肾肿瘤伴下腔静脉癌栓完全梗阻的手术治疗

目的：提高肾肿瘤根治术的治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析7例肾肿瘤伴下腔静脉癌栓完全梗阻患者的治疗，6例行下腔静脉整段切除术加右肾根治性切除术．1例行右肾肿瘤根治术加腔静脉切开取栓术。结果：全组患者术后血尿素氮、肌酐水平无明显上升。2例因肿瘤转移分别于术后1年3个月及1年6个月死亡。1例3年后失访，4例健在。结论：无远处重要器官转移的伴有下腔静脉癌栓完全梗阻的肾肿瘤患者仍是积极手术治疗的指征。     

肾癌并肾静脉、下腔静脉、右心房癌栓的外科治疗(附3例报告)

目的评价肾肿瘤并肾静脉、下腔静脉、右心房癌栓患者行根治性肾切除术及取栓术后的早期和远期疗效。方法对本院2011年3月至2013年5月手术治疗的3例肾肿瘤并肾静脉、下腔静脉、右心房癌栓的患者进行回顾性分析。本单位泌尿外科团队联合心外科团队对这3例患者施行了根治性肾切除术及低温体外循环下右心房和腔静脉癌栓取栓术,手术过程顺利。术后规律随访,第1年患者每3个月复查评估1次,第2年及第3年每6个月1次,此后1年1次。结果所有患者术中无栓塞,无院内死亡。1例患者术后6个月发生肺转移,2年后死亡。另外2例患者健在(分别随访90个月、64个月),在未给予其他的辅助治疗情况下没有发现肿瘤复发或转移。结论肾肿瘤并肾静脉、下腔静脉、右心房癌栓患者手术治疗需要多学科参与。根治性肾切除术及低温体外循环下能安全有效地进行右心房和腔静脉癌栓取栓术,并发症发生率低。准确的诊断及合理的治疗措施能减少相关的并发率和死亡率。长期随访结果是可喜的。但需要更多更大样本量的研究结果来进一步验证。     

腔静脉节段切除在肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓中的应用

报告８例下腔静脉节段切除和系统性淋巴清扫肾癌根治术治疗右肾癌并腔静脉浸润性癌栓。４例无远处转移者中３例术后分别存活３６，４２和１７个月，１例２７个月后死于脑转移。４例有远处转移者术后２例分别存活１３和１４个月，１例肝转移瘤者已存活６个月，１例膈上型癌栓者于术后８小时死于心肺功能衰退。     

腔静脉节段切除在肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓中的应用 (附八例报告)

报告８例下腔静脉节段切除和系统性淋巴清扫肾癌根治术治疗右肾癌并腔静脉浸润性癌栓。４例无远处转移者中３例术后分别存活３６、４２和１７个月，１例２７个月后死于脑转移。４例有远处转移者术后２例分别存活１３和１４个月，１例有肝转移瘤者已存活６个月，１例膈上型癌栓者于术后８小时死于心肺功能衰竭。认为无远处转移者术后有较高的存活率，是积极外科治疗的指征；有单一远处转移者，手术治疗可延长存活时间。     

肾癌并肝下型下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗并文献复习

目的 探讨肾细胞癌并下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析6例经手术及病理证实的肾细胞癌并肝下型下腔静脉癌栓患者的临床资料,所有病例均行根治性肾切除并癌栓切除术,分别采用下腔静脉切开、下腔静脉部分切除和节段性下腔静脉切除三种方法 取出癌栓.结果 6例手术均获成功,无大出血、肺梗塞等并发症,术后患者恢复良好.其中2例分别于术后38个月和76个月死亡,3例仍健在,平均存活时间为54个月,1例术后18个月后失访.结论 右肾癌并下腔静脉癌栓患者下腔静脉节段性切除能够安全地进行,根治性肾切除并癌栓切除术能够使患者获得长期存活.     

肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的诊断及治疗（附11例报告）

报告１１例肾细胞癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者，男９例，女２例；右侧８例，左侧３例。临床症状：血尿９例，腹部肿物２例，仅１例出现下肢水肿、腹壁浅静脉扩张。全部病人均经ＣＴ扫描或ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ检查明确诊断。１０例经上腹正中或胸腹联合切口取出癌栓连同患肾一并切除。５例术前无其它部位转移者术后平均存活５年２个月，１例术后２个月死亡，２例术前肾蒂淋巴结及肾周脂肪侵犯者中１例存活２年５个月死于非肿瘤疾病，１例目前已存活３年１个月尚在，２例失访。本组腔静脉癌栓发生率占同期肾癌病人的２．７％。本组ＣＴ与ＭＲＩ相结合应用诊断符合率为９８０％。     

肾癌伴Ⅳ级下腔静脉癌栓非体外循环辅助下的手术治疗

目的探讨肾癌伴Ⅳ级下腔静脉癌栓,在癌栓未进入右心房及未侵犯下腔静脉壁的情况下,非体外循环辅助下的手术治疗。方法对肾癌伴Ⅳ级下腔静脉癌栓患者6例,采取非体外循环辅助下实施标准的根治性肾切除和腔静脉癌栓取出术。结果手术均获得成功,未出现大出血及肺梗塞,术后肾功能正常。随访1例Ⅲ期T3CN1M0型术后16个月CT检查发现肺转移,术后18个月死亡。5例随访18个月,均未发现肿瘤复发和远处转移。结论肾癌伴Ⅳ级下腔静脉癌栓,采取非体外循环辅助下的手术治疗是安全可行的方法之一。     

根治性肾切除术及下腔静脉癌栓取出术治疗Mayo Ⅳ级下腔静脉癌栓的手术技术及临床经验

目的探讨根治性肾切除术及下腔静脉癌栓取出术治疗MayoⅣ级下腔静脉癌栓(IVCTT)的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2015年4月至2018年1月北京大学第三医院泌尿外科收治的10例肾癌合并MayoⅣ级IVCTT患者的临床资料。10例患者中行不开胸取膈上癌栓手术者4例,采用"Milking"技术行开胸非体外循环取膈上癌栓手术者3例,行体外循环下根治性肾切除术加下腔静脉癌栓取出术者3例。结果 10例患者手术均顺利完成。平均手术时间(495.7±109.0)min。术中平均出血量(4 430.0±2 755.2)mL。10例患者中有8例发生术后早期并发症,其中3例为ClavienⅤ级严重并发症,于围手术期死亡,其余5例中有1例ClavienⅣa级、3例为ClavienⅡ级、1例ClavienⅠ级并发症。度过围术期的7例患者术后平均住院时间(12.4±6.3)d;7例皆获随访,随访时间3～27个月,平均(13.6±8.8)个月。除1例患者非肿瘤性死亡外,6例存活,其中1例出现肺转移。结论根治性肾切除术及下腔静脉癌栓取出术治疗MayoⅣ级下腔静脉癌栓较为有效、安全。Ⅳ级癌栓延伸范围广,手术技术难度较大,充分的术前准备、丰富的解剖学知识和手术操作经验可提高手术安全性。     

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓四例报告

自１９８６～１９９３年手术治疗肾癌下腔静脉癌栓患者４例，其中膈上型１例，膈下型３例。随访３例，１例仍健在。影像学检查对诊断十分重要，Ｂ超可作为初选手段，ＭＲ对确定下腔静脉内栓子大小、性质、远端定位及延伸程度方面优于ＣＴ；当下腔静脉受外源性压迫时，应同时行下腔静脉造影以提高诊断准确性。预后除依据ＴＮＭ分期及术中癌栓摘除完全与否外，尚与瘤细胞分型、胞核分级、术中或术后并发症有关。     

手术治疗肾癌合并下腔静脉瘤栓

目的评价手术治疗肾细胞癌合并下腔静脉瘤栓的疗效。方法回顾分析38例经手术治疗的肾细胞癌合并下腔静脉瘤栓患者的临床资料。结果 38例患者中,男28例,女10例,平均年龄56岁;右肾癌伴腔静脉瘤栓31例,左肾癌伴腔静脉瘤栓7例;Ⅰ级瘤栓8例,Ⅱ级24例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级3例。所有患者均行肾癌根治切除及取瘤栓术,其中35例下腔静脉阻断下切除下腔静脉瘤栓,3例瘤栓达右心房,在体外循环腔静脉心房分流下取瘤栓。围手术期无死亡病例。随访6～114个月,平均41个月,21例无瘤生存（55.2%）,2例复发转移带瘤生存（5.2%）,13例肿瘤转移死亡（34.2%）,2例失访。结论没有转移的肾细胞癌合并下腔静脉瘤栓如能完整切除,并非手术禁忌和愈后不良的因素。     

Renal pelvic cancer with tumor thrombus in the vena cava inferior: a case report

We report a case of right renal pelvic cancer with tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava. A 65-year-old man with right flank abdominal pain and high fever was reffered to our hospital. Computed tomography showed right renal mass. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed tumor thrombus extending into the renal vein and the inferior vena cava. Preoperative diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma with vena caval thrombus. Radical nephrectomy with thrombectomy and lymphodenectomy was performed. Pathologic evaluation revealed transitional cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus into the vena cava. One course of M-VAC chemotherapy was added and he has been alive for 56 months without recurrence. A literature review of 15 cases of renal pelvic cancer with tumor thrombus in the vena cava in Japan revealed that 7 cases were diagnosed as renal cell carcinoma preoperatively.     

伴有肾静脉瘤栓的左肾癌全腹腔镜根治术

目的：探讨左肾癌并肾静脉瘤栓患者行经后腹腔途径全腹腔镜左肾痛根治术的可行性。方法：3例左肾癌伴左。肾静脉瘤栓患者均在全麻下行经后腹腔全腹腔镜左肾癌根治术：术中放置4个穿刺套管针,游离腹主动脉和肾动脉后,用Hem—o-lok结扎切断肾动脉,于肾静脉近下腔静脉处用Hem-o-lok结扎切断肾静脉,完整切除。肾脏及瘤栓。结果：3例手术均获得成功,术后恢复良好,5灭出院。病理检查分别诊断为肾透明细胞癌2例,嫌色细胞癌1例。术后随访1～3个月,未见肿瘤复发和转移。结论：对选择性左肾癌并肾静脉瘤栓患者行经后腹腔全腹腔镜左。肾癌根治术完全可行。     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for cancer with level I renal vein involvement

PURPOSE: Venous involvement develops in 5% to 10% of patients with renal cell carcinoma and is generally considered a relative contraindication to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. To our knowledge we report the initial clinical series of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma associated with level I renal vein thrombus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At our 2 institutions 8 patients each underwent laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for level I microscopic renal vein thrombus (group 1) and level I gross thrombus (group 2). In all 8 group 2 patients the level I thrombus was preoperatively diagnosed by computerized tomography. Mean renal tumor size in groups 1 and 2 was 7.8 and 12.4 cm., respectively. After controlling the renal artery the renal vein was secured by firing an endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis stapler on its collapsed, uninvolved proximal part adjacent to the vena cava. Intraoperative, postoperative and pathological parameters were assessed in the 2 groups. RESULTS: In group 1 laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was technically successful in all 8 patients. Mean operative time was 3.1 hours, mean estimated blood loss was 382 cc and mean hospital stay was 1.9 days. In 1 patient each a soft tissue and a vascular margin was positive for cancer. At a mean follow up of 19.5 months (range 2 to 36) metastatic disease occurred in 3 cases (38%). In group 2 laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was technically successful in 7 cases with open conversion in 1. Mean operative time was 3.3 hours, mean estimated blood loss was 354 cc and mean hospital stay was 2.3 days. Surgical soft tissue and the renal vein vascular margin of the transected vein were negative for cancer in all 8 cases. At a mean followup of 9.4 months (range 5 to 16) pulmonary metastasis developed in 1 patient (13%). CONCLUSIONS: Although it is an advanced procedure, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in patients with level I renal vein thrombus is feasible, safe and follows established oncological principles.     

腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓

目的探讨腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓的临床经验和文献分析。 方法女性患者,61岁,临床诊断：右肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓。术前全面评估手术风险,组织多学科会诊为患者制定详尽的围手术期治疗与护理方案,拟行腹腔镜下右侧肾癌根治性切除+高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓取出+腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。术后医护密切配合严密观察患者病情变化,进行围手术期观察处理与护理。 结果手术顺利完成,手术时间390 min,无中转开放手术。术中完全游离右侧和左侧肾静脉、肝后下腔静脉直达第二肝门水平远端,近右肾静脉处下腔静脉内侧壁剪开静脉壁,癌栓下部小灶性侵犯静脉壁,切除部分腔静脉壁完整取出癌栓,恢复左侧肾静脉、腔静脉血流回流无障碍。术后病理提示符合透明细胞癌,癌组织侵犯肾窦脂肪,腹膜后淋巴结（-）。术后随访6个月未见肿瘤复发。 结论腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓安全可行,多学科协助模式为疑难复杂病例提供了一种新的选择,值得临床进一步推广。     

腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术的可行性. 方法 右肾占位病变患者2例.增强CT显示1例肿物部分延伸至肾静脉及腔静脉内,1例右肾静脉内可见充盈缺损并突入腔静脉内.均在全麻下行经后腹腔镜下根治性右肾切除及肾静脉、腔静脉取栓术.术中放置4个穿刺套管针,切断肾动脉后游离腔静脉及肾静脉,腔镜血管阻断钳部分阻断腔静脉,切开腔静脉取出瘤栓,缝合腔静脉,完整切除肾脏及瘤栓. 结果 2例患者的腔静脉瘤栓长度分别为0.3和1.0 cm,均安全取出,术后恢复良好,5 d出院.病理诊断分别为上皮样肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤和肾透明细胞癌1～2级.术后随访5个月未见肿瘤复发和转移. 结论 对选择性肾肿瘤并肾静脉及腔静脉瘤栓患者行腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术安全可行.     

Successful preoperative interferon-alpha therapy of advanced renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava: a case report

We report a case of renal cell carcinoma in which interferon-a therapy was effective in reducing the tumor thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava. A 66-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a complaint of macroscopic hematuria, cough and general fatigue. We made a diagnosis of a left renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus by imaging examination. Because his performance status was 3, a radical operation was considered risky. Twenty-two months after the start of interferon-a therapy, the tumor thrombus was markedly reduced in size, and the clinical response was evaluated as partial response by the response criteria for urological cancer treatrment. Because of improvement of the performance status and downsizing of tumor thrombus, we performed radical nephrectomy. Pathological examinations revealed that viable renal cell carcinomas were found in the primary lesion and the tumor thrombus. In some cases, interferon-alpha therapy is useful and safe in the treatment of the tumor thrombus. Furthermore, radical nephrectomy and complete resection of the tumor thrombus prolongs postoperative survival.     

肾癌伴静脉癌栓外科治疗的疗效观察

目的探讨外科治疗肾癌伴静脉癌栓患者的预后。方法自1994年8月至2004年7月共33例患者行肾癌根治术及静脉癌栓取出术,其中男性26例、女性7例,中位年龄60岁(20~82岁)。肾静脉癌栓15例,下腔静脉癌栓Ⅰ级(肝下水平)9例、Ⅱ级(肝后水平)5例、Ⅲ级(肝上水平)1例、Ⅳ级(右心房水平)3例。采用Kaplan-Meier方法进行生存分析。结果29例患者得到随访,14例死亡,平均生存(16·4±2·9)个月(1~42个月),15例存活,平均随访(17·3±4·6)个月(3~67个月)。1例患者术后第2天死亡,3例失访。5年生存率为16%。肾静脉癌栓患者平均生存(49·9±9·8)个月,明显高于Ⅰ级下腔静脉癌栓患者的(16·7±1·9)个月(P<0·05)。结论肾癌根治性切除加癌栓取出术是治疗肾癌伴静脉癌栓的有效方法,肾静脉癌栓患者的预后好于腔静脉癌栓患者。     

Hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena caval thrombus

PURPOSE: To our knowledge we present the initial clinical report of hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 76-year-old man was referred to our medical center with a 12.5 x 10 cm. stage T3b right renal tumor extending into the inferior vena cava. The caval thrombus was limited and completely below the level of the hepatic veins. After preoperative renal embolization via the hand assisted transperitoneal approach the right kidney was completely dissected with the renal hilum. Proximal and distal control of the inferior vena cava was obtained with vessel loops and a single lumbar vein was divided between clips. An endoscopic Satinsky vascular clamp was placed on the inferior vena cava just beyond its juncture with the right renal vein, thereby, encompassing the caval thrombus. The inferior vena cava was opened above the Satinsky clamp and a cuff of the inferior vena cava was removed contiguous with the renal vein. The inferior vena cava was repaired with continuous 4-zero vascular polypropylene suture and the Satinsky clamp was then removed. A literature search failed to reveal any similar reports of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for stage T3b renal cell cancer. RESULTS: Surgery was completed without complication with an estimated 500 cc blood loss. Pathological testing confirmed stage T3b grade 3 renal adenocarcinoma with negative inferior vena caval and soft tissue margins. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of vascular laparoscopic instrumentation and the hand assisted approach enabled us to extend the indications for laparoscopic radical nephrectomy to patients with minimal inferior venal caval involvement.     

Management of contralateral adrenal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: possibility of inferior vena cava tumour thrombus

OBJECTIVE: The contralateral adrenal gland is a rare metastatic site in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We describe our experiences with this metastasis in a cohort of 610 radical nephrectomy patients analysed. To our knowledge this study is the first to demonstrate an inferior vena cava tumour thrombus from metachronous contralateral adrenal metastasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After radical nephrectomy for RCC, 610 patients treated at our institution from 1985-99 were retrospectively investigated for the incidence of contralateral adrenal metastasis, additional clinical findings, treatment modalities and survival after treatment for contralateral adrenal gland metastasis. RESULTS: The incidence of contralateral adrenal metastasis was 1.1% (7/610 patients), while the incidence of ipsilateral metastasis was 3.4% (21/610). In 3 of 7 cases the contralateral adrenal metastasis occurred simultaneously with primary RCC in the kidney. The contralateral adrenal gland was affected by distant tumour spread metachronously in 4 of 7 cases (3/4 bilateral adrenal involvement, 1/4 unilateral disease). In 1 case a metachronous contralateral adrenal metastasis caused vena cava tumour thrombus by propagation via the suprarenal venous route. After a mean follow-up of 20 months (range 1-54 months), 4 of 6 patients showed no evidence of disease after contralateral adrenalectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of contralateral adrenal metastasis from RCC is 1.1%. Adrenalectomy in these cases offers a good chance of cure. In 71% of cases contralateral adrenal metastasis occurs in conjunction with ipsilateral disease, which provides a strong argument for routine ipsilateral adrenalectomy during radical nephrectomy. Care must be taken in preoperative diagnostics, as metachronous adrenal metastasis is capable of causing vena cava tumour thrombus.