胸腺内注射供体MHC抗原诱导大鼠移植肾的长期存活

为建立一种简单实用的诱导肾移植免疫耐受的动物模型，采用提取供体ＤＡ大鼠脾细胞主要组织相容性抗原复合体（ＭＨＣ）抗原，注入受体Ｌｅｗｉｓ大鼠胸腺内的方法，以不同品系的大鼠肾移植模型进行研究。设对照组、实验组，第三供体组。结果：对照组移植肾平均存活时间（ＭＳＴ）为７２±１２天，实验组为１２２３±４７．０天，第三供体组为７３±１６天，实验组与对照组比较Ｐ＜０００１。结果认为：经胸腺注射异基因ＭＨＣ抗原能诱导特异性肾移植免疫耐受。     

热缺血时间对小鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤后肾功能的影响

目的 探讨热缺血时间对小鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)后肾功能的影响及与肾脏损伤分子1(KIM-1)的关系.方法 选取雄性C57BL/6小鼠36只,异氟烷吸入麻醉下阻断双侧肾蒂血管,建立双侧肾脏IRI模型.根据肾缺血时间将小鼠分为四组,即假手术组(Sham组)、阻断28 min组(28 Min组)、30 min组(30...     

丹参对大鼠缺血再灌注肾组织一氧化氮合成酶mRNA表达的影响

目的：探讨丹参对肾缺血再灌注损作保护效应的分子机制。方法：以大鼠缺血再灌汪肾损伤为模型，采用组织细胞原位杂交有图像分析技术技术，检测cNOS（eNOS和nNOS）及iNOSmRNA在缺血再灌注肾组织中的表达，并测定肾组织NOS总活性有血肌酐（Cr）。结果：①3种NOS在正常肾组织中均有表达，其中eNOS表达最丰富，cNOS／iNOS比值为2．29。②缺血时，肾组织NOS总活性显著下降，3种NOSmRNA在皮质、髓质有小球中的表达均下调，以eNOS最显著，cNOS／iNOS比值呈下降（2．01）趋势。③再灌注后，3种NOSmRNA的表达明显上调，以iNOSmRNA最明显，cNOS／iNOS的比值降至1．77。④肾缺血注射丹参后再灌注，iNOSmRAN表达明显下调，而nNOSmRAN则显著上调，cNOS／iNOS比值处于正常范围（2．14），Cr含量下降至正常水平。结论：①皮质肾小管上皮中iNOS活性升同与再灌汪后肾功能进一步受损密切相关。②缺血再灌注肾损伤中，丹参抑制iNOSmRNA和促进cNOSmRNA的表达是其介导肾保护效应的重要分子机制。③cNOS／iNOS比值的恒定对肾血流量和肾小球滤过率（GFR）的调节可能具有重要的意义。     

人参总皂甙对犬肾自体移植再灌注损伤中氧自由基的清除作用

为了解人参总皂甙对肾移植再灌注损伤中氧自由基（ＯＦＲ）的清除作用，采用犬肾移植模型观察再灌注后２４小时肾组织中超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量的变化及移植前后不同时期内生肌酐清除值。结果发现，在肾缺血和再灌注损伤过程中肾组织ＳＯＤ活性下降，ＭＤＡ含量异常增高。给人参总皂甙后能显著减少肾组织中ＭＤＡ含量，提高ＳＯＤ活性及内生肌酐清除值。结果提示，人参总皂甙能清除肾脏再灌注损伤产生的ＯＦＲ，保护内源性ＳＯＤ活性，减轻肾脂质过氧化损伤。     

Osteopontin及其mRNA在正常大鼠肾脏的表达

为了研究Ｏｓｔｅｏｐｏｎｔｉｎ（ＯＰ）及其ｍＲＮＡ在正常大鼠肾脏的表达，分别采用抗ＯＰ的单克隆和多克隆抗体进行免疫组化、用地高辛标记的ＯＰｃＲＮＡ探针进行原位杂交。结果表明：ＯＰ及其ｍＲＮＡ在大鼠肾脏远曲小管、集合管呈阳性染色。由于其表达部位是尿中形成结石晶体各种矿物质的高浓缩区，作者认为：Ｏｓｔｅｏｐｏｎｔｉｎ可能为正常机体一种重要的对结石形成产生抑制的内源性大分子物质。     

中介素减轻大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤

目的 探讨中介素(IMD)对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)的影响,及其过程中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的作用和机制.方法 将健康雄性Wistar大鼠分为4组:假手术组,行右肾切除术,1周后单纯分离左侧肾蒂及肾动脉,而不夹闭肾动脉;肾脏缺血再灌注(IR)组,行右肾切除术,1周后行左肾缺血再灌注手术;IMD基因转染组,右肾切除后左肾行超声微泡介导的IMD-pCDNA3.1(+)质粒转染术,饲养1周,再行左肾缺血再灌注手术;空质粒转染组,右肾切除后左肾行超声微泡介导的pCDNA3.1(+)质粒转染术,饲养1周,再行左肾缺血再灌注手术.大鼠于缺血再灌注术后24 h处死,用免疫组织化学方法检测肾组织IMD表达,取肾组织进行病理学观察,取血清测定尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)浓度,检测肾组织中内皮型NOS(eNOS)、诱导型NOS(iNOS)以及神经型NOS(nNOS) mRNA及其蛋白的表达.结果 假手术组大鼠肾组织中IMD位于肾小管及间质细胞胞浆内,其表达灰度值为66±35;肾脏IR组大鼠肾小管上皮细胞和间质中IMD表达灰度值为176±48,高于假手术组(P＜0.01);IMD基因转染组肾组织中IMD表达灰度值为262±68,高于肾脏IR组(P＜0.01);空质粒转染组IMD表达灰度值为180±51,和肾脏IR组间表达的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与肾脏IR组相比较,IMD基因转染组大鼠肾脏组织病理损伤程度较轻,血清BUN和Cr较低(P＜0.05),eNOS mRNA及eNOS表达升高(P＜0.05),iNOS mRNA及iNOS表达降低(P＜0.05),而两组间nNOSmRNA及nNOS表达的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 中介素可能通过促进eNOS表达、抑制iNOS表达从而减轻大鼠肾脏IRI.     

氯胺酮对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨氯胺酮对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠24只,随机分为4组(n=6):假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)、氯胺酮2 ms/kg组(K_1组)及氯胺酮10 mg/kg组(K_2组).采用无创动脉夹夹闭左肾动脉45 min,再灌注6 h,制备大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注模型.K_(1,2)组于再灌注前5 min分别经尾静脉注射氯胺酮2、10 mg/kg.于再灌注6 h时取右心耳血样2 ml,测定血清肌酐(Cr)及尿素氮(BUN)的浓度;光镜下观察肾组织病理学结果 ;采用免疫组织化学法测定肾组织Fas或Caspase-3表达水平;采用TUNEL法检测肾小管上皮细胞凋亡情况,并计算凋亡指数(AI).结果 与S组比较,其余3组血清Cr、BUN的浓度升高,肾组织Fas、Caspase-3的表达上调,AI升高(P<0.01);与IR组比较,K_(1,2)组血清Cr、BUN的浓度降低,肾组织Fus、Caspase-3的表达下调,AI降低(P<0.01);与K_1组比较,K_2组血清Cr、BUN浓度降低,肾组织Fas、Caspase-3的表达下调,AI降低(P<0.01).K_2组肾组织病理损伤较K_1组明显减轻.结论 氯胺酮可减轻肾脏缺血再灌注损伤,且呈剂量依赖性,可能与其抑制肾小管上皮细胞凋亡有关.     

大鼠缺血再灌注肾脏原癌基因表达的研究

已有研究表明,细胞损伤后的修复与原癌基因的适当调节有关[Kidney Int,1991.39:401]。为了解急性缺血性肾损伤分子调控水平的变化,我们应用Northern杂交技术,在大鼠缺血再灌注肾组织中研究了几种原癌基因的表达,以探讨原癌基因在缺血肾脏损伤修复中的可能作用。 一、材料与方法 选用纯种SD雄性大鼠5只,4月龄,体重250～300g。实验组12只,腹腔麻醉下行右肾切除,左肾动脉夹闭45分钟,分别于再灌注1、4、8、24小时摘取左肾剥除包膜及肾上腺,液氮冷冻待用。对     

含饱和氢气肾保存液对大鼠肾脏冷缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 评价含饱和氢气肾保存液对大鼠肾脏冷缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠24只,周龄8～10周,体重200～ 250 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=8):对照组(H1组)大鼠仅切除右肾;普通肾保存液组(H2组)大鼠采用冷缺血再灌注模型,用4℃普通HC-A肾保存液对左肾行冷灌注和冷保存;含饱和氢气肾保存液组(H3组)大鼠操作同H2组,灌注液及保存液换用自制的4℃含饱和氢气HC-A肾保存液.于再灌注24 h时抽取下腔静脉血样,测定血清BUN、Cr、TNF-α和IL-6浓度;切取左肾,测定肾组织MDA和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)含量,光镜下观察肾组织病理学结果.结果 与H1组相比,H2组和H3组大鼠血清BUN、Cr、TNF-α和IL-6浓度及肾组织MDA和8-OHdG含量均升高(P＜ 0.05);与H2组相比,H3组血清BUN、Cr、TNF-α和IL-6浓度及肾组织MDA和8-OHdG的含量均降低(P＜0.05).H1组肾组织形态结构未见明显异常,H2组肾小管损伤明显,H3组肾小管损伤较H2组减轻.结论 含饱和氢气肾保存液可明显减轻大鼠肾脏冷缺血再灌注损伤.     

干细胞与肾脏缺血再灌注损伤

本文回顾了干细胞和肾缺血再灌注相关的文献,并总结了目前的研究结果.现在还不清楚肾脏中是否存在干细胞,但干细胞能分化成间质、内皮及肾小管上皮细胞等,这种过程在肾损伤后增强,并有助于肾功能的恢复.其潜在的机制很可能是干细胞的可塑性,但也可能是细胞融合的结果.这些结果为研究肾缺血再灌损伤引起的急性肾衰以及肾移植物损伤的治疗方法提供了新的思路.     

共刺激分子B7 mRNA在大鼠热缺血再灌注损伤肾组织中的表达

目的：进一步验证Ｂ７－ＣＤ２８共刺激通路在肾缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法：在大鼠单肾热缺血再灌注损伤模型的基础上,将６０只雄性ＳＤ大鼠均分为假手术组,缺血３０ｍｉｎ再灌注组和缺血６０ｍｉｎ再灌注组,利用多聚酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）半定量技术检测不同损伤程度的肾组织中共刺激分子Ｂ７的ｍＲＮＡ表达水平。结果：正常和缺血肾组织中Ｂ７ｍＲＮＡ的表达处于极低水平,再灌注后肾组织中Ｂ７ｍＲＮＡ的表达开始逐渐升     

缺血再灌流肾组织内皮素—1及其受体基因表达的实验研究

为了探究内皮素１（ＥＴ１）对肾功能的影响和作用方式，采用斑点杂交和原位杂交方法对大鼠缺血６０分钟再灌注肾组织ＥＴ１及其受体亚型（ＥＴＡ、ＥＴＢ）的基因表达进行了研究。结果发现：再灌流１小时，ＥＴ１、ＥＴＡ、ＥＴＢｍＲＮＡ均明显升高；再灌流２４小时仍维持较高水平。ＥＴ１和ＥＴＡｍＲＮＡ杂交信号再灌流３小时达高峰。ＥＴ１ｍＲＮＡ主要分布肾皮质小血管内皮细胞、髓质肾小管和集合管，ＥＴＡ受体ｍＲＮＡ则分布于上述小血管的平滑肌细胞。ＥＴＢ受体ｍＲＮＡ于再灌流６小时达高峰，主要分布髓质肾小管、集合管。说明缺血再灌流肾内皮素受体亚型上调在皮质以ＥＴＡ为主，在髓质以ＥＴＢ为主，分别与增强表达的ＥＴ１结合导致肾皮质缺血和水钠代谢异常。     

Gene expression and biomarkers in renal transplant ischemia reperfusion injury

The incidence of postischemic acute renal allograft failure (ARF) occurs in roughly 25% of cadaveric donor kidney recipients. This high rate remained virtually unchanged over the last decades despite modification in recipient management and modern immunosuppressive strategies. It has recently been shown that among other reasons, the systemic inflammation in the brain death cadaveric organ donor contributes to subsequent ARF in the recipient. This review focuses on the consequences of ischemia and reperfusion on the cellular level and offers potential solutions for the reduction of ARF. Genome-wide gene expression analysis together with sophisticated biostatistical analysis made it possible to identify several candidate gene products and proteins that may act as specific and sensitive biomarker for renal inflammation and ischemia. These markers may be very helpful in the clinical management of patients with a high a priori risk of subsequent ARF such as recipients of marginal donor kidneys. Ongoing clinical trials will evaluate whether immunosuppression of the cadaveric organ donor before organ harvest will have the potential to reduce inflammation in the transplant kidney and subsequently lead to a reduction in the rate of ARF.     

高压氧对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤肾FasL和半胱氨酸蛋白酶3表达的影响

目的 研究高压氧(HBO)对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)肾细胞凋亡相关基因(FasL)和细胞凋亡执行蛋白半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)表达的影响,并探讨其作用机制.方法 健康SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=8)、IRI组(n=8)和IRI+HBO组(n=8).采用夹闭双侧肾动脉方法建立IRI模型.IRI+HBO组分别在再灌注后lh、24 h、48 h给予HBO处理,末次HBO后取双肾组织测定各组大鼠肾组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量 ;采用实时荧光定量PCR和免疫组织化学染色方法分别测定肾组织FasL mRNA、caspase-3蛋白表达.结果 与假手术组比较,IRI组SOD活性下降(P＜0.05),MDA含量升高(P＜0.05),经HBO治疗后SOD活性升高(P＜0.05),MDA含量降低(P＜0.05).FasL mRNA、caspase-3蛋白在假手术组呈低水平表达,而在IRI组表达显著上调(P＜0.01),IRI+HBO组表达较IRI组显著下调(P＜0.01).结论 大鼠肾缺血损伤后随着再灌注时间延长FasL mRNA 、caspase-3蛋白表达显著上调.早期HBO治疗后可以使FasL mRNA、caspase-3蛋白表达明显下调,抑制细胞凋亡,保护肾脏.     

糖尿病大鼠肾组织podocin mRNA和蛋白的表达

糖尿病肾病是严重的糖尿病并发症之一.定位于裂孔膜的podocin分子由足细胞分泌产生,是裂孔膜铰链样结构的重要成分,对维持足突结构和裂孔膜的完整性起关键作用.     

Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate tissue damages triggered by renal ischemia and reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: Ischemia and reperfusion injury (I/R) is the major cause of acute renal failure (ARF) with high mortality rates. Because alternative therapies are needed, we investigated the use of stem cell therapy to modulate inflammation in a renal I/R model. METHODS: To study kidney I/R injury, we clamped bilateral pedicles for 60 minutes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which had been isolated and cultivated in plastic flasks, were administered to mice 6 hours after injury. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-1beta mRNAs. Proliferative nuclear cell antigen (PCNA) was used to calculate tubular regeneration. RESULTS: Administration of MSC attenuated renal injury; serum creatinine and plasma urea levels were significantly reduced 24 hours after reperfusion. PCNA immunohistochemistry showed that regeneration occurred faster in renal tissues of animals that received MSC than in tissues of control animals. Analyses of cytokine expression in renal tissue demonstrated a greater level of anti-inflammatory cytokines in MSC-treated animals. CONCLUSION: These results showed an antiinflammatory pattern in MSC-treated animals, demonstrating the potential of MSC to modulate I/R, leading to earlier regeneration of damaged renal tissue.     

Glomerular expression of connective tissue growth factor mRNA in various renal diseases

SUMMARY:   Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a cysteine-rich member of a new family of growth regulators. It is an important factor in the pathogenesis of mesangial matrix accumulation and progressive glomerulosclerosis. The present study was designed to elucidate the role of CTGF in diabetic nephropathy (DN), immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgA-N), membranous nephropathy (MN), and minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). We evaluated the expression and localization of CTGF mRNA in surgically excised renal tissue samples from 10 patients with DN, 10 with IgA-N, 10 with MN, 10 with MCNS, and 10 normal human kidney (NHK) tissue samples, by using high-resolution in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide. To quantify CTGF mRNA expression, we counted all nuclei, and nuclei surrounded by CTGF-positive cytoplasm, in at least 10 randomly selected cross-sections of non-sclerotic glomeruli, and expressed the results as a percentage of total glomerular cells. In all glomeruli, CTGF mRNA was expressed mainly in glomerular intrinsic cells, including glomerular mesangial and epithelial cells and some cells of Bowman's capsule. The percentage of cells positive for CTGF mRNA was significantly higher in DN and IgA-N than in MN, MCNS and NHK. However, there was no significant difference in the percentage of CTGF mRNA-positive cells between DN and IgA-N. Our study indicates that CTGF may play an important role in the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis in DN and IgA-N, which are both accompanied by mesangial matrix expansion and comprise two major causes of end-stage renal failure.     

Suramin promotes recovery from renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice

Suramin is a polysulfonated naphthylurea originally designed as a treatment for trypanosomiasis; but that has also been used to treat rodent models of fulminant hepatic failure and focal brain ischemia. In this study, we determined the effects of suramin on renal ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury in mice, in particular its effect when administered after renal injury has been established. Increasing concentrations of suramin were given 24 hours following reperfusion, a time when serum creatinine levels were at their highest level. This treatment improved renal function, as evidenced by decreased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine to control values and diminished histopathologic tubular damage. Suramin-treated animals had a significant reduction in apoptotic tubular cells and infiltrating leukocytes. There was also an increase of proliferating tubular cells following reperfusion compared to the number found in untreated animals. Our study shows that suramin promotes the recovery of renal function and has effective therapeutic applications when given after the occurrence of renal injury.     

替普瑞酮对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨替普瑞酮对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用和可能机制。 方法 应用替普瑞酮(400 mg/kg)诱导雄性SD大鼠肾脏高表达热休克蛋白72（HSP72）。以钳夹大鼠左肾蒂45 min后，松开血管夹并切除右肾，建立大鼠缺血再灌注肾脏损伤模型。假手术组为打开腹腔，分离肾血管周围组织，但不钳夹血管。模型建立后24 h处死大鼠，留取血清测血肌酐（Scr）和尿素氮（BUN）。肾组织石蜡切片行PAS染色，以损伤肾小管所占百分比评分法评估肾组织肾小管损伤程度。TUNEL法检测缺血再灌注损伤时肾脏细胞凋亡的发生情况。Western印迹检测X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白（XIAP）的水平。 结果 缺血再灌注损伤可导致急性肾衰竭，表现为血Scr、BUN明显升高（P < 0.01）；PAS染色显示外髓部有大片肾小管坏死，甚至出现基底膜裸露；TUNEL染色中肾小管上皮细胞TUNEL阳性细胞数明显增多（P < 0.01）；Western印迹结果显示，肾组织XIAP蛋白水平明显降低（P < 0.01）。替普瑞酮处理后，肾组织HSP72表达水平明显增高（P < 0.01）；缺血再灌注所致的肾脏损伤明显改善，包括肾小管的损伤、细胞凋亡以及肾功能。此外，替普瑞酮可稳定肾组织XIAP的蛋白水平（P < 0.05）。 结论 替普瑞酮可诱导肾脏高表达HSP72。替普瑞酮可能通过减少肾脏XIAP蛋白的降解，抑制细胞凋亡，减轻缺血再灌注的肾脏损伤。