髋关节内侧入路应用解剖

目的:为髋关节内侧手术入路及如何避免易损伤结构提供解剖学依据。方法:对60侧成尸下肢标本,参照髋关节内侧入路的层次对相关结构和神经血管进行解剖观测。结果:耻骨肌由股神经支配占97.2%,由闭孔神经支配占2.8%;长收肌由闭孔神经前支支配,入肌点与同侧耻骨结节之间的距离为(71.4±23.2)mm(50~95mm);股薄肌由闭孔神经前支支配,入肌点与同侧耻骨结节之间的距离为(138.8±35.1)mm(105~175mm);短收肌和大收肌的前部纤维由闭孔神经后支支配,进入大收肌的神经入肌点与同侧耻骨结节之间距离为(122.2±18.4)mm(102~145mm)。结论:1、髂腰肌与耻骨肌间隙为腰丛分支与股神经的神经界面,耻骨肌与短收肌、大收肌的间隙为股神经和闭孔神经、坐骨神经神经界面。2、手术入路中长收肌是手术的重要标志性结构,从该肌外侧缘深入经缝匠肌与长收肌之间再经髂腰肌与耻骨肌间隙(神经界面)到达病变部位路径;从其内侧缘深入即为从长收肌与股薄肌间隙经短收肌、大收肌与耻骨肌间隙(神经界面)到手术部位路径。     

用下位肋间神经与股神经缝接治疗截瘫的解剖学探讨

用死后3小时以内的新鲜尸体,在腋中线后方和腹直肌外缘至后面,取第11肋间神经和肋下神经各1段;在腰大肌和髂肌间取股神经1段。用乙酰胆碱脂酶组织化学方法,观察了各段神经干的截面积、神经束(组)的面积、神经束的功能组合、神经束与结缔组织的比率、以及各段神经内运动性神经纤维的数量,计算了下位肋间神经与股神经上述各项数据的比率。结果表明股神经与下位肋间神经的各项比率悬殊。从解剖学角度看,用下位肋间神经与股神经缝接治疗截瘫的设想,可能收效甚微。     

脊柱胸腰段左侧胸膜外腹膜后手术入路的解剖观察及临床意义

目的：研究脊柱胸腰段（T11-L2）左侧胸膜外腹膜后的手术入路解剖,为该部位手术提供层次解剖学基础。方法：用15例10％甲醛固定的成人尸体标本（男10例,女5例）,按脊柱胸腰段椎体病灶的左侧胸膜外腹膜后手术入路逐层解剖,观察T11～L2椎体前外侧面的器官、血管和神经等结构的位置及毗邻关系,重点观察肋膈窦、腹膜腔和膈肌之间解剖关系。结果：（1）经左侧胸膜外腹膜后入路显露胸腰段脊柱,经过皮肤、浅筋膜,背部浅、深层肌及腹壁肌层,肋、肋间隙,在膈上、下推开壁胸膜和壁腹膜,剪开部分膈肌避开椎前的血管、神经、食管和胸导管即可显露T11-L2椎体。（2）左肋膈窦底由后向前,先后与12肋、11肋间神经血管和11肋平齐,在T11～T12左椎间孔处第11肋间神经与左肋膈窦底的上下距离为（34．3±1．0）mm,在左竖脊肌外缘为（21．4±0．8）mm,在左腋前线至胸前外侧壁二者平齐,向前内行渐低于左肋膈窦底部。结论：左侧胸膜外腹膜后入路经膈肌与壁腹膜和膈胸膜之间隙可显露T11～L2椎体,第11肋间动静脉和肋间神经的走行可作为肋膈窦底的参考标志。     

胸小肌移植重建拇对掌功能的神经解剖学研究

目的为临床应用胸小肌移植重建拇对掌功能手术过程中神经吻接提供解剖学依据。方法解剖观测胸内侧神经及尺神经深支分支特点,比较相关神经有髓神经纤维数目,确定手术过程中神经吻接。结果胸内侧神经为胸小肌的主要支配神经,其在第3肋间隙近锁骨中线处入胸小肌,有髓神经纤维计数为(868±130)根;尺神经深支穿出内侧肌间隔后在第3、4掌骨间隙分别发出两明显肌支,其有髓神经纤维计数分别为(394±49)根、(708±78)根;P3L4(尺神经深支在第4掌骨间隙的分支,其分布于第3骨间掌侧肌和第4蚓状肌)与胸内侧神经、正中神经返支有髓神经纤维数目都比较接近。结论胸小肌移植重建拇对掌功能手术中,在切取胸小肌时以胸内侧神经作为供体神经,以第3肋间隙与锁骨中线交点为标记寻找该神经;尺神经深支中P3L4肌支与胸内侧神经吻合最匹配。     

多血管神经蒂腹内斜肌瓣修复面瘫的应用解剖

目的：为了探索晚期面瘫动力性修复中多神经支配的供区，提供多血管神经蒂腹内斜肌瓣的应用解剖学基础。方法：在２２侧红色乳胶灌注的成人尸体上，测量观察了腹内斜肌的神经支配及血供情况。结果：腹内斜肌主要接受第１１肋间神经和肋下神经支配的占９０．９％，接受第１０、１１肋间神经和肋下神经支配的占９．１％。第１１肋间神经入肌处至腋后线的平均长度为１２．７ｃｍ，肋下神经入肌处至腋后线的平均长度为１２．９ｃｍ，血供主要来源于第１１肋间动脉、肋下动脉和旋髂深动脉的腹壁肌支，在腹内斜肌和腹横肌筋膜之间有丰富的血管吻合。结论：可利用腹内斜肌多血管神经支配的特点，设计超长吻合多血管神经蒂的腹内斜肌瓣跨面移植治疗晚期面瘫的新术式。     

多血管神经蒂腹内斜肌瓣修复面瘫的解剖学基础

目的：为多血管神经蒂腹内斜肌瓣修复晚期面瘫提供解剖学基础。方法：在３６侧成尸标本上,对腹内斜肌的形态、血供及神经支配进行解剖观测。结果：腹内斜肌中部上１／２肌腹主要由第１１肋间神经支配,下１／２肌腹主要由肋下神经支配。上１／２肌腹的血供６６．７％来自第１１肋间后动脉,３３．３％来自旋髂深动脉的髂嵴支;下１／２肌腹的血供主要来自旋髂深动脉的腹壁肌支。第１１肋间神经、肋下神经在腋后线横径分别为２．２ｍｍ和２．４ｍｍ,入肌点距腋后线长分别为１３．３ｃｍ和１３．８ｃｍ。第１１肋间后动脉在腋后线外径为１．７ｍｍ,入肌点距腋后线长为１３．１ｃｍ;旋髂深动脉腹壁肌支和髂嵴支的起始外径分别为１．３ｍｍ和１．８ｍｍ,入肌点至起点长分别为５．１ｃｍ和８．６ｃｍ。结论：吻合多血管神经腹内斜肌瓣移植可全面修复晚期面瘫     

髂腹股沟入路相关解剖学研究

目的：为髂腹股沟入路如何避免易损伤结构提供解剖学依据。方法：对20侧成尸骨盆标本,按照手术进路的层次对相关结构和神经血管进行解剖观测。结果：（1）髂外血管与闭孔血管的吻合支直径为（2.56±0.72）mm,与耻骨联合的距离为（52.41±8.12）mm。（2）股神经由腰大肌和髂肌间穿出处至腹股沟韧带间的距离为（32.58±3.97）mm,在穿腹股沟韧带处与腹股沟韧带的垂直距离为（14.33±3.00）mm。（3）坐骨神经出骨盆时,与坐骨大切迹的距离为（15.53±3.6）mm。结论：在手术先后显露耻骨上支、髂窝及坐骨大切迹时,注意不要损伤髂外血管与闭孔血管的吻合支、股神经和坐骨神经。     

股神经比邻关系与嵌压症的显微外科神经松解术

在观察９侧成人髂腰部解剖标本股神经干髂腰部比邻关系的基础上，改进了髂腰部股神经手术探查入路，对６侧股神经嵌压症患者施显微外科神经松解术，术后随访一年以上，股四头肌功能恢复满意。     

生殖股神经腰大肌内段的应用解剖

目的:研究腰椎左侧神经血管的解剖学参数,为腰椎腹腔镜左侧入路提供解剖学依据.方法:对16例经甲醛固定的成人防腐固定腰椎标本和2具新鲜标本进行观测.观察左侧生殖股神经的穿出方式、位置,并测量其相关数据;显露腰大肌内走行的生殖股神经并测量相关数据.结果:生殖股神经全部从腰大肌内穿出,以共干穿出者占68.75%(11/16),以两个单支穿出者占31.25%(5/16),其位置平均位于腰3上段.穿出点到腰大肌外侧缘、髂前上棘平面的距离分别为(18.20±6.24)mm、(109.24±20.53)mm;生殖股神经在腰2～3椎间盘水平有17侧经过,其到腰大肌前缘的距离为(19.25±6.69)mm、外侧缘的距离为(14.07±6.21)mm;在腰3～4椎间盘水平有3侧经过,其到腰大肌前缘的距离为( 7.95±3.88)mm、外侧缘的距离为(17.80±9.18)mm.结论:为避免损伤生殖股神经,内镜下腰椎侧方经腰大肌至椎间盘入路的选择依次为腰4～5、腰2～3、腰3～4.     

异常股神经1例

正在解剖1老年男性尸体时,发现股神经自内向外由3个根在腹股沟韧带稍上方汇合而成,此种变异罕见,现报道如下。在腰大肌深面,距髂嵴上方垂直距离为3.0 cm处,由第1腰神经前支和第2腰神经前支汇合后形成的神经干向下与第3腰神经前支汇合形成一神经干,该干下行,在距髂嵴上方垂直距离为1.0 cm处,该干先发出股外侧皮神经和股神经外侧根两个分支,其中外侧根起始处横径为2.78 mm,在距腹股沟韧带上方垂直距离为6.4 cm处穿出腰大肌外侧缘,沿髂肌表面斜行向外下方;后该干继续下行至第5腰椎上缘水平,与第     

Anatomical feasibility of transferring the obturator and genitofemoral nerves to repair lumbosacral plexus nerve root avulsion injuries

Nerve transfer is a valid surgical procedure for restoring lower‐extremity function after lumbosacral plexus nerve root avulsion. We determined the anatomical feasibility of transferring the obturator and genitofemoral nerves for this purpose. The obturator, genitofemoral and femoral nerves, and the S1 and S2 nerve roots on both sides were exposed in 10 cadaver specimens. We traced all nerves to their origins. The lengths of the obturator and genitofemoral nerves were measured from their origins to their exits from the abdominal cavity. The transverse and longitudinal diameters of all nerves were measured. Specimens were obtained to determine the total number of myelinated fibers in each nerve. The proximal part of the left obturator nerve was anastomosed with the distal part of the right femoral nerve, between the vertebrae and the peritoneum, with an overlap of 2–3 cm. Similarly, the proximal parts of the right obturator and genitofemoral nerves were anastomosed with the ipsilateral S1 and S2 nerve roots, respectively, with an overlap of 2–4 cm. The obturator nerve contained approximately one‐third of the number of fibers (4,300–7,800) presenting in the femoral nerve (13,500–21,000). Similarly, the number of fibers found in the S1 nerve root was in the range 5,200–8,900. The genitofemoral nerve contained approximately half the number of fibers (3,000–4,500) presenting in the S2 nerve root (4,600–8,400). The obturator and genitofemoral nerves could be suitable donor nerves for repairing lumbosacral plexus nerve root avulsion. Clin. Anat. 27:783–788, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Origin and course of nerves immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide surrounding the femoral artery in rat

Appreciation of anatomic relationships between perivascular nerve fibers and blood vessels is essential in reconstructive surgery. We examined the origin and neural connections of perivascular nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide surrounding the femoral artery that regulate vascular tone. We used immunohistochemistry, denervation, and retrograde labeling methods. Peptide-immunoreactive fibers surrounding the femoral artery formed a complex network, with numerous small fibers extending from nerve fiber bundles located in the perivascular connective tissue. In middle and distal arterial segments, these fibers originated from the femoral nerve, the arterys main accompanying nerve. More proximally, fibers arose from the genitofemoral nerve and sympathetic nerves. Nerve branches terminating in various arterial segments had origins corresponding to those of somatic sensory nerve fibers, although pathways innervating the femoral artery took different courses.     

Microanatomical study on the functional origin and direction of the thoracodorsal nerve from the trunks of brachial plexus

Ipsilateral C7 nerve root transfer or neurotization has been used for the repair of brachial plexus avulsions. In this procedure, the ipsilateral C7 nerve root is used as a donor nerve and is implanted into the damaged nerve of the brachial plexus in order to reinnervate distal muscles. However, this procedure may result in unintended injury to the thoracodorsal nerve, which receives motor fascicles form the cervical nerves of C6, C7, and C8, but mainly from C7. Damage to the thoracodorsal nerve ultimately results in weakness or paralysis of the latissimus dorsi muscle, which it innervates. In the present study, 20 adult cadaveric brachial plexus specimens and 3 fresh specimens were dissected using microscopy. The origin and direction of motor fascicles from the three trunks of the brachial plexus to the thoracodorsal nerve were investigated. Motor fiber counts of C7 and the thoracodorsal nerve were also performed. Several observations can be made: (1) The origin of the thoracodorsal nerve can be divided into three types: Type A, the thoracodorsal nerve originated from the superior and middle trunks; Type B, the thoracodorsal nerve originated from the inferior and middle trunks; and Type C, the thoracodorsal nerve originated from all three trunks. (2) More than 52% of the motor fibers in the thoracodorsal nerve originated in the C7 nerve root. (3) Motor fascicles from C7 to the thoracodorsal nerve were mostly localized in the posterior-internal part of C7 at the trunk-division boundary. In conclusion, we suggest that: (1) Because of variation in the origin of the thoracodorsal nerve, electromyography should be routinely performed intraoperatively during C7 nerve root transfer to determine the origin type and avoid thoracodorsal fascicle injury. (2) Preservation of the posterior-internal part of C7 (selective C7 transfer) can protect thoracodorsal nerve fascicles from damage and prevent postoperative dysfunction of the latissimus dorsi muscle.     

On the organization of the Plexus lumbalis. I. On the recognition of the three-layered divisions and the systematic description of the branches of the human femoral nerve.

The arrangement of the nerve bundles at the branching point of the femoral nerve (F), the interrelations of the branches each other and toward other nerves in the anterior region of the thigh, and the patterns and the anatomical features of both the running courses and the distributions of the branches were macroscopically studied, whereby some special findings were observed and the following results were obtained: 1) The periphery of the femoral nerve was fundamentally divided into superficial-deeply arranged three-layered divisions. Including the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve (Rf) and the femoral lateral cutaneous nerve (Cfl), the nerve branches at the anterior region of the thigh were totally divided into five-layered divisions. 2) The cutaneous branches of each division including Rf or Cfl could be classified in three groups: the medial cutaneous branches (m), the anterior cutaneous branches (a), and the lateral cutaneous branches (l). Based on the above results, the branches could be described systematically. Parallelly, several accessory bundles of F penetrating the psoas major muscle were observed, and two types of accessory femoral nerves (F') could be distinguished: One was higher on the segmentation and mainly flew into the 1st division of F. While the other distributed only to the medial region of the thigh. To clarify the segmental or stratifical natures of the branches of each division, F', and the interrelations among them, analyses of the nerve fibers were undertaken under the operational microscope. Consequently, the segmental differences between the divisions were distinct, and the medial branches or F'm obviously contained ventral components. Thus, when a component originated from the higher segments, it distributed to the proximal region generally taking a superficial course; when it originated from the lower ones, it distributed to the distal region of the thigh forming the deeper division; when it belonged to the ventral stratum, it distributed to the medial region; and when it belonged to the dorsal stratum, it distributed to the lateral region. On the occasion of the fiber analysis, it was found that each root of the lumbar nerve was generally divided into two or three subsegmentally-arranged subroots that divided themselves into some fasciculi arranged micro-segmentally. A minute analysis of the segmentations of the nerves became possible because of the above characteristics.     

Femoral nerve entrapment: a new insight

Compression of the femoral nerve in the iliac fossa has been reported as a consequence of several pathologies, but never as a result of muscular compression. Aberrant slips of iliacus, however, have occasionally been reported to cover or split the femoral nerve. This study aimed to assess such variations as potential factors in femoral nerve compression. A large and homogeneous sample of 121 embalmed cadavers (242 specimens) was studied. Statistical comparisons were made using the chi-squared test. Muscular slips from iliacus and psoas, piercing or covering the femoral nerve, were found in 19 specimens (7.9%). No significant differences by sex or side were found. The more frequent variation was piercing of the femoral nerve by a muscular slip (17 specimens, 7.0%). The nerve then entered the thigh as one or more branches. The less frequent variation found was a muscular slip or sheet covering the femoral nerve as it lay on iliacus (2 specimens, 0.8%). Each disposition may be a potential risk for nerve entrapment.     

股神经和闭孔神经肌支转位的解剖学测量和神经纤维定量

目的　探索股神经肌支转位修复闭孔神经损伤与闭孔神经肌支修复股神经损伤的应用解剖。 方法　游标卡尺测量20具成人尸体股神经和闭孔神经肌支的长度;6具死亡3~10 h内尸体,其股神经和闭孔神经的肌支经Karnovsky-Roots法染色后,图像分析仪测量它们的横切面积和神经纤维数量。 结果　股神经肌支中股内侧肌长支最长,近端横断面积最大;闭孔神经肌支中股薄肌支最长,大收肌支近端横切面积最大。每条肌支内均以躯体运动纤维含量最高,股神经肌支中股内侧肌长支躯体运动纤维数量最多,而闭孔神经肌支中大收肌支最多,其次是股薄肌支。各肌支中γ-薄髓神经纤维的含量,股神经的肌支中以股内侧肌短支和股直肌支较高;而闭孔神经肌支中短收肌支含量最高。 结论　基于各肌支长度、近端横断面积和神经纤维数量的综合考虑,股神经和闭孔神经损伤修复中,股内侧肌长支和股薄肌支宜为供体神经;股内侧肌短支和股直肌支以及大收肌支宜为受体神经。     

Variant slips of psoas and iliacus muscles,with splitting of the femoral nerve

In bilateral dissections of 68 cadavers, four examples were found unilaterally of variant slips of iliacus and psoas major muscles. In three of them the femoral nerve was pierced by the variant slip. One of these variants was a previously undocumented accessory slip of iliacus, originating from the iliolumbar ligament, passing inferiorly anterior to iliacus, and traversing the femoral nerve; its tendon split to be attached proximally to the lesser trochanter of the femur and distally to an unknown insertion. Such anomalies might cause tension on the femoral nerve resulting in referred pain to the hip and knee joints and to the lumbar dermatomes L2,3 and 4. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Descriptive anatomy of the femoral portion of the iliopsoas muscle. Anatomical basis of anterior snapping of the hip

Anterior hip snapping is a rare clinical observation. The physiopathological hypothesis currently held is a sudden slip of the iliopsoas tendon over the iliopectineal eminence. For symptomatic cases, a surgical technique is proposed. The aim of this work is to describe the anatomy of the femoral portion of the iliopsoas, which is the target of surgery. We have studied, through dissection of embalmed cadavers, the different components of the musculotendinous complex forming the femoral portion of the muscle and the gliding apparatus associated with it. The psoas major tendon exhibited a characteristic rotation. The iliacus tendon, more lateral, received the most medial iliacus muscular fibers, then fused with the main tendon. The most lateral fibers, starting in particular from the ventral portion of the iliac crest, ended up without any tendon on the anterior surface of the lesser trochanter and in the infratrochanteric region. The most inferior muscular fibers of the iliacus, starting from the arcuate line, joined the principal tendon of the psoas major passing around it by its ventromedial surface. An ilio-infratrochanteric muscular bundle was observed, in a deeper position, under the iliopsoas tendon; it arose from the interspinous incisure and on the anterior inferior iliac spine, ran along the anterolateral edge of the iliacus and inserted without any tendon onto the anterior surface of the lesser trochanter of the femur and in the infratrochanteric area. The iliopectineal bursa was studied on horizontal cross sections of a frozen pelvis and on 5 of the non-frozen preparations after dividing the iliopsoas tendon. The iliopectineal bursa had the shape of a 5 to 6-cm high and 3-cm wide cavity; in its upper part, it was divided into 2 compartments: a medial compartment for the main tendon and a lateral compartment for the accessory tendon.     

根据肌内神经分布定位髂腰肌和腰方肌痉挛的阻滞靶点

目的　通过探索髂腰肌和腰方肌的肌内神经分布模式,定位其肌痉挛时肉毒毒素A的阻滞靶点。 方法　12具24侧中国成人尸体髂腰肌和腰方肌。改良的Sihler’s染色法显示肌内神经分布。 结果　髂腰肌和腰方肌的神经支配源于T12和L1～L4脊神经分支。腰大肌肌腹上1/2区内有一神经分支密集区,位于肌长的（12.10±0.65）%～（43.20±1.17）%水平,其中心点在肌长（23.90±0.82）%水平,向内平对第三腰椎体中部;髂肌中央有一与髂嵴平行的蚕豆形神经密集区,其中心点位于髂腰肌肌长的（58.0±1.61）%水平,向外平对髂结节;腰方肌的内上和下1/3部各存在1个肌内神经密集区,其中心点分别平对第一和第三腰椎体下部。 结论　这些肌内神经密集区及中心的定位研究能指导临床医生注射肉毒毒素A接近其作用部位。     

Descriptive anatomy of the femoral portion of the iliopsoas muscle. Anatomical basis of anterior snapping of the hip

Abstract: Anterior hip snapping is a rare clinical observation. The physiopathological hypothesis currently held is a sudden slip of the iliopsoas tendon over the iliopectineal eminence. For symptomatic cases, a surgical technique is proposed. The aim of this work is to describe the anatomy of the femoral portion of the iliopsoas, which is the target of surgery. We have studied, through dissection of embalmed cadavers, the different components of the musculotendinous complex forming the femoral portion of the muscle and the gliding apparatus associated with it. The psoas major tendon exhibited a characteristic rotation. The iliacus tendon, more lateral, received the most medial iliacus muscular fibers, then fused with the main tendon. The most lateral fibers, starting in particular from the ventral portion of the iliac crest, ended up without any tendon on the anterior surface of the lesser trochanter and in the infratrochanteric region. The most inferior muscular fibers of the iliacus, starting from the arcuate line, joined the principal tendon of the psoas major passing around it by its ventromedial surface. An ilio-infratrochanteric muscular bundle was observed, in a deeper position, under the iliopsoas tendon; it arose from the interspinous incisure and on the anterior inferior iliac spine, ran along the anterolateral edge of the iliacus and inserted without any tendon onto the anterior surface of the lesser trochanter of the femur and in the infratrochanteric area. The iliopectineal bursa was studied on horizontal cross sections of a frozen pelvis and on 5 of the non-frozen preparations after dividing the iliopsoas tendon. The iliopectineal bursa had the shape of a 5 to 6-cm high and 3-cm wide cavity; in its upper part, it was divided into 2 compartments a medial compartment for the main tendon and a lateral compartment for the accessory tendon.