不同心血管风险因素对年轻人急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉的影响

目的评价年轻人急性心肌梗死的风险因素以及对冠状动脉病变的影响。方法选取年龄≤45岁,并行冠状动脉造影的年轻急性心肌梗死患者36例成为年轻组;同时,连续选取同时间段50例50～70岁急性心肌梗死患者作为对照组。记录患者的临床病史、风险因素(吸烟史、高胆固醇血症、高血压、糖尿病、家族史)以及冠状动脉造影结果并进行分析。结果年轻组男性占91.7%,而对照组为72.0%;年轻组吸烟史占83.3%,家族史占47.2%,高胆固醇血症占44.4%,而对照组高血压占54.0%,糖尿病占42.0%,吸烟史占40.0%,高胆固醇血症占38.0%;年轻组罪犯血管在前降支占58.3%,右冠状动脉38.9%,回旋支为0,对照组前降支、右冠状动脉、回旋支所占比例分别为56.0%、42.0%,22.0%;年轻组单支、双支、三支血管病变分别为63.9%、27.8%、8.3%,对照组为42.0%、40.0%、18.0%。年轻组单支血管病变者平均风险因素为1.64±0.40个,而多支血管病变者为2.78±0.56个。结论吸烟、家族史、高胆固醇血症是年轻人急性心肌梗死的主要危险因素;年轻患者以单支血管病变占多,没有发现以回旋支为罪犯血管,没有发现住院死亡;多支血管病变者较单支血管病变者有更多风险因素。     

中青年人急性冠状动脉综合征的临床特点

目的 用回顾性分析探讨40岁以下（中青年组）急性冠状动脉综合征的临床表现及冠状动脉病变特点。方法 比较72例年龄小于40岁和276例年龄40岁及以上冠状动脉综合征病人的发病诱因、冠心病危险因素、选择性冠状动脉造影病变。结果中青年组ACS病人在发病前多数有过度劳累和精神紧张,大量吸烟占91.2％,明显高于40岁及以上病人（P＜0.01）,高脂血症占73.6％,与中老年组差异无统计学意义。冠状脉造影结果显示,中青年组急性心肌梗死多为单支血管病变。合并心力衰竭和心源性休克以及病死率在中青年组均低于40岁及以上病人（P＜0.01）。结论 大量吸烟、过度劳累和精神刺激是中青年人冠状动脉综合征的常见诱因;吸烟、高脂血症、冠心病家族史是中青年急性心肌梗死病人的主要危险因素;中青年人冠状动脉以单支血管病变为主,预后较40岁及以上病人良好。     

中青年冠心病患者危险因素、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗及特点

目的:探讨55岁以下中青年冠心病患者危险因素及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)特点。方法:根据患者的年龄分为中青年组(<55岁患者,212例)和老年组(>70岁患者,231例),比较2组间发病的危险因素、PCI治疗特点及术后并发症情况,评估2组间PCI治疗疗效。结果:中青年组冠心病患者中男性、有阳性家族史、吸烟史、大量饮酒史者明显多于老年组(P<0.01),高LDL、低HDL中青年患者亦多于老年组患者(P<0.05);老年组冠心病患者中原发性高血压检出率高于中青年组(P<0.05),糖尿病检出率也明显高于中青年组(P<0.01)。冠状动脉造影结果显示:中青年组患者冠状动脉血管病变以单支血管病变为主,且多为轻中度、局限性狭窄,3支血管病变及左主干病变者较少,严重、弥漫性及钙化血管病变亦不多见。双支血管病变2组差异无统计学意义。2组间支架置入情况相比,中青年组患者右冠状动脉支架置入数少于老年组,差异有统计学意义。2组患者手术成功率均较高(P>0.05)。结论:吸烟、大量饮酒、冠心病家族史是中青年冠心病发病的重要危险因素,高LDL、低HDL在中青年冠心病患者发病过程中亦起到重要作用。中青年冠心病患者冠状动脉以单支血管...     

老年冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点及其危险因素的多元回归分析

目的 用冠状动脉造影技术研究老年冠心病（CHD）患者冠状动脉病变特点和危险因素对其的影响。方法 将128例CHD患者根据其年龄分2组，老年组67例，非老年组61例。均详细询问有无CHD的危险因素并做左右冠状动脉造影。对危险因素做Logistic多元回归分析。结果 老年组冠状动脉病变大部分为多支病变，2支和3支病变占76．1％，狭窄程度99％以上者占59．7％；非老年组以单支病变为主，占54．1％，狭窄程度轻重均匀分布。Logistic多元回归分析显示危险因素在老年组与非老年组有不同影响的是性别、高胆固醇血症、家族史和年龄（均为P＜0．01）。结论 老年CHD患者冠状动脉以多支病变为主，狭窄程度大多较重；性别、高胆固醇血症、年龄、CHD家族史和高血压是影响老年人CHD发病的相关危险因素。     

年轻心肌梗塞患者的临床特点和冠状动脉造影结果分析

对５４例年轻心肌梗塞患者进行回顾性研究。结果表明，有吸烟史者占８５．２％，饮酒史者占３３．３％，少数患者尚有高血压、高胆固醇血症及冠心病家族史。冠状动脉造影未见明显异常者占２０．４％，单支病变者占５７．４％，双支及３支病变者各占１１．１％。其中室壁瘤形成者占３５．２％。本组患者以心肌梗塞为首发表现者占５９．３％，多有明显诱因（占６１．１％）。     

不同年龄组急性心肌梗死患者的临床和冠状动脉病变特征

目的　研究不同年龄组急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者的临床特征与冠状动脉病变特点。方法　系统回顾性分析 32 5例不同年龄 (分为青年组、壮年组、老年组 ) AMI患者的临床特征及冠状动脉造影、冠状动脉介入治疗资料。结果　青年组发病均是男性 ,发病与吸烟、血脂异常危险因素有关 ;冠状动脉以单支、A型病变多见 ,冠状动脉介入治疗成功率为 90 .9%。壮年组发病男性多于女性 ,男性发病与血脂异常、吸烟、高血压等危险因素有关 ;冠状动脉以单、双支病变多见 ,病变形态 A、B、C三种类型均衡出现 ,冠状动脉介入治疗成功率为 95 .6 %。老年组女性发病率明显增高 ,男女发病与血脂异常、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟等危险因素有关 ,并发泵衰竭、严重心律失常及心源性休克增多 ;冠状动脉以多支、复杂病变多见 ,冠状动脉介入治疗成功率为 83.9%。结论　各年龄组男性和老年组女性患者发病率高并与某些危险因素有关 ;随年龄的增高 ,冠状动脉多支、复杂病变多见 ,青、壮年组冠状动脉介入治疗成功率高 ,老年组次之。     

早发冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点及危险因素的临床研究

目的探讨早发冠心病患者的冠状动脉病变特点及相关危险因素。方法152例经冠状动脉造影确诊的冠心病患者，根据年龄分为早发冠心病组（男性〈55岁，女性〈65岁）74例和老年冠心病组78例。对两组患者的相关资料进行回顾性统计分析，比较二者的冠状动脉病变特点、血脂水平、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、冠心病家族史、吸烟史、饮酒史等，评价其是否存在差异性。结果早发冠心病组中吸烟史，冠心病家族史，血清总胆固醇高于老年冠心病组；而高血压病史、糖尿病史低于老年冠心病组。早发冠心病组冠状动脉病变多为单支病变，老年冠心病组以多支病变为主。结论吸烟、冠心病阳性家族史，高胆固醇血症均是早发冠心病的主要危险因素。冠状动脉病变特点以单支病变为主。     

早发冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点及危险因素分析

目的 探讨早发冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点及危险因素.方法 入选我院2012年6月至2014年4月经冠状动脉造影诊断为冠心病的患者279例,根据男性年龄≤55岁、女性年龄≤65岁分为早发冠心病组和非早发冠心病组.统计患者入院基本临床资料.所有患者均检测空腹血糖（FPG）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）.根据冠状动脉狭窄直径≥50％累及左前降支（LAD）、左回旋支（LCX）、右冠状动脉（RCA）或左主干（LM）分为单支、双支（累及左主干为双支病变）及三支病变组.根据Gensini积分标准对每位患者冠状动脉病变进行评分.结果 早发冠心病组男性比例、吸烟比例、存在早发冠心病家族史的比例、TG水平显著高于非早发冠心病组（P＜0.05）.与非早发冠心病组相比,早发冠心病组患者以单支病变为主,二者在受累冠状动脉部位上并无差别.非早发冠心病组患者平均冠状动脉病变支数、平均Gensini积分高于早发冠心病组（1.97±0.82比1.66±0.93,P=0.003;8.72±6.21比48.65±8.90,P=0.000）.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,男性（95％CI：2.342～10.420,P=0.000）、吸烟（95％CI：9.468～31.220,P=0.000）、早发冠心病家族史（95％CI：8.120～23.480,P=0.001）、TG（95％CI：1.224～5.465,P=0.001）是早发冠心病患者独立危险因素.结论 早发冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点是以单支病变为主.男性、吸烟、早发冠心病家族史、TG是早发冠心病患者的独立危险因素.积极戒烟、降低TG能够降低早发冠心病的发病率.     

青年急性心肌梗死患者危险因素及冠脉病变特点分析

目的研究青年急性心肌梗死患者的常见危险因素及冠脉血管病变特点。方法选取本院收治的年龄≤40岁的急性心肌梗死患者60例作为青年组,选择同期住院的年龄≥60岁的急性心肌梗死患者80例作为老年对照组,分析观察两组危险因素与冠脉血管病变特点。结果青年组中男性居多,吸烟、高胆固醇血症、冠心病家族史、过度劳累诱发例数明显高于对照组;青年组冠脉造影显示大多数为单支病变,且以急性血栓性病变多见,而老年对照组多为多支病变,以动脉粥样硬化病变多见。结论青年急性心肌梗死患者中男性、吸烟、高胆固醇血症、冠心病家族史、过度劳累是其早期发病的高危因素,且冠脉病变以单支、急性血栓病变为主。     

心血管病危险因素与冠脉病变支数关系的分析

目的探讨冠心病患者冠状动脉血管病变支数与临床危险因素之间的关系。方法回顾性分析349例在我院心内科经冠脉造影诊断为冠心病患者的临床资料,依据冠状动脉造影结果分为单支病变组和多支病变组。应用SPSS13．0分析患者血管病变支数与年龄、性别、冠心病危险囚素（吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症）的关系。结果多支冠脉血管病变组吸烟检出率为42％,单支冠脉血管病变组吸烟检出率为30％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;多支冠脉血管病变组患者糖尿病检出率为27％,单支冠脉血管病变组患者糖尿病检出率为13％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;多支冠脉病变组患者TC升高[（5．06±1．21）mmol／L],与单支冠脉血管病变组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;单支冠脉病变患者LDL—C升高[（2．84±0．11）mmol／L],多支冠脉病变组LDL—C升高[（3．06±0．42）mmol／L],两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。多支冠脉血管病变患者平均年龄明显高于单支冠脉血管病变患者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;多支冠脉血管病变患者高血压检出率57％,单支冠脉血管病变患者高血压检出率47％,两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;性别构成比、HDL—C水平两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论吸烟或糖尿病患者,以及TC升高、LDL—C升高患者易发生多支冠脉血管病变;随着年龄的增长,患冠心病多支病变比例明显增高。     

老年冠心病患者PTCA的疗效和安全性观察

目的:评估老年冠心病患者PTCA的疗效和安全性。方法:212例冠心病患者中,稳定型心绞痛46例、不稳定型心绞痛62例、心肌梗死104例。A组(112例)冠脉造影示:单支血管病变84例,双支血管病变62例、三支血管病变66例。共处理病变血管298处,置入支架252枚。其中LAD118处,RCA84处,LCX84处,LM2处。比较A组(≥60岁)和B组(<60岁)的临床特点,冠脉病变情况及PCI的临床疗效。结果:A组多支血管病变较之B组增多(P<0.01),两组手术成功率无显著性差异。结论:PTCA和支架术安全、有效,成功率高、严重并发症少,也适用于60岁以上患者。     

合并结缔组织病的冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点及冠状动脉介入治疗术预后分析

目的探讨合并结缔组织病(CTD)的冠状动脉性心脏病(CAD)患者的冠状动脉病变特点,以及接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)的长期预后。方法收集106例自2009年1月至2012年12月在北京友谊医院接受PCI治疗CTD患者的临床资料,回顾性分析CTD患者的临床表现和冠状动脉病变特点等,并对CTD患者进行长期随访。结果 106例患者中有92例(86.8%)具有≥1个传统冠心病危险因素。78例(73.6%)的患者冠状动脉为多支血管病变,以前降支受累为主(65.1%)。共植入5枚金属裸支架和202枚药物涂层支架。对CTD患者进行了平均时间长达3年的随访,期间共发生主要不良心血管事件(MACE)24例(22.6%),其中心源性死亡13例(12.3%)、支架内血栓形成(ST)10例(9.4%)、靶血管再次血运重建(TVR)15例(14.2%)。结论合并CTD的CAD患者冠状动脉病变以多支病变为主。此类患者接受PCI术后不良事件以ST及TVR多见。     

Results (>6 months) of stenting of >1 major coronary artery in multivessel coronary artery disease.

Multivessel percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is associated with a high requirement for further revascularization procedures. Although stenting can reduce restenosis and clinical events after 1-vessel intervention, little information is available after multivessel coronary stenting. We followed up 136 patients (9% of 1,481 undergoing stenting in our center) who had had stent implantation in at least 2 different major native coronary arteries and were followed-up for >6 months. Each patient had received a mean of 2.3 +/- 0.6 stents (1.13 +/- 0.4 stents per lesion) and procedural success was 95%. In-hospital complications included 1 death, 1 Q-wave infarction, 5 non-Q-wave myocardial infarctions, and 1 repeat PTCA. After a mean of 18 +/- 13 months, 7 patients died (3 of heart failure, 4 of noncardiac causes), 2 required coronary bypass surgery, 1 had a myocardial infarction, 13 target vessel repeat PTCA, and 4 non-target vessel PTCA. Survival free of major cardiac events was 75% at 3 years. A history of heart failure, dilation of a restenotic lesion, and 3-vessel dilation were independent negative predictors of event-free survival. Angiographic follow-up was available in 86 patients: 56 (65%) were restenosis free, 23 (27%) had 1-vessel restenosis, and 6 (7%) had 2-vessel and 1 patient 3-vessel restenosis. Restenosis per vessel was 23% (41 of 177). Reference diameter, past-PTCA minimal luminal diameter, and length of the stent were independent predictors of restenosis. We conclude that multivessel stenting provides good midterm results in selected patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Midterm events are less frequent than previously reported after balloon PTCA.     

老年冠心病患者药物涂层支架植入术的初步结果观察

目的评估老年冠心病患者药物涂层支架的疗效和安全性。方法98例植入药物支架的冠心病患者中,稳定型心绞痛21例、不稳定型29例,心肌梗死48例。冠心病造影示:单支血管病变39例,双支血管病变29例、3支血管病变30例。共处理病变血管138处,置入药物涂层支架116枚。其中左前降支55处,右冠状动脉42处,左回旋支40处,左主干1处。比较A组(≥60岁)和B组(<60岁)的临床特点,冠状动脉病变情况及经皮冠状动脉血管成形术和植入涂层支架的临床疗效。结果A组多支血管病变较之B组增多(P<0.01),两组手术成功率无统计学差异。结论药物涂层支架术安全、有效,成功率高、严重并发症少,也适用于60岁以上患者。     

Clinical outcomes of stents versus balloon angioplasty in non-acute coronary artery disease. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

AIMS: To evaluate whether stents as compared to balloon angioplasty reduce mortality in patients with non-acute coronary artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified randomized controlled trials comparing stents to balloon angioplasty for the treatment of non-acute coronary artery disease by searching major medical databases from 1979 to March 2002. Two independent reviewers selected and extracted data from trials that had to report data on death and myocardial infarction. Nineteen trials, with a total of 8004 patients, fulfilled our inclusion criteria. For 1000 patients treated with stents rather than balloon angioplasty, 3 (95% CI 0-6), 5 (95% CI 0-9), and 6 (95% CI -1-12) additional lives were saved at 30 days, 6 and 12 months. At 12 months, for 1000 patients treated with stents rather than balloon angioplasty 46 (95% CI 25-66) additional target vessel revascularizations were avoided, but 25 (95% CI 15-34) additional bleeding complications with need for blood transfusion or surgical intervention occurred. In sensitivity analysis 11 (95% CI 2-20) and 2 (95% CI -4-7) deaths were avoided per 1000 patients treated with stents rather than PTCA in trials that routinely used compared to trials that did not use glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. CONCLUSION: In non-acute coronary disease stents may reduce overall mortality, but this benefit seems to be limited to stents used in conjunction with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Stents compared to PTCA reduce target vessel revascularizations, but increase the risk of bleeding complications.     

药物洗脱支架在冠心病介入治疗中的有效性与安全性研究

目的评价药物洗脱支架在冠心病介入治疗中的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析复旦大学附属华山医院心内科2003年11月～2006年12月应用药物洗脱支架的346例冠心病患者,收集15～52个月的临床资料,评价经皮冠脉介入治疗（PCI）术后临床症状的改善情况;主要心脏不良事件（MACE）。MACE包括心源性死亡、非致命性心肌梗死和靶血管重建（TVR）;其中72例复查冠脉造影,对其支架内再狭窄、支架内血栓形成、靶血管动脉瘤的发生率进行统计分析。结果346例冠心病患者共成功植入药物洗脱支架674枚,PCI术后207例患者临床症状完全缓解,109例患者的临床症状明显改善,临床症状缓解率达91．3％。DES植入术后住院期间MACE发生率为0．9％（3／346）,院外随访期间MACE发生率为3．7％（11／346）。冠状动脉造影复查发现晚期支架内血栓形成发生率为0．8％（1／132）;靶血管动脉瘤形成0．8％（1／132）;支架内再狭窄发生率为4．5％（6／132）,其中4例再次于靶病变处植入DES。PCI术后应用双联抗血小板药物过程中的出血并发症37例,白细胞减少2例。结论药物洗脱支架在冠心病介入治疗中应用是安全、有效的,MACE、支架内再狭窄和支架内血栓形成的发生率很低。     

Frequency of coronary artery disease in patients with renal artery stenosis without clinical manifestations of coronary insufficiency

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) and coronary artery disease (CAD) arise from the same multiple risk factors. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of previously undiagnosed CAD in patients with angiographically confirmed RAS, by conducting coronary arteriography in the same setting. Of 57 consecutive patients referred for renal arteriography on clinical grounds during a 14-month period, 28 had no RAS and 6 had RAS, but previously documented CAD. Of the remainder 23 patients, 17 (74%; CI 56%-92%) had both RAS and CAD (7 single vessel, 4 two-vessel, and 7 multivessel disease). The clinical characteristics, such as age, blood pressure (BP) levels, signs of heart failure, were no different between those with and without CAD, although the 4 diabetic patients, the 4 patients with fundoscopic findings of grade III retinopathy, 11 of 14 with peripheral arterial disease, and 7 of 8 patients with prior stroke belonged in the CAD group. None developed complications as a result of the two consecutive procedures. The data suggest that in patients with RAS the frequency of silent CAD is high and cannot be predicted on clinical grounds alone, therefore coronary angiography should be routinely recommended in the same setting.     

经皮冠状动脉内支架置入术治疗急性心肌梗死165例的效果

目的：探讨经皮冠状动脉内支架置入术（PCI）治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）的临床疗效。方法：总结165例急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者的PCI临床资料。结果：入选的165例AMI患者中单支病变45例（27．3％）,双支病变49例（29．7％）,三支或三支以上病变71例（43．0％）。165例患者行PCI,成功率98．8％,共置入支架205枚。梗死相关血管为前降支（LAD）90例（54．5％）,置入支架112枚;左回旋支（LCX）21例（12．7％）,置入支架23枚;右冠脉（RCA）54例（32．7％）,置入支架70枚。PCI术前出现心源性休克者18例（10．9％）,2例于术后死亡。结论：急性心肌梗死行经皮冠状动脉内支架置入术疗效肯定。     

Newer perspectives of coronary artery disease in young

Coronary artery disease(CAD) occurring in less than 45 years of age is termed as young CAD.Recent studies show a prevalence of 1.2% of CAD cases in this age group.Ethnic wise south Asians especially Indians are more vulnerable to have CAD in young age group with a prevalence of 5% to 10%.Conventional risk factors such as smoking,diabetes,hypertension,obesity and family history seems to be as important as in older CAD subjects.But the prevalence of these risk factors seems to vary in younger subjects.By far the most commonly associated risk factor is smoking in young CAD.Several genes associated with lipoprotein metabolism are now found to be associated with young CAD like cholesterol ester transfer protein(CETP) gene,hepatic lipase gene,lipoprotein lipase gene,apo A1 gene,apo E gene and apo B.Biomarkers such as lipoprotein(a),fibrinogen,D-dimer,serum Wnt,gamma glutamyl transferase,vitamin D2 and osteocalcin are seems to be associated with premature CAD in some newer studies.In general CAD in young has better prognosis than older subjects.In terms of prognosis two risk factors obesity and current smoking are associated with poorer outcomes.Angiographic studies shows predominance of single vessel disease in young CAD patients.Like CAD in older person primary and secondary prevention plays an important role in prevention of new and further coronary events.     

One-year outcome in multivessel coronary disease patients undergoing coronary stenting.

The purpose of this study was to assess 1-year clinical outcome of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent coronary stenting and were prospectively enrolled in the Registro Impianto Stent Endocoronarico (RISE). Of 939 consecutive patients included in the registry, 377 patients with angiographic evidence of multivessel CAD had a 1-year clinical follow-up. All patients underwent PTCA and single or multiple stenting in at least one vessel. Angiographic optimization was usually performed by using high-pressure balloon dilation. After the procedure, continuation of aspirin (at least 250 mg/day) was recommended, whereas the use of anticoagulation or ticlopidine was determined by the physician in charge of the patient in the various centers. Major adverse cardiac events were defined as death, Q-wave or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization. Mean age of patients (311 men, 66 women) was 60 +/- 10 years. Globally, there were 596 stents implanted (72% Palmaz-Schatz stents) in 434 vessels. In about 75% of the procedures, an inflation pressure > 12 atm was used. Angiographic success rate was 98.5%. After stenting, 77% of patients received antiplatelet treatment with ticlopidine and aspirin. During hospitalization, there were 34 major adverse cardiac events in 24 patients. At 1-year follow-up, 309 patients were alive and event-free; cumulative incidence of death, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization were 2.9%, 4.7%, and 10.8%, respectively. By Cox regression analysis, multiple stents implantation (HR 1.72, 95% CI 1-2.97), left anterior descending artery revascularization (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.01-3.42), use of inflation pressure > 12 atm (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.89-0.97), ticlopidine therapy (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.23-0.74), and stent length (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05) were associated with 1-year major cardiac events. In patients with multivessel CAD undergoing stent implantation in at least one vessel, 1-year follow-up is favorable and the need for repeat revascularization procedures, based on clinical data, is lower than previously reported for conventional PTCA. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 48:343-349, 1999.