Unintended pregnancy among adult women exposed to abuse or household dysfunction during their childhood.

CONTEXT: Studies have identified childhood sexual and physical abuse as a risk factor for adolescent pregnancy but the relationship between exposure to childhood abuse and unintended pregnancy in adulthood has, to our knowledge, not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether unintended pregnancy during adulthood is associated with exposure to psychological, physical, or sexual abuse or household dysfunction during childhood. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analysis of data from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, a survey mailed to members of a large health maintenance organization who visited a clinic in San Diego, Calif, between August and November 1995 and January and March 1996. The survey had a 63.4% response rate among the target population for this study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1193 women aged 20 to 50 years whose first pregnancy occurred at or after age 20 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Risk of unintended first pregnancy by type of abuse (psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; peer sexual assault) and type of household dysfunction (physical abuse of mother by her partner, substance abuse by a household member, mental illness of a household member). RESULTS: More than 45% of the women reported that their first pregnancy was unintended, and 65.8% reported exposure to 2 or more types of childhood abuse or household dysfunction. After adjustment for confounders (marital status at first pregnancy and age at first pregnancy), the strongest associations between childhood experiences and unintended first pregnancy included frequent psychological abuse (risk ratio [RR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.6), frequent physical abuse of the mother by her partner (RR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7), and frequent physical abuse (RR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.8). Women who experienced 4 or more types of abuse during their childhood were 1.5 times (95% CI, 1.2-1.8) more likely to have an unintended first pregnancy during adulthood than women who did not experience any abuse. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that there may be a dose-response association between exposure to childhood abuse or household dysfunction and unintended first pregnancy in adulthood. Additional research is needed to fully understand the causal pathway of this association.     

The physical, sexual and emotional violence history of middle-aged women: a community-based prevalence study

OBJECTIVES: To determine current and lifetime rates of the experience of partner abuse and sexual violence in a community-based sample of middle-aged women and compare these to figures obtained in a general practice setting. DESIGN AND METHODS: This research was part of the Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project (MWMHP), an observational, longitudinal, population-based study of 438 Australian-born women conducted over nine years. In 1996, during the sixth year of the study, we asked the MWMHP participants to complete a self-administered "violence questionnaire", incorporating a modified Conflict Tactics Scale and questions on sexual abuse experienced during childhood and adult life. RESULTS: Of the 395 women remaining in the sixth year of follow-up of the MWMHP, 362 (92%) completed the questionnaire. Overall, 28.5% (n = 101) of the women had experienced some form of domestic violence (physical, sexual or emotional) during their lifetime; 5.5% (n = 15) of women had experienced severe physical abuse in the past year at the hands of a partner; and 11.8% (n = 42) of the women had experienced rape or attempted rape between the age of 16 and the time of our survey. Regarding abuse in childhood, 8.9% (n = 32) of women had experienced physical abuse, 42.3% (n = 152) had experienced non-contact sexual abuse, and 35.7% (n = 128) contact sexual abuse. Compared with the general-practice-based study, rates of childhood physical abuse and penetrative sexual abuse were similar, but rates of less intrusive child sexual abuse were significantly higher in our study. CONCLUSIONS: Doctors in all areas of medicine who are dealing with middle-aged women need to be aware of the levels of violence sustained by women throughout their lives. Such experiences may have a substantial impact on women's physical and mental wellbeing.     

Prevalence of Intimate Partner Abuse in Women Treated at Community Hospital Emergency Departments

Context.— The majority of prior studies examining intimate partner abuse in the emergency department (ED) setting have been conducted in large, urban tertiary care settings and may not reflect the experiences of women seen at community hospital EDs, which treat the majority of ED patients in the United States. Objective.— To determine the prevalence of intimate partner abuse among female patients presenting for treatment in community hospital EDs and describe their characteristics. Design.— An anonymous survey conducted from 1995 through 1997 inquiring about physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. Setting.— Eleven community EDs in Pennsylvania and California. Participants.— All women aged 18 years or older who came to the ED during selected shifts. Main Outcome Measures.— Reported acute trauma from abuse, past-year physical or sexual abuse, and lifetime physical or emotional abuse. Results.— Surveys were completed by 3455 (74%) of 4641 women seen. The prevalence of reported abuse by an intimate partner was 2.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7%-2.7%) for acute trauma from abuse, 14.4% (95% CI, 13.2%-15.6%) for past-year physical or sexual abuse, and 36.9% (95% CI, 35.3%-38.6%) for lifetime emotional or physical abuse. California had significantly higher reported rates of past-year physical or sexual abuse (17% vs 12%, P<.001) and lifetime abuse (44% vs 31%, P<.001) than Pennsylvania. Logistic regression modeling identified 4 risk factors for reported physical, sexual, or acute trauma from abuse within the past year: age, 18 to 39 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.7-3.0); monthly income less than $1000 (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.1); children younger than 18 years living in the home (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.5-2.6); and ending a relationship within the past year (OR, 7.0; 95% CI, 5.5-8.9). Conclusion.— If the prevalence of abuse in community hospitals throughout the United States is similar to the range of prevalence estimates found in this study, then heightened awareness of intimate partner abuse is warranted for patients presenting to the ED.      

Mandatory reporting of domestic violence injuries to the police: what do emergency department patients think?

CONTEXT: Laws requiring mandatory reporting of domestic violence to police exist in 4 states. Controversy exists about the risks and benefits of such laws. OBJECTIVE: To examine attitudes of female emergency department patients toward mandatory reporting of domestic violence injuries to police and how these attitudes may differ by abuse status. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional survey conducted in 1996 of 1218 women patients (72.8% response rate) in 12 emergency departments in California (a state with a mandatory reporting law) and Pennsylvania (without such a law). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Opposition to mandatory reporting to police and the characteristics associated with this belief. RESULTS: Twelve percent of respondents (n = 140) reported physical or sexual abuse within the past year by a current or former partner. Of abused women, 55.7% supported mandatory reporting and 44.3% opposed mandatory reporting (7.9% preferred that physicians never report abuse to police and 36.4% preferred physicians report only with patient consent). Among nonabused women, 70.7% (n = 728) supported mandatory reporting and 29.3% opposed mandatory reporting. Patients currently seeing/living with partners (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.0), non-English speakers (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4-3.0), and those who had experienced physical or sexual abuse within the last year (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6-2.9) had higher odds of opposing mandatory reporting of domestic violence injuries. There were no differences in attitudes by location (California vs Pennsylvania). CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of mandatory reporting of domestic violence to police should be further assessed, and policymakers should consider options that include consent of patients before wider implementation.     

血清CRP、IP-10、TGF-β1水平和童年期创伤与抑郁症发病风险关系的病例对照研究

背景　细胞因子假说是抑郁症的重要发病机制学说之一,目前也有大量研究发现抑郁症的发病与童年期的创伤经历有密切关系,了解其对抑郁症发病的影响,为抑郁症发病机制研究进一步提供理论参考依据。目的　探讨血清C反应蛋白（CRP）、干扰素诱导蛋白10（IP-10）、转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）水平和童年期创伤与抑郁症发病风险的关系。方法　选取2018年5月-2019年5月在广西医科大学第二附属医院心理卫生科就诊的47例抑郁症患者作为病例组,同期在该医院体检部招募健康志愿者51例作为对照组。以双抗体夹心法酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定血清CRP、IP-10、TGF-β1水平,应用28项简版童年期创伤问卷（CTQ-SF）评估研究对象童年期创伤情况。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨抑郁症发病风险因素。结果　病例组血清TGF-β1水平低于对照组（P<0.01）。病例组情感虐待得分、躯体虐待得分、性虐待得分、情感忽视得分高于对照组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,较低水平TGF-β1（OR=5.60,P<0.05）和低水平TGF-β1（OR=7.86,P<0.05）、情感虐待阳性（OR=11.20,P<0.05）、躯体虐待阳性（OR=7.62,P<0.05）、性虐待阳性（OR=4.43,P<0.05）以及情感忽视阳性（OR=3.34,P<0.05）可能为抑郁症发病的危险因素。结论　血清TGF-β1水平、童年期创伤经历可能对抑郁症发病的风险有影响。     

儿童期虐待、目睹家庭暴力对大学生自尊的影响

目的 了解儿童期虐待和目睹父母暴力对大学生自尊的影响.方法 采用儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ-SF)、目睹父母暴力行为调查问卷、自尊量表(SES)对412名大学生进行调查,并进行相关分析.结果 (1)有儿童期躯体虐待、情感虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视或目睹父母暴力经历者自尊水平[依次为(28.04±4.31)分,(28.43±3.81)分,(28.55±3.70)分,(28.66±3.67)分,(28.15±3.87)分]比无儿童期躯体虐待、情感虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视或目睹父母暴力经历者自尊水平低[依次为(29.02±3.41)分,(29.43±3.46)分,(30.77±3.18)分,(29.93±3.91)分,(29.30±3.51)分],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)儿童期躯体虐待、情感虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视和目睹父母暴力与大学生自尊负相关(r=-0.134,-0.216,-0.359,-0.250,-0.170),相关均达到显著性(P＜0.01).儿童情感忽视与儿童情感虐待相关性最高.结论 儿童期虐待和忽视以及目睹家庭暴力对个体自尊水平有负性影响,尤其是儿童情感忽视和虐待.     

Slapping and spanking in childhood and its association with lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a general population sample

BACKGROUND: Little information is available in Canada about the prevalence of and outcomes associated with a history of slapping and spanking in childhood. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of a history of slapping or spanking in a general population sample and to assess the relation between such a history and the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders. METHODS: In this general population survey, a probability sample of 9953 residents of Ontario aged 15 years and older who participated in the Ontario Health Supplement was used to examine the prevalence of a history of slapping and spanking. A subgroup of this sample (n = 4888), which comprised people aged 15 to 64 years who did not report a history of physical or sexual abuse during childhood, was used to assess the relation between a history of slapping or spanking and the lifetime prevalence of 4 categories of psychiatric disorder. The measures included a self-administered questionnaire with a question about frequency of slapping and spanking during childhood, as well as an interviewer-administered questionnaire to measure psychiatric disorder. RESULTS: The majority of respondents indicated that they had been slapped or spanked, or both, by an adult during childhood "sometimes" (33.4%) or "rarely" (40.9%); 5.5% reported that this occurred "often." The remainder (20.2%) reported "never" experiencing these behaviours. Among the respondents without a history of physical or sexual abuse during childhood, those who reported being slapped or spanked "often" or "sometimes" had significantly higher lifetime rates of anxiety disorders (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.96), alcohol abuse or dependence (adjusted OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.27-3.21) and one or more externalizing problems (adjusted OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.36-3.16), compared with those who reported "never" being slapped or spanked. There was also an association between a history of slapping or spanking and major depression, but it was not statistically significant (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 0.96-2.80). INTERPRETATION: There appears to be a linear association between the frequency of slapping and spanking during childhood and a lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder, alcohol abuse or dependence and externalizing problems.     

Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood

CONTEXT: Evidence suggests that early adverse experiences play a preeminent role in development of mood and anxiety disorders and that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems may mediate this association. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether early-life stress results in a persistent sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to mild stress in adulthood, thereby contributing to vulnerability to psychopathological conditions. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective controlled study conducted from May 1997 to July 1999 at the General Clinical Research Center of Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Ga. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-nine healthy women aged 18 to 45 years with regular menses, with no history of mania or psychosis, with no active substance abuse or eating disorder within 6 months, and who were free of hormonal and psychotropic medications were recruited into 4 study groups (n = 12 with no history of childhood abuse or psychiatric disorder [controls]; n = 13 with diagnosis of current major depression who were sexually or physically abused as children; n = 14 without current major depression who were sexually or physically abused as children; and n = 10 with diagnosis of current major depression and no history of childhood abuse). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels and heart rate responses to a standardized psychosocial laboratory stressor compared among the 4 study groups. RESULTS: Women with a history of childhood abuse exhibited increased pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress compared with controls. This effect was particularly robust in women with current symptoms of depression and anxiety. Women with a history of childhood abuse and a current major depression diagnosis exhibited a more than 6-fold greater ACTH response to stress than age-matched controls (net peak of 9.0 pmol/L [41.0 pg/mL]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.7-13.3 pmol/L [21.6-60. 4 pg/mL]; vs net peak of 1.4 pmol/L [6.19 pg/mL]; 95% CI, 0.2-2.5 pmol/L [1.0-11.4 pg/mL]; difference, 8.6 pmol/L [38.9 pg/mL]; 95% CI, 4.6-12.6 pmol/L [20.8-57.1 pg/mL]; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system hyperreactivity, presumably due to CRF hypersecretion, is a persistent consequence of childhood abuse that may contribute to the diathesis for adulthood psychopathological conditions. Furthermore, these results imply a role for CRF receptor antagonists in the prevention and treatment of psychopathological conditions related to early-life stress. JAMA. 2000;284:592-597     

Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality

CONTEXT: Intimate partner violence against women is a major public health concern. Research among adults has shown that younger age is a consistent risk factor for experiencing and perpetrating intimate partner violence. However, no representative epidemiologic studies of lifetime prevalence of dating violence among adolescents have been conducted. OBJECTIVE: To assess lifetime prevalence of physical and sexual violence from dating partners among adolescent girls and associations of these forms of violence with specific health risks. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Female 9th through 12th-grade students who participated in the 1997 and 1999 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 1977 and 2186, respectively). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime prevalence rates of physical and sexual dating violence and whether such violence is independently associated with substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality. RESULTS: Approximately 1 in 5 female students (20.2% in 1997 and 18.0% in 1999) reported being physically and/or sexually abused by a dating partner. After controlling for the effects of potentially confounding demographics and risk behaviors, data from both surveys indicate that physical and sexual dating violence against adolescent girls is associated with increased risk of substance use (eg, cocaine use for 1997, odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-9.6; for 1999, OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.7-6.7), unhealthy weight control behaviors (eg, use of laxatives and/or vomiting [for 1997, OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.8-5.5; for 1999, OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.2-6.5]), sexual risk behaviors (eg, first intercourse before age 15 years [for 1997, OR, 8.2; 95% CI, 5.1-13.4; for 1999, OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.2]), pregnancy (for 1997, OR, 6.3; 95% CI, 3.4-11.7; for 1999, OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.9-7.8), and suicidality (eg, attempted suicide [for 1997, OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 4.7-12.3; for 1999, OR, 8.6; 95% CI, 5.2-14.4]). CONCLUSION: Dating violence is extremely prevalent among this population, and adolescent girls who report a history of experiencing dating violence are more likely to exhibit other serious health risk behaviors.     

Physical abuse during pregnancy: prevalence and risk factors

BACKGROUND: Violence during pregnancy is a health and social problem that poses particular risks to the woman and her fetus. To address the lack of Canadian information on this issue, the authors studied the prevalence and predictors of physical abuse in a sample of pregnant women in Saskatoon. METHODS: Of 728 women receiving prenatal services through the Saskatoon District public health system between Apr. 1, 1993, and Mar. 31, 1994, 605 gave informed consent to participate in the study and were interviewed in the second trimester. Of these, 543 were interviewed again late in the third trimester. During the initial interview, information was collected on the women's sociodemographic characteristics, the current pregnancy, health practices and psychosocial variables. The second interview focused on the women's experience of physical abuse during the pregnancy and during the preceding year, the demographic characteristics and the use of alcohol or illicit drugs by their male partner. RESULTS: In all, 31 (5.7%) of the women reported experiencing physical abuse during pregnancy; 46 (8.5%) reported experiencing it within the 12 months preceding the second interview. Of the 31 women 20 (63.3%) reported that the perpetrator was her husband, boyfriend or ex-husband. Although all ethnic groups of women suffered abuse, aboriginal women were at greater risk than nonaboriginal women (adjusted odds ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-7.8). Women whose partner had a drinking problem were 3.4 times (95% CI 1.2-9.9) more likely to have been abused than women whose partner did not have a drinking problem. Perceived stress and number of negative life events in the preceding year were also predictors of abuse. Abused women tended to report having fewer people with whom they could talk about personal issues or get together; however, they reported socializing with a larger number of people in the month before the second interview than did the women who were not abused. INTERPRETATION: Physical abuse affects a significant minority of pregnant women and is associated with stress, lack of perceived support and a partner with a drinking problem.     

Incidence and risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion in a cohort of Sydney homosexual men

By means of prospective cohort data from the Sydney AIDS Project, we report on 55 homosexual or bisexual men who have become infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as measured by the development of serum HIV antibodies (seroconversion). We have compared the sexual practices, recreational drug abuse, history of sexually-transmissible diseases, and antecedent immunological findings of the men who seroconverted with those of 588 subjects who persistently remained seronegative in the same time-period. The cumulative incidence rate of HIV infection over the three years of observation was 8.5%. The cumulative incidence rate ranged from less than 1% for the six months before August 1, 1984, to a peak of 5% in the six months before August 1, 1985. Of those subjects for whom we had data for the period of seroconversion, all but two of the subjects who seroconverted admitted to a recognized high-risk sexual practice in the six months before the first visit at which they were found to be seropositive. Univariate analysis found that men who seroconverted were significantly more likely to have had a greater number of recent sexual partners (relative risk per partner, 1.02; P less than 0.001), to have engaged in receptive anal intercourse (incidence rate ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-7.6; P = 0.01) and to have used nitrite inhalant (incidence rate ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2-5.9; P = 0.02) and amphetamine (incidence rate ratio, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.2-10.5; P less than 0.001) drugs. The men who seroconverted were significantly (incidence rate ratio, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-6.1; P = 0.014) more likely to have antecedent T-suppressor-cell counts of greater than 800 cells/microL. Factors that retained significance in multivariate analysis were the number of recent sexual partners, recent amphetamine abuse and a T-suppressor-cell count of greater than 800 cells/microL.     

Sexual behaviors and reproductive health outcomes: associations with wife abuse in India

CONTEXT: Wife abuse has been associated with a variety of health concerns. Associations between abuse and reproductive health in India are not well known. OBJECTIVE: To examine relationships between men's reports of wife abuse and reproductive health issues in northern India. DESIGN: Structured face-to-face interviews were conducted as part of the male reproductive health supplement of the PERFORM System of Indicators Survey, a systematic multistage survey conducted in 1995-1996. SETTING: The northern state of Uttar Pradesh, one of the least developed states in India. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 6632 married men aged 15 to 65 years who lived with their wives and completed all survey questions for the study variables reported here. MAIN MEASURES: Physically and sexually abusive behaviors toward wives, sexual activities outside marriage, sexually transmitted disease (STD) symptoms, contraception use, unplanned pregnancies, and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Fifty-four percent of men reported not abusing their wives, while 17% reported physically but not sexually abusing their wives, 22% reported sexual abuse without physical force, and 7% reported sexual abuse with physical force. Abuse was more common among men who had extramarital sex (for sexual abuse using force: odds ratio [OR], 6.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.98-9.72). Similarly, men who had STD symptoms were more likely to abuse their wives (with current symptoms: OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.73-3.42). Unplanned pregnancies were significantly more common among wives of abusive men, especially sexually abusive men who used force (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.91-3.60). CONCLUSIONS: Wife abuse appears to be fairly common in northern India. Our findings that abusive men were more likely to engage in extramarital sex and have STD symptoms suggest that these men may be acquiring STDs from their extramarital relationships, thereby placing their wives at risk for STD acquisition, sometimes via sexual abuse. These abusive sexual behaviors also may result in an elevated rate of unplanned pregnancies.     

Overweight and obesity from childhood to adulthood: a follow-up of participants in the 1985 Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey

OBJECTIVE: To examine overweight and obesity in Australian children followed through to adulthood. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: A cohort study of 8498 children aged 7-15 years who participated in the 1985 Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey; of these, 2208 men and 2363 women completed a follow-up questionnaire at age 24-34 years in 2001-2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Height and weight were measured in 1985, and self-reported at follow-up. The accuracy of self-reported data was checked in 1185 participants. Overweight and obesity in childhood were defined according to international standard definitions for body mass index (BMI), and, in adulthood, as a BMI of 25-29.9 and > or =30 kg/m2, respectively, after correcting for self-report error. RESULTS: In those with baseline and follow-up data, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood was 8.3% and 1.5% in boys and 9.7% and 1.4% in girls, respectively. At follow-up, the prevalence was 40.1% and 13.0% in men and 19.7% and 11.7% in women. The relative risk (RR) of becoming an obese adult was significantly greater for those who had been obese as children compared with those who had been a healthy weight (RR = 4.7; 95% CI, 3.0-7.2 for boys and RR = 9.2; 95% CI, 6.9-12.3 for girls). The proportion of adult obesity attributable to childhood obesity was 6.4% in males and 12.6% in females. CONCLUSION: Obesity in childhood was strongly predictive of obesity in early adulthood, but most obese young adults were a healthy weight as children.     

儿童期虐待和父母养育方式与抑郁症的关系研究

目的 探讨儿童期虐待和父母养育方式与抑郁症的关系.方法 采用儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)、父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)对符合入组标准的98例抑郁症患者进行评估,并与100例正常人群进行对照,采用汉密顿抑郁量表(24项,HAMD)评定抑郁症状严重程度.结果 抑郁症患者儿童期受虐待史率(36.7%)明显高于正常人(9.0%),差异具有显著性(P<0.01).抑郁症患者的父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认[分别为(17.95±5.72)分,(13.89±5.40)分.(10.45±3.47)分,(13.99±4.85)分],高于对照组[分别为(15.98±4.86)分,(11.61±4.19分)分,(8.02±2.98)分,(11.14±3.76)分],而父母情感温暖理解因子,低于对照组,差异具有显著性(P<0.05).抑郁症状与情感虐待、性虐待、忽视因子及父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、母亲过分干涉因子呈显著正相关r=0.298～0.540,P<0.05或P<0.01),与父母情感温暖理解因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.350～-0.508,P<0.05或P<0.01).情感虐待、性虐待、忽视和虐待总分与父母养育方式多个因子分存在显著相关(r=-0.479～0.523,P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 抑郁症患者儿童期遭遇过较多的情感虐待、性虐待和忽视,父母养育方式影响儿童虐待的发生,儿童期被受虐待经历和父母不良养育方式与抑郁症的形成有关.     

Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study.

CONTEXT: Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States, but identifying persons at risk is difficult. Thus, the US surgeon general has made suicide prevention a national priority. An expanding body of research suggests that childhood trauma and adverse experiences can lead to a variety of negative health outcomes, including attempted suicide among adolescents and adults. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the risk of suicide attempts and adverse childhood experiences and the number of such experiences (adverse childhood experiences [ACE] score). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort study of 17 337 adult health maintenance organization members (54% female; mean [SD] age, 57 [15.3] years) who attended a primary care clinic in San Diego, Calif, within a 3-year period (1995-1997) and completed a survey about childhood abuse and household dysfunction, suicide attempts (including age at first attempt), and multiple other health-related issues. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Self-reported suicide attempts, compared by number of adverse childhood experiences, including emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; household substance abuse, mental illness, and incarceration; and parental domestic violence, separation, or divorce. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of having at least 1 suicide attempt was 3.8%. Adverse childhood experiences in any category increased the risk of attempted suicide 2- to 5-fold. The ACE score had a strong, graded relationship to attempted suicide during childhood/adolescence and adulthood (P<.001). Compared with persons with no such experiences (prevalence of attempted suicide, 1.1%), the adjusted odds ratio of ever attempting suicide among persons with 7 or more experiences (35.2%) was 31.1 (95% confidence interval, 20.6-47.1). Adjustment for illicit drug use, depressed affect, and self-reported alcoholism reduced the strength of the relationship between the ACE score and suicide attempts, suggesting partial mediation of the adverse childhood experience-suicide attempt relationship by these factors. The population-attributable risk fractions for 1 or more experiences were 67%, 64%, and 80% for lifetime, adult, and childhood/adolescent suicide attempts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A powerful graded relationship exists between adverse childhood experiences and risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span. Alcoholism, depressed affect, and illicit drug use, which are strongly associated with such experiences, appear to partially mediate this relationship. Because estimates of the attributable risk fraction caused by these experiences were large, prevention of these experiences and the treatment of persons affected by them may lead to progress in suicide prevention.     

Doctors' and nurses' attitudes towards and experiences of voluntary euthanasia: survey of members of the Japanese Association of Palliative Medicine

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate Japanese doctors' and nurses' attitudes towards and practices of voluntary euthanasia (VE) and to compare their attitudes and practices in this regard. DESIGN: Postal survey, conducted between October and December 1999, using a self-administered questionnaire. PARTCIPANTS: All doctor members and nurse members of the Japanese Association of Palliative Medicine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Doctors' and nurses' attitude towards and practices of VE. RESULTS: We received 366 completed questionnaires from 642 doctors surveyed (response rate, 58%) and 145 from 217 nurses surveyed (68%). A total of 54% (95% confidence interval (CI): 49-59) of the responding doctors and 53% (CI: 45-61) of the responding nurses had been asked by patients to hasten death, of whom 5% (CI: 2-8) of the former and none of the latter had taken active steps to bring about death. Although 88% (CI: 83-92) of the doctors and 85% (CI: 77-93) of the nurses answered that a patient's request to hasten death can sometimes be rational, only 33% (CI: 28-38) and 23% (CI: 16-30) respectively regarded VE as ethically right and 22% (CI: 18-36) and 15% (CI: 8-20) respectively would practise VE if it were legal. Logistic regression model analysis showed that the respondents' profession was not a statistically independent factor predicting his or her response to any question regarding attitudes towards VE. CONCLUSIONS: A minority of responding doctors and nurses thought VE was ethically or legally acceptable. There seems no significant difference in attitudes towards VE between the doctors and nurses. However, only doctors had practised VE.     

Exploring the predictors of depression among Saudi adolescents: Time for urgent firm actions

Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of depression among Saudi adolescents and identify its correlates.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study using a multistage random technique that included students at the intermediate and secondary levels in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used as a tool, in addition to a survey of the potential risk factors. Binary logistic regression was conducted.Results:Out of 960 students, 32.4% were found to have moderate to severe depression. The age group of 16-19 years was more at risk. Female gender and low father’s education level were significant predictors of depression. Less internet use and more physical activity are considered a protective factor against depression, OR -0.531 (95% CI: 0.315-0.894) and OR -0.668 (95% CI: 0.468-0.953), respectively. Whereas the physical abuse, OR 2.047 (95% CI: 1.287-3.255) and emotional abuse, OR 2.576 (95% CI: 1.740-3.813) considered risk factors for depression.Conclusion:The prevalence of depression among Saudi adolescents is worrisome. Urgent and firm actions should be taken in response to the increasing prevalence of depression worldwide.     

海口市不同性角色MSM青年学生社会接纳和性行为特征

目的 了解海南省海口市不同性角色男男性行为（men who have sex with men,MSM）青年学生的社会接纳和高危性行为特征及危险因素,为开展MSM青年学生艾滋病预防干预提供精准化建议。方法 在高校中采用同伴推动抽样法（RDS）动员招募MSM青年学生至咨询检测门诊,通过匿名问卷调查,问卷内容包括社会人口学、社会接纳和高危性行为特征,同时采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测。结果 共调查159名MSM青年学生,有效调查问卷150份。调查对象据经常扮演的性角色分三组：被插入方（0号）60人（40.00%）,兼有插入和被插入方（0.5号）48人（32.00%）,插入方（1号）42人（28.00%）。0号、0.5号和1号组HIV感染率分别为3.33%、0.00%和7.14%,差异无统计学意义（P=0.170）;梅毒感染率分别为3.33%、10.42%和19.05%,差异有统计学意义（P=0.034）。觉得生活环境对待同性恋态度友好的39人（26.53%）,觉得一般的100人（66.70%）,觉得受到歧视的8人（5.30%）。性行为学变量中“首次性行为年龄、首次性行为对象是否为临时性伴、是否使用过兴奋剂、使用兴奋剂后有无发生性行为”有统计学意义（P<0.05）;“最近一年每次发生肛交性行为都坚持使用安全套”变量有统计学意义（P<0.01）;logistic多因素分析结果显示：0.5号性角色在二~五年级段是一年级的3.143倍（OR=3.143,95%CI：1.893~5.220）;不告知他人同性性倾向是0号和1号的8.093倍（OR=8.093,95%CI：2.496~26.243）;首次性行为年龄（<18岁）是0号和1号的 15.269倍（OR=15.269,95%CI：5.072~45.972）,是危险因素。0.5号性角色首次性行为对象相对固定,首次性行为对象为临时性伴是0号和1号的0.238倍（OR=0.238,95%CI：0.092~0.619）,是保护因素。结论 不同性角色的MSM青年学生社会接纳、高危性行为、安全套使用和梅毒感染率差异有统计学意义,建议分类提供针对性干预,提高该人群预防性传播疾病感染技能。     

Associations among condom use, sexual behavior, and knowledge about HIV/AIDS. A study of 13,293 public school students

BACKGROUND: This school-based study explored associations between Mexican young people's condom use, other sexual behaviors, and HIV/AIDS knowledge. METHODS: Students (n=13,293, 11-24 years of age) from a random sample of public schools in the central Mexican state of Morelos completed a self-administered questionnaire. We performed logistic regression analysis of condom use and sexual behavior variables and a knowledge-based index on HIV/AIDS prevention and transmission. RESULTS: Average age at sexual debut was 13.6 +/- 1.9 years among young men and 14.2 +/- 2.2 years among young women; 34.5% of sample participants reported using condoms during their first sexual intercourse. More students had intermediate HIV/AIDS knowledge levels (46%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 45.2-46.9) than high levels (37%, 95% CI 36.2-37.8, p <0.01). Students knew more concerning HIV transmission than about prevention of HIV infection. Among young men, high levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge increased likelihood of condom use (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% CI, 1.1-1.7), while among young women high levels of knowledge decreased likelihood of using condoms (OR 0.7, 95% CI, 0.5-1.0). Young men with high levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge were more likely to have had three or more sexual partners (OR 1.7, 95% CI, 1.3-2.2), but young women with high knowledge levels were more likely to have only one lifetime sexual partner (OR 0.6, 95% CI, 0.4-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: As in previous studies in smaller samples, levels of knowledge with regard to HIV/AIDS were low in Mexican youth. HIV/AIDS education programs for Mexican students should focus on conveying knowledge on HIV prevention. Because apparently knowledge is not directly correlated with condom use among young women, prevention strategies that deal with social acceptability of condoms and social skills related with condom negotiation are also needed.     

ICU护士职业性腰背痛现状及其影响因素分析

目的 了解ICU护士职业性腰背痛的流行状况,并分析其影响因素,为制定预防和减少护士职业损伤的干预措施提供科学依据。 方法 本研究采用横断面调查的流行病学研究方法,通过便利抽样,于2015年6-8月抽取浙江省4所三甲医院的202名ICU护士作为研究对象,进行腰背痛的评定和问卷调查。调查内容包括ICU护士一般人口学资料、职业性腰背痛患病状况、职业性腰背痛的影响因素。采用 x±s、构成比和率等描述ICU护士职业性腰背痛现状,采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析探讨ICU护士职业性腰背痛的相关影响因素。 结果 202名ICU护士中共有143名在过去一年中存在职业性腰背痛,职业性腰背痛年患病率为70.8%。在有职业性腰背痛的ICU护士中,在过去一年中,有40.1%的ICU护士总患病时间超过30 d,有19.3%的ICU护士因腰背痛而减少活动总时间超过30 d,有21.8%的ICU护士因腰背痛检查治疗过。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示影响ICU护士职业性腰背痛的因素有:工龄(OR=2.17,95%CI:1.38~3.66)、搬抬重物次数(OR=2.14,95%CI:1.18~4.35)、工作紧张(OR=1.83,95%CI:1.24~2.99)、身体锻炼(OR=0.62,95%CI:0.41~0.86)、月夜班数(OR=2.37,95%CI:1.53~3.72)。 结论 ICU护士职业性腰背痛患病状况严峻,为降低其职业性腰背痛患病率,应针对可改变的影响因素采取适当的职业防护措施,如加强培训,纠正不良姿势,加强体育锻炼,科学排班等。