取尽结石后行胆总管一期缝合54例,余28例行T管引流,82例住院日数为(13±4)d。85例中3例患者由于炎症较重,胆囊三角黏连致密解剖不清,故中转行开腹手术。术后随访6个月～3年,无患者出现明显腹痛,无黄疸、发热等症状,无结石残留和胆道狭窄等并发症出现,病情稳定。结论:术前完善检查,筛选适当病例行LC+LCBDE手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者,能获较好疗效。     

胆道镜下气囊扩张治疗胆总管良性狭窄37例分析

目的：探讨胆道镜下气囊扩张法在治疗胆总管良性狭窄中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析我院2002-01／2007—12诊断胆总管良性狭窄的37例应用胆道镜下气囊扩张法的治疗情况。结果：本组共进行43次气囊扩张手术。时间3～5min。术后无胆漏、出血、穿孔、胆管炎和胰腺炎，功能恢复良好。随访证实疗效满意。结论：胆道镜下气囊扩张治疗胆总管良性狭窄是一种安全有效的方法。     

肝胆胰腺外科手术部位感染相关危险因素分析

[目的]探讨肝胆胰腺手术患者发生手术部位感染(SSI)的相关危险因素及针对性干预措施.[方法]对本院接受肝胆胰腺手术的948例患者中术后发生SSI的162例患者临床资料进行回顾性调查.[结果]948例中,发生SSI为162例,感染率为17.1%.院内感染占80.9%(131/162),出院后随访过程中发生感染占19.1%(31/162).感染的部位分布:切口深部占13.6%(22/162);切口浅部占79.0%(128/162),脏器之间腔隙占7.4%(12/162).单因素分析显示:年龄、性别与SSI的发生没有相关性(P>0.05).手术相关因素,如切口长度、手术时间、手术方式、引流与否和术后并发症发生情况以及术前合并症和既往合并营养不良、糖尿病、贫血、肝功能异常、凝血功能异常、有感染及腹部手术史与发生SSI相关(P<0.05).多因素分析结果显示:营养不良、糖尿病、手术时间、手术方式、切口长度、是否引流和并发症的发生情况均为SSI的独立危险因素.[结论]SSI发生的危险因素较多,术前护理干预,术后注意无菌护理和病房消毒可降低患者SSI风险.     

Removable fully covered self-expandable metal stents in the treatment of common bile duct strictures due to chronic pancreatitis: a case series

The aim of this study was to test the removability of fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMS) in patients with a benign common bile duct (CBD) stricture. A FCSEMS was inserted in six patients with a CBD stricture due to chronic pancreatitis who were considered to be unfit for surgery, and stent removal was attempted after predefined intervals of 4 and 6 months. FCSEMS were successfully placed in all patients (100 % placement success) and stent extraction was accomplished in four patients (66 % removal rate), all of whom achieved stricture resolution (66 % resolution rate). In one patient a recurrent stenosis developed after 6 months (recurrence rate 25 %). Proximal stent migration occurred in two patients. In conclusion, FCSEMS removal was possible in the majority of patients and results regarding stricture dilation were promising. Nevertheless, before FCSEMS can become an acceptable treatment option for benign CBD strictures, innovative stent design modifications are necessary and removability must be ascertained.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜诊治

目的：探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜诊疗价值。方法：2001年4月～2004年7月对12例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者，应用电子十二指肠镜进行胆道造影，乳头切开、取石、放置鼻胆管或塑料内支架引流等诊疗方法。结果：原位肝移植术后出现胆道并发症12例，共行ERCP15次：胆管吻合口狭窄、胆总管结石伴急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎3例，急诊内镜取石、鼻胆管引流，再次内镜胆总管塑料内支架引流。胆管吻合口狭窄伴胆管泥沙样结石2例，内镜乳头切开、取石、引流。胆管吻合口狭窄5例，其中塑料内支架引流2例，未置引流1例，鼻胆管放置失败1例，胆管吻合口严重狭窄导丝无法通过1例。胆漏2例，因胆总管吻合口严重狭窄，导丝未能通过。结论：肝移植术后胆道并发症经内镜诊疗具有微创、安全、有效，有一定的诊疗价值。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜下诊治

目的初步探讨内镜在肝移植术后胆道并发症诊治中的临床应用价值。方法35例肝移植术后出现胆道并发症患者,共行ERCP124次,其中行ERCP次数最少为1次,最多为17次,平均为3.54次。根据患者的情况进行扩张、EST、取石、鼻胆管引流、内支架置入等治疗。结果13例为单纯的胆道吻合口狭窄,经胆道扩张后胆道梗阻症状解除,其中1例术后4个月因肝癌远处转移死亡;3例为单纯吻合口胆瘘,经EST及支撑管,胆瘘愈合;7例胆道狭窄合并胆瘘,经EST及胆道扩张后放入支撑管,胆瘘愈合;12例胆道狭窄合并狭窄上端胆总管及肝内胆管结石,经胆道扩张后取出部分结石。所有患者经治疗后胆红素、碱性磷酸酶等酶学指标均有不同程度下降,临床症状明显改善,无严重并发症发生。结论内镜对于肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断与治疗安全而有效,避免了患者再次外科手术。     

Fractured metallic biliary stent causing obstruction and jejunal perforation

Interventional internal drainage of the biliary tract has become an established procedure for both the temporary and definitive treatment of biliary obstruction due to malignant or benign disease. Biliary stent migration and stent fracture are known but rare complications. A 50‐year‐old man presented with acute onset pain in the abdomen and vomiting. He had undergone hepaticojejunostomy following a bile duct injury during open cholecystectomy 13 years before he presented at our institution. Subsequently, he developed a benign biliary stricture at the anastomotic site, which was stented transhepatically by a metallic stent. CT of his abdomen showed a fractured stent segment obstructing the jejunum with a localized perforation. Herein, we discuss his presentation and course of management, and review the factors influencing stent migration and fracture and the potential options for stent retrieval. The patient needed surgical intervention to retrieve the migrated fragment of metal stent and to resect the perforated jejunal segment. The role of endoscopic self‐expanding metal stents for benign biliary disease remains controversial. A migrated stent that has become symptomatic should be removed endoscopically in early and accessible cases and surgically when endoscopic measures fail or when complicated by obstruction or perforation.     

Endoscopic application of Gianturco-R?sch biliary Z-stent.

Ginaturco-R?sch Z-stent is a new self-expanding stainless steel stent for drainage of the obstructed biliary system. It has been used only with a percutaneous transhepatic technique. We describe a new method for endoscopic retrograde placement of a Gianturco-R?sch biliary Z-stent. This report describes our experience for endoscopic application of a Gianturco-R?sch biliary Z-stent in a patient with a benign stricture and multiple common bile duct stones.     

Biliary stenting: indications, choice of stents and results: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) clinical guideline

This article is part of a combined publication that expresses the current view of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy about endoscopic biliary stenting. The present Clinical Guideline describes short-term and long-term results of biliary stenting depending on indications and stent models; it makes recommendations on when, how, and with which stent to perform biliary drainage in most common clinical settings, including in patients with a potentially resectable malignant biliary obstruction and in those who require palliative drainage of common bile duct or hilar strictures. Treatment of benign conditions (strictures related to chronic pancreatitis, liver transplantation, or cholecystectomy, and leaks and failed biliary stone extraction) and management of complications (including stent revision) are also discussed. A two-page executive summary of evidence statements and recommendations is provided. A separate Technology Review describes the models of biliary stents available and the stenting techniques, including advanced techniques such as insertion of multiple plastic stents, drainage of hilar strictures, retrieval of migrated stents and combined stenting in malignant biliary and duodenal obstructions.The target readership for the Clinical Guideline mostly includes digestive endoscopists, gastroenterologists, oncologists, radiologists, internists, and surgeons while the Technology Review should be most useful to endoscopists who perform biliary drainage.     

Common bile duct stricture without obvious cause

Common bile duct strictures without apparent cause are unusual, yet probably occur more often than has been recognized. Whether this condition represents a different cause of biliary stricture or is just a forme fruste of recognized injuries or causes is not clear. Nonetheless, the surgeon should be aware that such isolated strictures without obvious cause may occur. The common causes of biliary stricture should be ruled out for diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. The management of such strictures is the same as for strictures due to the generally recognized causes.     

Complete bile duct sequestration after liver transplantation,caused by ischemic-type biliary lesions

Ischemic-type biliary lesions (ITBLs) are the most frequent cause of nonanastomotic biliary strictures in liver grafts, affecting about 2-19 % of patients after liver transplantation. ITBL is characterized by bile duct destruction, subsequent stricture formation, and sequestration. We report here the case of a patient affected by extremely severe ITBL, with sequestration and disintegration of the entire bile duct system, in which it was possible to extract the complete biliary tree endoscopically in a single piece. Histological examination revealed that all cells of the bile duct wall had been destroyed within 3 months after liver transplantation and replaced by connective tissue. Subsequently, biliary stricture formation occurred at the hepatic hilum, as well as the adjacent large bile ducts. It may be hypothesized that cellular rejection of small bile ducts leads to the vanishing bile duct syndrome, whereas cellular rejection of large bile ducts results in ITBL. The strictures were repeatedly dilated by endoscopic means, allowing successful control of stricture formation, as well as maintenance of liver function. At the time of writing, the grafted organ and the patient had survived for more than 3 years in good health. This is the first detailed report on a sequestration of the entire bile duct system caused by ITBL, successfully treated for several years by endoscopic means.     

Plastic biliary stents for benign biliary diseases

Biliary plastic stenting plays a key role in the endoscopic management of benign biliary diseases. Complications following surgery of the biliary tract and liver transplantation are amenable to endoscopic treatment by plastic stenting. Insertion of an increasing number of plastic stents is currently the method of choice to treat postoperative biliary strictures. Benign biliary strictures secondary to chronic pancreatitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis may benefit from plastic stenting in select cases. There is a role for plastic stent placement in nonoperative candidates with acute cholecystitis and in patients with irretrievable bile duct stones.     

Multiple stenting of refractory pancreatic duct strictures in severe chronic pancreatitis: long-term results

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Dominant pancreatic duct strictures located in the head of the pancreas in patients with severe chronic pancreatitis are often managed by endoscopic placement of a single plastic stent. Patients with refractory strictures after prolonged stenting require repeated stent replacement or surgical pancreaticojejunostomy. Placement of multiple plastic stents has proved effective in managing postoperative biliary strictures. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility, efficacy, and long-term results of multiple stenting of refractory pancreatic strictures in severe chronic pancreatitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 19 patients with severe chronic pancreatitis (16 men, three women; mean age 45 years) and with a single pancreatic stent through a refractory dominant stricture in the pancreatic head underwent the following protocol: (i) removal of the single pancreatic stent; (ii) balloon dilation of the stricture; (iii) insertion of the maximum number of stents allowed by the stricture tightness and the pancreatic duct diameter; and (iv) removal of stents after 6 to 12 months. RESULTS: The median number of stents placed through the major or minor papilla was 3, with diameters ranging from 8.5 to 11.5 Fr and length from 4 to 7 cm. Only one patient (5.5 %) had persistent stricture after multiple stenting. During a mean follow-up of 38 months after removal, 84 % of patients were asymptomatic, and 10.5 % had symptomatic stricture recurrence. No major complications were recorded. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic multiple stenting of dominant pancreatic duct strictures in chronic pancreatitis is a feasible and safe technique. Multiple pancreatic stenting is promising in obtaining persistent stricture dilation on long-term follow-up in the setting of severe chronic pancreatitis.