Cystic renal masses: usefulness of the Bosniak classification

To determine the usefulness of the Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses, the computed tomographic (CT) and ultrasound findings of 16 pathologically proven cystic renal masses were retrospectively reviewed. All imaging studies were reviewed and categorized utilizing the Bosniak classification without knowledge of the final pathologic diagnosis. There were no category I lesions (classical simple cyst), four category II (minimally complicated), seven category III lesions (more complicated), and five category IV lesions (probable malignant). All category II lesions were benign, all category IV lesions were malignant. Of the seven category III lesions, three were benign and four were malignant. We conclude that the Bosniak classification is extremely useful in the management of cystic renal masses.     

"Daughter cyst" sign: a sonographic finding of ovarian cyst in neonates, infants, and young children

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the value of the "daughter cyst" sign, a sonographic finding of neonatal ovarian cysts, in differentiating ovarian cysts from other cystic masses in neonates, infants, and young children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In a prospective study, 23 neonates, infants, and young children (age range, 1 day to 36 months) with a lower abdominal cystic mass underwent sonography. We defined the daughter cyst sign as the presence of a small cyst along the wall of a cystic mass. The diagnosis of ovarian cyst was made when this sign was present. Detailed pathologic correlation was available in four ovarian cysts. The size, wall thickness, and contents of the cysts were also evaluated. RESULTS: The 23 cystic lesions included ovarian cyst (n = 11), lymphangioma (n = 3), enteric duplication cyst (n = 3), enteric cyst (n = 1), meconium pseudocyst (n = 2), hydrometrocolpos (n = 2), and urachal cyst (n = 1). The daughter cyst sign was seen in nine (82%) of 11 ovarian cysts but in none of the other cystic lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the daughter cyst sign for differentiating ovarian cysts from other cystic lesions were 82%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The daughter cyst corresponded to an ovarian follicle on pathologic examination. CONCLUSION: The daughter cyst sign is a specific sonographic finding for an ovarian cyst and may be useful in differentiating uncomplicated ovarian cysts from other cystic masses in neonates, infants, and young children.     

Focal splenic disease demonstrated by ultrasound and computed tomography

Twenty-five patients with focal splenic disease were analyzed retrospectively to determine the relative strengths and weaknesses of ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) in the detection and analysis of focal splenic lesions. Lesions were detected in all 25 patients by ultrasonography and in 22 of 25 patients by CT. Ultrasonography appears to be more sensitive in the detection of focal lymphoma within the spleen and may be slightly more sensitive in the detection of microabscesses. CT may offer more specific information regarding the nature of certain lesions, including the detection of cyst wall calcification, gas within an abscess, and the specific site of origin of tumor invading the spleen. Ultrasonography may at times be more specific in the diagnosis of cystic lesions. We recommend ultrasonography as the first method for splenic imaging with CT used when necessary for further characterization of focal lesions.     

Cystic renal masses: Usefulness of the bosniak classification

To determine the usefulness of the Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses, the computed tomographic (CT) and ultrasound findings of 16 pathologically proven cystic renal masses were retrospectively reviewed. All imaging studies were reviewed and categorized utilizing the Bosniak classification without knowledge of the final pathologic diagnosis. There were no category I lesions (classical simple cyst), four category II (minimally complicated), seven category III lesions (more complicated), and five category IV lesions (probable malignant). All category II lesions were benign, all category IV lesions were malignant. Of the seven category III lesions, three were benign and four were malignant. We conclude that the Bosniak classification is extremely useful in the management of cystic renal masses. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, the Department of Defense, or the United States Navy     

Nonparasitic splenic cysts: a report of 52 cases with radiologic-pathologic correlation

We reviewed 52 cases of splenic cysts on file at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. There were 24 true (epidermoid) and 28 false (posttraumatic) cysts. The history and clinical presentations, including pain, splenomegaly, or mass, were similar in both groups. Radiologic manifestations included splenomegaly and the occasional identification of a distinct mass by conventional radiography even in the absence of calcification. The lesions produced a photopenic defect on nuclear scintigraphy and were avascular on angiography. Sonography and CT demonstrated a cystic lesion with occasional septations, wall trabeculation, and low-level internal echoes. Three false cysts demonstrated solid and cystic components on sonography and CT, corresponding to organizing hematoma within the cyst. Splenomegaly or a splenic mass of a predominantly cystic nature with no clinical evidence of echinococcus suggests the diagnosis of splenic cyst. Reliable radiologic distinction between true or false splenic cyst does not seem possible. Complex mass may represent a "transition" between hematoma and false splenic cyst.     

腹部巨大囊性病变的CT分析

目的探讨腹部巨大囊性病变的CT表现及其诊断价值。方法搜集经手术病理证实的腹部巨大囊性病变28例,回顾性分析其CT。结果28例中,卵巢囊肿4例,卵巢浆液性和黏液性囊腺瘤各1例,肾重度积水3例,肾囊肿2例,输尿管囊肿2例,胰腺假性囊肿3例,脾脏囊肿3例,先天性胆总管囊肿2例,肝脏囊肿1例,肠系膜囊肿和肠系膜淋巴管囊肿各1例,脐尿管囊肿1例,腹膜后脂肪肉瘤囊性变1例,腹膜不成熟畸胎瘤1例,囊性转移癌1例。腹部囊性病变92.9%为良性,各种囊性病变有其一定的发病部位和其特征性的CT表现。结论CT是腹部囊性病变定位、定性诊断的重要影像学手段。     

乳腺增生症的影像学诊断

目的:评价影像检查对乳腺增生症诊断与鉴别诊断中的作用。材料和方法:回顾性分析74例乳腺增生症的临床和影像学表现。74例均做了钼靶X线摄影检查,其中19例做了选择性乳腺导管造影、10例超声检查和3例核磁共振检查。结果:74例钼靶X线平片检查表现为片状高密度影44例(59.5%),结节影18例(24.3%),无异常发现者12例(16.2%)。19例乳头溢液患者的选择性乳腺导管造影表现为囊肿型8例,囊肿伴导管硬化型6例,导管增生硬化型3例,终末导管囊性扩张型2例。10例肿块性患者的超声表现:实性病变8例,呈低回声;囊性病变2例,呈无回声液性暗区,伴有明显的后回声增强效应。3例乳腺囊肿,T1WI呈均匀低信号,T2WI呈均匀的高信号。结论:乳腺增生症的多种影像学表现反映其复杂多样的病理特点,钼靶X线摄影联合超声、MRI检查对肿块性病变的诊断与鉴别诊断有很重要的意义;选择性乳腺导管造影对乳头溢液患者的诊断帮助很大。     

纵隔囊性病变的CT与MRI诊断

目的：探讨纵隔囊性病变的CT、MRI诊断及鉴别诊断。方法：回顾性总结30例经手术、病理确诊的纵隔囊性病变的CT及MRI表现，包括胸腺囊肿7例，囊性畸胎瘤8例，气管、支气管囊肿9例，食管囊肿4例，囊性淋巴管瘤2例。结果：不同纵隔囊性病变均有其较特定的发病部位。7例胸腺囊肿中6例位于前上纵隔的胸腺区，1例位于前纵隔中下部；8例囊性畸胎瘤主要位于前纵隔中部、大血管起始处；9例气管、支气管囊肿位于中上纵隔，气管、支气管右旁区；4例食管囊肿，其中3例位于后纵隔，1例位于中纵隔；2例囊性淋巴管瘤，其中1例为颈纵隔型，1例为颈一腋纵隔型。结论：纵隔囊性病变虽无明显特征性影像学表现，仔细观察CT与MRI征象特点，结合发病部位，对提高本病的诊断具有重要意义。     

Hydatid disease of the spleen: imaging findings in nine patients

Splenic involvement is uncommon in patients with hydatid disease. The radiologic and clinical findings in nine patients with splenic hydatidosis are described. The three men and six women were 41-76 years old (mean, 58 years). Their histories and physical findings, the results of serologic tests for hydatidosis, and imaging procedures were evaluated. Plain abdominal radiographs were obtained in all nine patients, sonograms in six, and CT scans in seven. Plain films showed calcification of the cyst wall in four of the nine patients. On sonograms, five lesions were anechoic and one was echogenic. On CT scans, all lesions except one were of lower attenuation than the surrounding spleen. None of the lesions enhanced after administration of IV contrast material. Although rare, splenic hydatidosis should be included in the differential diagnosis when a cystic splenic lesion is identified with sonography or CT.     

A pattern-oriented approach to splenic imaging in infants and children.

The spleen in infants and children is commonly involved in a variety of pathologic processes. Some of these processes cause isolated splenic disease, whereas others involve the spleen as part of a systemic illness. To facilitate differential diagnosis of splenic abnormalities, a pattern-oriented approach to the imaging evaluation of the pediatric spleen was developed. With this approach, splenic anomalies are categorized as anomalies of splenic shape (clefts, notches, lobules), location (eg, wandering spleen), number (polysplenia, asplenia), or size (splenomegaly, splenic atrophy); solitary lesions (eg, cysts, lymphangiomas, hemangiomas, hamartomas); multiple focal lesions (eg, trauma, infection and inflammation, neoplasms, storage disorders); and diffuse disease without focal lesions (eg, infarction, heavy metal deposition, hemangioendotheliomas, peliosis). A variety of imaging modalities can be used in splenic assessment, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and technetium-99m scintigraphy. The imaging appearance of the pediatric spleen depends on the patient's age and the modality used; however, familiarity with the spectrum of radiologic patterns of splenic involvement will facilitate correct diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Abscessed splenic hydatid cyst: sonographic and CT findings

Splenic hydatid cyst abscess formation is extremely rare. We present a surgically proved case of abscessed hydatid cyst of the spleen with its appearance on sonography and computed tomography (CT). Although both imaging methods do not confirm a diagnosis of abscessed splenic hydatidosis, they are valuable examinations to support the diagnosis and define the extent of disease. Percutaneous drainage of splenic abscessed lesions must be avoided when hydatid disease is suspected.     

Cystic Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Multimodality Imaging with Pathologic Correlations

The cystic lesions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract demonstrate the various pathologic findings. Some lesions may present a diagnostic challenge because of non-specific imaging features; however, other lesions are easily diagnosed using characteristic radiologic features and anatomic locations. Cystic masses from the GI tract can be divided into several categories: congenital lesions, neoplastic lesions (cystic neoplasms, cystic degeneration of solid neoplasms), and other miscellaneous lesions. In this pictorial review, we describe the pathologic findings of various cystic lesions of the GI tract as well as the radiologic features of GI cystic lesions from several imaging modalities including a barium study, transabdominal ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.     

胰腺囊性病变的CT鉴别诊断

目的 探讨胰腺囊性病变的CT鉴别诊断。资料与方法 回顾性研究17例经手术及病理确诊的胰腺囊性病变的CT影像学特点，结合临床及病理特征，以此作为鉴别诊断的依据。结果 囊腺肿瘤6例，非功能性胰岛细胞肿瘤4例，胰腺癌囊变3例，胰腺癌合并囊肿2例，假性囊肿2例。结论 胰腺囊性病变的CT鉴别诊断须综合判断，除了分析囊壁的形态及分离等CT表现外，还应结合临床资料。     

Intracranial neurenteric cysts: imaging and pathology spectrum

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial neurenteric (NE) cysts are rare congenital lesions that may be mistaken for other, more common non-neoplastic cysts as well as cystic neoplasms. We delineate the imaging spectrum, pathologic findings, and differential diagnosis of NE cysts. METHODS: History, imaging, surgical and pathologic findings were analyzed retrospectively in 18 patients with intracranial NE cysts. Fifteen were surgically proved cases; 3 exhibited classic imaging findings and are being followed clinically. RESULTS: Thirteen cysts were located in the posterior fossa; 12 of 13 were extra-axial. Size varied from 1.2 x 0.8 x 0.6 cm to 3.4 x 3 x 2.5 cm. Five were supratentorial, measuring from 7 x 5 x 3 to 9 x 6 x 7 cm. All were frontal and off the midline. Seven of 18 patients had CT scans. Cysts varied widely in attenuation. None enhanced. Eighteen of 18 had MR images. Sixteen of 18 were hyperintense, and 2 were isointense to CSF on T1-weighted imaging. Sixteen of 18 were hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging. All cysts were hyperintense to CSF on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences. Diffusion imaging was performed on 2 patients. One case showed mild restriction. Mild posterior rim enhancement was seen in 5 cases at the site where the cyst adhered to brain parenchyma. CONCLUSION: The imaging spectrum for NE cysts is broader than previously reported. Intracranial NE cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis for intracranial extra axial cystic lesions both above and below the tentorium.     

Hemorrhagic mesenteric cystic lymphangioma presenting with acute lower abdominal pain: the diagnostic clues on MR Imaging

A 32-year-old woman complained of acute lower abdominal pain. Computed tomography showed a complex multilocular cystic mass at the right adnexal region. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the origin of the mass to be the small bowel mesentery. Chemical-shift images detected septal fat of the cystic mass and suggested a small amount of fat within the locules of the cyst. A cystic tumor of the mesentery such as cystic lymphangioma, hemangioma, cystic mesothelioma, and dermoid was included in the differential diagnoses. The diagnosis of a hemorrhagic mesenteric cystic lymphangioma was confirmed at surgery and pathologic analysis. Cystic lymphangioma should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain. The detection of septal fat may be helpful in the diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma when it shows unusual radiological appearances.     

单侧肾癌和囊肿共存的分型及诊断

为了提高单侧肾癌和囊肿共存的诊断水平,回顾性分析10例单侧肾癌和囊肿共存的患者影像学结果。结果显示,分泌性尿路造影显示囊性占位,B型超声波提示增厚及不规则的囊性肿物。CT扫描示病灶不规则增厚,部分有壁结节、增厚分隔及钙化,实质部分有明显的早期强化。有的类似单纯囊肿,但至少一层能显示肿瘤密度影。提示,囊壁分隔及不规则增厚、壁结节和实质早期强化是CT诊断单侧肾癌和囊肿共存的重要依据。对囊肿基底要进行非常仔细的扫描,尽可能捕获到有上述特征的影像学改变,有时囊肿周围也可获得类似的特征性影像。     

髂骨原发囊样骨肿瘤及瘤样病变的影像学诊断

目的:分析髂骨囊样骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的影像学表现。方法:回顾性分析经穿刺或/和手术病理证实的46例髂骨囊样骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变影像学表现。46例全部行X线片检查,38例行CT检查,20例行MRI检查(增强16例)。结果:46例中骨肿瘤29例,其中良性肿瘤12例(骨巨细胞瘤4例,内生软骨瘤、软骨母细胞瘤各2例,血管瘤、骨母细胞瘤、骨样骨瘤、软骨黏液样纤维瘤各1例),恶性肿瘤17例(恶性巨细胞瘤、骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤各1例,软骨肉瘤、淋巴瘤各4例,骨肉瘤7例),肿瘤样病变17例(单纯性骨囊肿1例,邻关节骨囊肿、动脉瘤样骨囊肿、嗜酸性肉芽肿各2例,骨纤维异常增生症10例)。发病部位为髂翼39例,髋臼7例。病变主要表现为髂骨囊样骨质破坏,呈膨胀性改变30例,硬化环形成24例,病变内见钙化灶14例,软组织肿块20例。结论:常见的髂骨囊样骨肿瘤和肿瘤样病变一般都具有某些特征性的CT表现,必要时综合X线、MRI表现,可提高定性诊断符合率。     

鞍区囊性病变的MRI影像学表现

目的：探讨鞍区囊性病变的MRI影像学表现,以提高对此类病变的诊断水平。方法：37例鞍区囊性病变包括垂体腺瘤囊变16例、囊性颅咽管瘤5例、Rathke＇s囊肿5例、表皮样囊肿3例、蛛网膜囊肿5例、垂体脓肿3例。所有病例均行MRI平扫,其中32例行增强扫描。结果：鞍区病变以垂体瘤囊变最常见,主要表现为T1WI低信号,T2WI高信号,囊壁强化;颅咽管瘤、Rathke＇s囊肿信号较复杂,与囊内容物有关;蛛网膜囊肿、表皮样囊肿显示为与脑脊液信号;垂体脓肿增强扫描囊壁呈明显环形强化。结论：鞍区不同囊性病变具有一定MRI表现特点,结合临床病史多数病变可做出正确诊断。     

Imaging features of uncommon adrenal masses with histopathologic correlation.

Uncommon adrenal masses include cystic lesions (hydatid cyst, endothelial cyst), solid lesions (hemangioma, ganglioneuroma, angiosarcoma, primary malignant melanoma), and solid fatty lesions (myelolipoma, collision tumor). Most of these lesions do not have specific imaging features. The liquid content of adrenal cysts is clearly demonstrated on ultrasonographic scans, computed tomographic scans, and magnetic resonance images. Nevertheless, the histologic type cannot be predicted except at some stages of hydatid disease in which pathognomonic features are present. The most typical imaging features of hemangioma are phleboliths and enhancement of peripheral vascular lakes. Ganglioneuroma has nonspecific radiologic features, but this diagnosis should be considered in cases with early enhancement of fine septa and progressive filling. The radiologic features of angiosarcoma and primary malignant melanoma are nonspecific. A macroscopic lipid content within an adrenal mass is theoretically characteristic of myelolipoma. This diagnosis should be made with caution, especially when the lipid content is not predominant, because of the possible association with an adenoma.     

The radiology of cystic liver tumours

Six patients with cystic liver tumours are presented. The definitive diagnosis of such cystic lesions may be difficult and needle aspiration or biopsy or even operation may be necessary. Clinical and biochemical features may be helpful and in five of the six patients presented, the liver function tests were abnormal. In two patients, diagnostic imaging could not distinguish the tumour from a benign cyst. The differential diagnosis of such cystic liver tumours includes simple cyst, polycystic liver disease, hydatid, liver abscess, haematoma and biloma.