无锡市流感病毒抗体水平调查

目的调查无锡市人群中甲型、乙型流感病毒抗体水平和新甲型H1N1流感病毒传人前后人群中抗体水平,并对新甲型H1N1流感病毒传人1年后自然人群中成人抗体水平与接种新甲型H1N1流感疫苗后1年的成人抗体水平进行比较。方法收集2008年9月至2009年5月、2010年9月至2011年1月无锡市不同年龄段人群血清和接种新甲型HIN1流感疫苗1年的成人血清,用血凝抑制（HI）试验测定抗体,并比较不同时间段各人群中的流感抗体阳性率、保护率和几何平均滴度（GMT）。结果新甲型H1N1流感病毒传入前,无锡市自然人群的HI抗体阳性率为2．86％（4／140）,保护率为0．71％（1／140）,GMT为5．23。新甲型H1N1流感病毒传入1年后,自然人群的HI抗体阳性率为66．33％,保护率为37．76％、GMT为19．17;其中成人HI抗体阳性率、保护率和GMT分别为50．00％、19．44％和13．09。接种新甲型H1N1流感疫苗的成人1年后HI抗体阳性率、保护率和GMT分别为61．36％、22．73％和14．14,与自然人群中成人在流感病毒传入1年后的抗体水平差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。无锡市人群中甲型与乙型流感病毒HI抗体水平分别为：H1N1病毒抗体阳性率为55．00％,保护率为35．00％,GMT16．90;H3N2抗体阳性率为86．40％,保护率为84．30％,GMT为58．56。结论新甲型H1N1流感病毒传入无锡市1年后,自然人群中新甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体阳性率、保护率和GMT均已达到季节性流感抗体水平。同时人群中已有一定水平的甲型、乙型流感病毒抗体,近期不会发生较大的季节性流感疫情。     

深圳市龙岗区2010年人群血清流感抗体水平监测

目的了解深圳市龙岗区部分健康人群的流感病毒抗体水平,为预防和控制疫情提供依据。方法应用血凝集抑制试验对深圳市龙岗区不同年龄组健康人群的血清进行流感病毒抗体检测。结果人群中各型及亚型病毒株的抗体阳性率均在50%以下,对新H1N1、H1N1、H3N2、BV和BY毒株的抗体阳性率分别37.4%、35.7%、36.9%、21.7%和39.8%,抗体几何平均滴度分别为43.3、47.5、42.0、33.2和29.5。结论应继续加强流感病毒抗原变异株和人群流感病毒抗体水平的监测,预测流感流行趋势,为预防和控制流感疫情提供科学依据。     

2010—2011年北京市四次甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体水平动态变化分析

目的了解和掌握北京市不同人群对甲型H1N1流感的免疫水平。方法在2010年1月-2011年4月期间,四次采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,在北京市六个区分年龄组随机选取调查对象进行问卷调查,并采集血清标本进行甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体检测。结果共选取调查对象18264名。5456名（28．9％）调查对象体内甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体为阳性。总体人群甲型H1N1流感抗体滴度主要集中在1：40—1：320,其中抗体滴度为1：40的人数占总体阳性数的比例达41．61％。同一时间点不同年龄组问、同一年龄组的不同时间点间,血凝抑制（HI）保护性抗体阳性率、抗体GMT水平比较的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。HI保护性抗体阳性率和抗体GMT存在地区差异（P〈0．05）。不同职业人群间HI保护性抗体阳性率和抗体GMT水平比较差异存在统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论目前北京市人群中已有超过25％的人群具有甲型H1N1流感病毒保护性抗体,甲型H1N1流感疫苗接种与HI抗体阳性存在相关性,普通人群中已经建立了一定的免疫屏障,但抗体滴度水平较低。     

惠州市流感病原学监测结果分析

目的对我市流感样病例标本进行病原学检测,分析其病原学特点,为流感防控提供病原学依据。方法采用MDCK细胞（狗肾细胞）培养法分离流感病毒,用血凝抑制试验对病毒株进行分型鉴定。结果从哨点医院采集的520份标本中共分离出流感病毒4l株,分离率为7．9％,以新甲型H1N1为主。其中新甲型H1N126株（63．4％）,H3N2型5株（12．2％）,B（Yamagata）型1株（2．4％）．B（Victoria）型9株（22．0％）。流感流行高峰出现在春季的1—3月和秋季的8-9月。健康人群血清中流感抗体的阳性率不高,最高为新甲型H1N1抗体阳性率41．9％,最低为B（Yamagata）的抗体阳性率,仅8．1％。对2010年2株新甲型H1N1进行基因测序,结果显示甲型H1N1基因未发生变异,暂时不会造成大的流行。结论惠州市流感病毒的流行时间有明显的季节性,活动相对平缓,新甲型H1N1流感病毒是春季的优势毒株,下半年逐渐转变为H3N2型流感病毒。     

2000～2002年我国流行的甲3(H3N2)亚型流感病毒抗原性及基因特性的研究

目的 了解2000～2002年我国流行的甲3流感病毒HA基因突变及其抗原变异情况。方法 鸡胚传代流感病毒，收获尿囊液作为抗原性分析抗原并提取病毒的RNA，进行逆转录—聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)，扩增产物用纯化试剂盒纯化后测序，用MegAlign软件进行基因种系发生树分析。结果 与A/武汉/359/1995(H3N2)、A／Sydney／5／1997(H3N2)相比，2000～2002年我国分离到的甲3亚型流感病毒的血凝素重链区氨基酸序列存在差异。2001～2002年分离到的甲3毒株与2000年分离出的毒株的血凝素蛋白重链区(HA2)氨基酸序列有4个位点差异，它们分别位于83、186、202和222位，其中83和186分别位于抗原决定簇E和B区，其余均位于受体结合位点(RBS)的左臂。结论 2000～2002年分离到的甲3亚型流感病毒的基因特性发生突变并导致其抗原性发生漂移。     

2004-2008年我国流行的A型流感病毒抗原性及HA1基因特性的研究

目的 了解我国2004-2008年A(H1N1、H3N2)型流感病毒流行情况、抗原性和基因特性变异关系,了解疫苗株与我国流行株之间抗原性变化情况.方法 选择2004年以来我国分离的A(H1N1、H3N2)型流感病毒进行抗原性及HA1区基因序列,通过比对HA1蛋白位点变异情况,分析我国流感病毒抗原性及基因特性变化情况.结果 A(H1N1)亚型流感毒株抗原性2004-2007年分离的A(H1N1)亚型流感病毒的抗原性与疫苗株A/New Caledonia/20/1999(H1N1)类似;2008年我国流行的A(H1N1)亚型毒株的抗原性与2008-2009年北半球的流感疫苗株A/Brisben/59/2007(H1N1)类似.2004-2005年分离的A(H3N2)亚型流感病毒的抗原性与疫苗株A/Fujian/411/12002(H3N2)比较发生了变异;2006-2007年我国流行的H3N2毒株与A/Wiscansin/67/2006(H3N2)类似,2008年我国流行的H3N2毒株与疫苗株A/Brisben/10/2006(H3N2)类似.结论 2004-2008年我国流行的A(H1N1、H3N2)亚型流感病毒的抗原性和基因特性发生了改变.     

江门市居民甲型H1N1流感病毒血清抗体的调查分析

目的了解江门市各年龄段人群甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体水平,为完善甲型H1N1流感疫情防控措施提供科学依据。方法采取多阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取研究对象480人,进行血清标本采集和问卷调查,应用红细胞血凝抑制方法检测甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体。结果人群甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体阳性率为19.38%,0～、6～、16～、25～和60岁以上组的甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体阳性率分别为22.09%、27.36%、24.47%、14.58%和8.16%。6～24岁的甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体阳性率较高,为51.83%,无症状抗体阳性率达12.61%。抗体阳性率在不同年龄、性别和职业上差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论江门市甲型H1N1流感病毒感染状况各年龄段不同,青少年抗体阳性率较高,老年人抗体阳性率相对较低,男性抗体阳性率高于女性。     

抗甲3型流感病毒多克隆抗体和单克隆抗体对当前毒株(H_3N_2)的抗原性分析

我国被认为是流感病毒大流行株的发源地及新变异株的多发地［１］。当前流感病毒在人群中仍同时流行着Ｈ３Ｎ２和Ｈ１Ｎ１亚型及乙型流感病毒，优势毒株为Ｈ３Ｎ２亚型［２］。因此，很有必要了解甲３型流感病毒的变异动态。作者分别以鸡抗甲３型多克隆抗体和抗血凝素（Ｈ...     

韶关市1998—2007年流感流行与监测分析

目的 了解韶关地区1998-2007年流感流行情况，探讨流行特征，提供防治建议。方法 根据韶关地区流感监测和疫情资料进行流感流行分析。结果 1998-2007年共采集流感样患者标本5062人份，经分离鉴定流感病毒阳性303株，分离率为5．99％。在303株流感病毒株中，H3亚型流感病毒245株（80．86％），B型流感病毒34株（11、22％），H1亚型流感病毒20株（6、60％），首次发现禽H9流感病毒感染人，并检出禽H9亚型流感病毒4株（1．32％）。10年内共报告疫情128起，以3～7月份为爆发高峰，以中、小学校居多，以H3亚型流感病毒引起的疫情见多，其次为B型流感。监测中采集一般人群血清596份，流感病毒川、H3、B1、B2型抗体阳性率分别为57、72％、69、30％、40、77％、27、68％；采集职业暴露人群血清366份，流感病毒H5和H9抗体阳性率分别是0．27％和33、08％。结论 韶关市近10年的流感流行优势株为H3亚型，流感流行高峰在3～7月，进入2000年后流感活动有所加强，一般人群血清流感抗体均有下降趋势，对此应做好加强监测及措施，防范流感在本市的大规模流行。首次在本市发现禽H9亚型流感病毒感染人事件，建议继续加强禽流感的监测。     

流感病毒型别及亚型的多重RT-PCR方法快速检测

目的为适应流感疫情监测中快速诊断的需要,建立敏感特异的流感病毒多重逆转录PCR(MRTPCR)检测方法。方法对甲1型(H1N1)、甲3型(H3N2)、乙型流感病毒的血凝素(HA)基因保守区域分别设计引物进行MRTPCR。另设计了两对引物对H1N1和H3N2亚型流感病毒的神经氨酸酶(NA)N1、N2作亚型判断。结果MRTPCR可特异性检测出各型流感病毒的目的片段,相互间无交叉反应。二次PCR反应后对H1N1、H3N2流感病毒的检测灵敏度可达0.10TCID50/50μl以下,对乙型流感病毒的检测灵敏度可达0.01TCID50/50μl以下。应用此方法也可特异性地检测出H1N1和H3N2流感病毒的NA基因。结论用MRTPCR从临床患者含漱液标本中检出相关流感病毒的灵敏度要高于用狗肾传代细胞(MDCK)或鸡胚分离的灵敏度,达到了快速、敏感、正确检测流感病毒及其亚型的目的。     

甲型H1N1流行性感冒疫苗接种人群的血清抗体分析

目的:了解接种甲型H1N1流行性感冒(流感)疫苗后,人群中血清抗体的变化情况,为甲型H1N1流感疫苗的接种提供依据。方法:随机采集不同年龄已接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗人群的血清,采用血凝抑制实验检测血清中甲型H1N1流感抗体的血凝抑制滴度(HI滴度),HI滴度≥1∶40判定为阳性,同时调查采样对象的甲型H1N1流感疫苗与季节性流感疫苗的接种史。结果:甲型H1N1流感抗体阳性率为57.4%(402份/700份),抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶35.6;甲型H1N1流感抗体阳性率与GMT较高的是10～30岁组人群,较低的是60岁以上的人群;接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后30～90天,GMT水平达到高峰(1∶56);随着季节性流感疫苗接种次数的增多,人群血清中甲型H1N1流感抗体的阳性率与GMT值反而降低。结论:青少年与成人接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗的免疫效果比儿童和老年人的好;甲型H1N1流感疫苗对人群的保护作用能持续90天左右;甲型H1N1流感抗体在0～10岁组,10～30岁组人群中持续的时间比30～60岁,>60岁组人群长;多次接种季节性流感疫苗可能会影响甲型H1N1流感抗体的产生。建议对儿童和老年人开展双倍剂量甲型H1N1流感疫苗接种;甲型H1N1流感疫苗的接种时间最好在流行期前1～3月内,并且应每年接种一次。     

High doses of purified influenza A virus hemagglutinin significantly augment serum and nasal secretion antibody responses in healthy young adults.

The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of purified influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) vaccines administered intramuscularly were evaluated in two placebo-controlled clinical trials. A total of 139 healthy young adults were randomized to receive increasing doses of monovalent influenza A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1) virus HA (range, 0 to 405 micrograms per dose [study 1]). An additional 139 subjects were given increasing doses of a trivalent HA vaccine containing equal amounts of A/H1N1 virus, A/Shanghai/16/89 (H3N2) virus, and influenza B/Yamagata/16/88 virus HA (range, 0 to 135 micrograms of HA per strain, 0 to 405 micrograms per dose) or a standard dose of commercial influenza vaccine (study 2). Increasing doses of HA were associated with increasing frequencies of symptoms at the vaccination site early after vaccination, but all doses were well tolerated. Occurrence of systemic symptoms was unrelated to dose. Increasing the dose of HA resulted in increasingly higher postimmunization levels of serum hemagglutination inhibiting and neutralizing antibody levels versus influenza A/H1N1 virus in study 1 (P < 0.05); these enhanced responses persisted for up to 6 months. Nasal secretory immunoglobulin A and G antibody responses were assessed 2 weeks after immunization with monovalent H1N1 virus HA; the frequencies of significant responses also increased in a dose-related fashion. Similar increases in serum antibody levels were noted for both A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 viruses in study 2. These data provide a basis for proceeding with the evaluation of high doses of purified HA in the elderly.     

2009年泉州市流感监测结果分析

目的了解泉州市2009年流感活动情况及其型别特征。结论通过流行病学和病原学监测,对泉州市流感流行情况进行分析。结果 2009年全市流感样病例占就诊人数的0.26%～2.34%;全年采集监测标本1392份,经RT-PCR法检测样本阳性率为22.34%;经MDCK细胞分离流感毒株134株,其中季节性H3N2和HINl型各占60.45%和11.19%,甲型H1N1流感占21.64%,B型占6.70%。结论 2009年泉州市流感春夏季以季节性H3N2亚型流感为优势毒株,秋冬季以甲型H1N1流感为流行株,需加强泉州市流感监测和流感病毒抗原变异研究。     

Humoral and cellular immune responses of seronegative children vaccinated with a cold-adapted influenza A/HK/123/77 (H1N1) recombinant virus.

Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of young, seronegative children were assessed after intranasal vaccination with a cold-adapted influenza. A/HK/77 (H1N1) CR 35 recombinant virus. Vaccines shedding influenza virus experienced a rise in hemagglutinin-inhibition antibody 15 to 30 days after vaccination. Vaccinees showed low but significant lymphocyte transformation to A/USSR (H1N1) by day 8 after vaccination, which decreased to prevaccination levels at 30 to 34 days. The lymphocyte transformation response occurred before serum antibody rises were detected by hemagglutinin-inhibition assay. No change in lymphocyte responsiveness was observed after vaccination as measured by phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Lymphocytes responded to in vitro incubation with inactivated influenza (H1N1) virus by producing interferon. The interferon produced was of type I and was observed in vaccinees and nonvaccinees both before and after vaccination.     

Safety of and serum antibody response to cold-recombinant influenza A and inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccines in older adults with chronic diseases.

Forty older adults with chronic diseases were vaccinated intranasally with either influenza A/California/10/78 (H1N1) (CR37) or influenza A/Washington/897/80 (H3N2) (CR48) virus. No clinically significant morbidity or decrement in pulmonary function occurred postvaccination. Two (15%) recipients of CR37 virus and twelve (44%) recipients of CR48 virus became infected with vaccine virus, as indicated by a fourfold rise in serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer; a fourfold rise in serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgA antibody titer, indicated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; isolation of vaccine virus from nasal washings; or all of these. Within 1 year after cold-recombinant vaccine virus vaccination, 18 vaccines received inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccine parenterally. Of the vaccinees, 13 (72%) developed a fourfold rise in serum antibody titer to H1N1 antigen and 16 (89%) developed a fourfold rise in serum antibody titer to H3N2 antigen. We conclude that administration of these cold-recombinant vaccine viruses to older adults with chronic diseases was safe, but that serum antibody response rates were lower than those achieved with subsequently administered inactivated influenza virus vaccine given parenterally. However, the higher seroconversion rates attained by using the inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccine do not necessarily mean that it is more efficacious in preventing infection or severe illness or both due to natural wild-type influenza A virus.     

Anti-influenza immunity and the prediction of influenza morbidity in the upcoming epidemic season

The possibility of practical use of an increase in the level of antibody to a future causative agent of epidemic from minimal to the "critical" level in the human population against the background of a relative epidemic-free state in a town as a prepotent of an epidemic increase of influenza incidence was studied. During 4 spring and 3 autumn seasons (1978--1981) titres of antihemagglutinins to influenza A (H3N2) and B viruses were determined in 200--250 blood serum specimens from residents of Moscow selected with similar age distribution for each season against a working reference human serum. From the analysis of the antibody dynamics influenza A (H3N2) epidemic in 1979 and influenza B epidemic in 1980 were timely prognosed.     

Comparison of long-term systemic and secretory antibody responses in children given live, attenuated, or inactivated influenza A vaccine

A comparison of inactivated intramuscular and live intranasal influenza A vaccines in young children undergoing primary immunization might be expected to show differences in serum and local mucosal antibody responses. To demonstrate such differences, serum and local respiratory tract antibody responses of young children vaccinated with intranasal live, attenuated, cold-adapted (H3N2 or H1N1), or intramuscular inactivated (H3N2) influenza A vaccines were examined for one year after vaccination. Antibody responses were measured by hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and class-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One year after vaccination, live intranasal vaccinees had significantly less decay of serum HAI (p = 0.025) and IgG antibody (p = 0.01) directed against the influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase than did intramuscular inactivated vaccinees. Nasal secretory IgA developed almost exclusively in live vaccinees and persisted for up to one year. Persistent nasal secretory IgG was detected in both live and inactivated vaccinees. Live vaccination not only stimulates a more durable serum antibody response, but also induces long-lasting local respiratory tract IgA antibody that may play an important role in host protection.