苯磺酸氨氯地平2种片剂的生物等效性比较

目的:研究2种苯磺酸氨氯地平片的人体生物等效性。方法:采用双周期交叉试验法,18名健康志愿者单剂量口服苯磺酸氨氯地平10mg,以液相色谱-串联质谱法测定其血浆药物浓度,计算相对生物利用度并评价受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的tmax分别为(8.9±s 2.5)和(8.2±2.2)h;cmax分别为(5.1±2.3)和(5.0±2.2)μg·L-1;t1/2分别为(45±10)和(49±24)h; AUC0-t分别为(191±69)和(196±53)μg·h·L-1;AUC0～∞分别为(225±79)和(243±89)μg·h·L-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(99±23)％。结论:2种片剂在人体内具有生物等效性。     

HPLC/MS研究国产盐酸班布特罗片及其代谢物特布他林人体生物等效性

目的　研究国产班布特罗片剂和进口片剂进行人体生物等效性研究。方法　 2 0名健康受试者随机交叉给药 ,用液相色谱 /质谱联用测定血浆中班布特罗其代谢物特布他林的浓度。结果　经数据处理 ,单次口服国产和进口班布特罗片剂后班布特罗的药代动力学参数 :AUC0 -t分别为 (5 2± 2 1) μg·h·L-1和 (5 1± 2 0 ) μg·h·L-1,Tmax分别为 (2 9± 0 9)h和 (2 6± 0 7)h ,Cmax分别为 (6 0± 2 6 ) μg·L-1和 (6 2± 2 9) μg·L-1。特布他林 :AUC0 -t分别为 (191± 30 ) μg·h·L-1和 (197± 37) μg·h·L-1,Tmax分别为 (4 2± 1 0 )h和 (4 2± 1 0 )h ,Cmax分别为 (10± 5 )μg·L-1和 (10± 4) μg·L-1。国产班布特罗片剂单次给药后的相对生物利用度为 10 2 %± 8% (班布特罗 ) ,10 0 %±12 % (特布他林 )。结论　经统计学证明两制剂有生物等效性     

布洛芬软胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:评价布洛芬软胶囊与布洛芬胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康志愿者随机交叉口服单剂量(400 mg)布洛芬软胶囊与参比制剂布洛芬胶囊,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中布洛芬的血药浓度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的Tmax分别为(2．78±0．57)和(2．83±0．47)h,Cmax分别为(34．94±6．58)和(32．77±5．50)μg·mL-1,t1/2分别为(2．49±0．65)和(2．39±0．58)h,AUC0～1分别为(148．49±26．44)和(147．57±36．18)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(157．28±27．96)和(157．43±42．47)μg·h·mL-1,以AUC0-∞计算,布洛芬软胶囊的相对生物利用度平均为(103．5±18．1)％。结论:布洛芬软胶囊与参比制剂布洛芬胶囊生物等效。     

国产与进口甲钴胺片剂在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究甲钴胺片剂在健康人体内的药代动力学,并比较2种甲钴胺 片剂的生物等效性。方法20名健康男性受试者随机交叉口服单剂量试验和 参比甲钴胺片剂1500μg后,用微粒子捕捉酶免法测定血清中甲钴胺浓度,并 评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果 口服试验和参比甲钴胺片剂后的Cmax分 别为(615．5±249．4)和(648．6±243．2)pg·mL-1;血清中甲钴胺浓度的增加 量△Cmax分别为(334．7±178．8)和(370．2±189．9)pg·mL-1;tmax分别为(3．2 ±2．4)和(2．7±1．2)h;t1／2分别为(25．1±10．5)和(28．8±11．2)h;△AUC0-t 分别为(7808．4±4628．8)和(7635．5±3430．2)pg·mL·h-1;△AUC0-∞分别 为(9897．5±6092．1)和(10464．3±5820．1)pg·mL·h-1;口服甲钴胺试验制 剂后的相对生物利用度F0-t为(101．52±19．38)％,F0-∞为(93．64±9．49)％。 结论试验和参比甲钴胺片剂具有生物等效性。     

吗替麦考酚酯软胶囊的药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究吗替麦考酚酯软胶囊与吗替麦考酚酯胶囊在健康人体内的相对生物利用度及药动学,评价2种制剂的生物等效性。方法:采用双周期随机交叉设计,20名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服试验软胶囊或参比胶囊4粒(每粒0.25g),以高效液相色谱法测定血浆中霉酚酸(MPA)浓度。运用DAS2.0软件处理血药浓度数据和计算药动学参数,对2种制剂做出生物等效性评价。结果:受试者口服1.0g吗替麦考酚酯软胶囊试验药或参比胶囊,其AUC0→t分别为(69.95±14.13)、(66.95±19.05)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0→∞分别为(85.18±20.51)、(77.39±23.78)μg·h·mL-1,Cmax分别为(31.26±13.09)、(31.90±14.45)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(0.875±0.358)、(0.775±0.291)h,t1/2分别为(20.342±12.546)、(18.837±11.579)h。20名健康志愿者单剂量口服吗替麦考酚酯软胶囊试验药的相对生物利用度为(109.6±26.9)%。结论:试验软胶囊与参比胶囊具有生物等效性。     

佐米曲普坦片剂在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究佐米曲普坦片在中国健康志愿者体内的药代动力学及相对生 物利用度。方法用双周期随机交叉自身对照方法,18名健康男性志愿者单 剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂各5 mg,用高效液相色谱／质谱连用法测定血药 浓度。结果试验及参比的佐米曲普坦片剂Cmax分别(9．92±2．62)和(9．99± 3．22)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1．78±1．24)和(2．14±1．74)h;t1／2分别为(3．51 ±0．52)和(3．33±1．17)h;AUC0-tn分别为(53．51±18．25)和(54．24±18．00) ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(56．573±19．738)和(57．549±17．685)ng·h· mL-1;佐米曲普坦片剂的相对生物利用度F0-tn、F0-∞分别为(100．80± 20．40)％,(98．98±17．78)％。结论试验制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

利培酮片人体生物等效性研究

目的：考察2种利培酮片在健康受试者空腹和餐后状态下的药代动力学参数,进行生物等效性评价。方法：采用开放、随机、两周期、交叉试验设计,空腹和餐后各48例受试者交叉服用受试制剂或参比制剂,LC-MS/MS检测血浆中的利培酮和帕利哌酮的浓度。结果：在空腹状态下,受试制剂和参比制剂利培酮的Cmax为（7.06±3.42）和（6.77±2.81）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（44.5±46.9）和（41.5±42.1）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（45.4±47.9）和（42.4±43.2）ng·h·mL-1;帕利哌酮的Cmax为（4.20±1.59）和（4.13±1.51）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（117±29）和（116±30）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（125±32）和（124±33）ng·h·mL-1。在餐后状态下,受试制剂和参比制剂利培酮的Cmax为（6.30±3.06）和（6.47±3.03）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（44.6±32.6）和（44.3±35.1）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（45.5±32.8）和（45.0±35.5）ng·h·mL-1;帕利哌酮的Cmax为（4.24±2.08）和（4.20±2.14）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（121±36）和（118±34）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（132±38）和（128±38）ng·h·mL-1。结论：空腹和餐后状态下,利培酮和帕利哌酮的90%CI均在80%~125%,2种利培酮片具有生物等效性。     

2种奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的研究2种奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的生物等效性。方法20名健康男性志愿者随机分成2组,交叉口服受试制剂和参比制剂各40mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定人血清中奥美拉唑浓度,由DAS软件计算药动学参数及相对生物利用度。结果受试制剂与参比制剂的t1/2分别为(1.685±0.866)、(1.653±0.862)h,tmax分别为(2.425±0.693)、(2.200±0.865)h,Cmax分别为(0.894±0.481)、(0.865±0.342)μg·mL-1,AUC0～10分别为(2.041±1.446)、(2.022±1.322)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(2.163±1.594)、(2.125±1.507)μg·h·mL-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(100.3±17.4)%。结论2种奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊具有生物等效性。     

进口与国产尼扎替丁制剂在中国健康人体的生物等效性

目的　研究进口与国产尼扎替丁在健康人体的药代动力学,并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。方法　用双交叉试验设计, 20名健康志愿者口服国产尼扎替丁片剂和进口胶囊剂,服药后0~8. 5h内间隔取血,用HPLC法测定血药浓度。计算主要药代动力学参数,并以胶囊剂为参比制剂,计算尼扎替丁片剂的相对生物利用度,判断其生物等效性。结果　国产片剂和进口胶囊剂的体内药代动力学参数分别为:tmax为(1. 49±0. 48), (1. 38±0. 58)h;Cmax为(2319±511), (2408±572)ng·mL-1;MRT为(3. 08±0. 44), (2. 97±0. 46)h;t1 /2为(1. 55±0. 33), (1. 51±0. 21)h; AUC0-t为(6625±964), (6725±1078)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞为(6836±973), (6928±1114)ng·h·mL-1。尼扎替丁片剂的相对生物利用度F0-8. 5h为(99. 67±13. 93)%。结论　2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

氟伐他汀片剂与胶囊在人体内的生物等效性

目的:评价氟伐他汀片剂与胶囊在人体内的生物等效性。方法:24例健康男性受试者随机交叉给药,单剂量口服40 mg受试制剂氟伐他汀片剂和参比制剂氟伐他汀胶囊,用液相色谱-质谱法测定氟伐他汀的体内血药浓度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数t1/2分别为(2．6±s 1．5)和(2．9±0．8)h,cmax分别为(390±116)和(397±134)μg·L-1,tmax分别为(1．1±0．4)和(1．0±0．4)h, AUC0-12分别为(639±175)和(658±147)μg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(652±177)和(680±150)μg·h·L-1。经方差分析和双单侧t检验显示,主要药动学参数无显著差异;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为97．1％。结论:2种氟伐他汀制剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.