颅脑损伤后男性勃起功能障碍的临床调查

目的探讨影响颅脑损伤后男性患者性功能的因素。方法对126例颅脑损伤后男性患者的勃起功能进行回顾性调查,采用SPSS统计分析软件对男性功能障碍进行统计学分析。结果本组颅脑损伤男性患者126例,发生勃起功能障碍者18例,发生率为14.3%。颅脑损伤后综合征、GCS、脑损伤部位和应用抗癫痫药物的OR估计值分别为17.020,3.035,11.153和6.141。血清睾酮水平低于正常的8例中,发生勃起功能障碍5例(62.5%);血清睾酮水平正常的118例中,发生勃起功能障碍13例(11.0%),两组相比较,勃起功能障碍发生率差异非常显著(P0.01)。结论颅脑损伤后综合征、脑损伤的部位、受伤的严重程度、抗癫痫药物的应用和激素水平等因素影响男性颅脑损伤患者的性功能水平,其中以颅脑损伤后综合征的影响最为显著。     

对癫痫药物治疗的几点探讨

<正>癫痫是一种慢性神经系统疾病,随着人们对癫痫认识的不断深入,非药物治疗癫痫的方法越来越多,然而口服抗癫痫药物仍然是治疗癫痫最常用的方法。但是对于以下问题:何时开始抗癫痫药物治疗、如何确定抗癫痫药物的服用剂量以及减停抗癫痫药物的依据等问题,临床观点不一,有些临床实践尚需进一步商榷。1何时启动抗癫痫药物治疗对于确诊的癫痫,何时开始抗癫痫药物治疗是个复杂的问题。临床上有这样一种观点,"癫痫一旦确诊,应立即启动     

重型颅脑损伤急性期血浆纤维蛋白原和D-二聚体动态改变的临床意义

目的 观察重型颅脑损伤患者不同时间、不同部位血标本中血浆纤维蛋白原(Fbg)和D-二聚体(D-dimer)的变化及其与预后的关系.方法 本组共33例单纯性颅脑损伤患者,在颅脑损伤后4h、8 h、16h、24h、36h、48h分别检测患者动脉、外周静脉、颈静脉三处血标本中Fbg和D-dimer水平并进行统计学分析.结果 颅脑损伤后4 h时Fbg值高于正常水平,此后出现降低,16h降至低于正常值.24h后Fbg水平出现回升.但颈静脉血标本比外周静脉和动脉血标本回升慢,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);D-dimer伤后4 h即出现升高,随着时间推移逐渐下降.在48 h内仍保持高于正常水平.预后不良与预后良好患者在相同时间点的Fbg和D-dimer值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 颅脑损伤后急性期出现凝血功能异常,表现为Fbg含量的降低,其降解产物D-dimer含量的显著升高,反映了脑内出现高凝状态和继发性纤溶亢进.提示凝血功能的变化可作为评价患者伤情和影响患者预后的一个因素.     

拉莫三嗪对癫痫患者认知功能影响的研究

癫痫是神经系统常见病之一,口服抗癫痫药是癫痫治疗的首选方法,药物在控制痫性发作的同时其对认知功能的影响愈来愈受到人们的关注,选择既能够控制癫痫发作又不影响患者认知功能的抗癫痫药物成为提高癫痫患者生活质量的关键所在。     

情感障碍对癫患者认知障碍影响的事件相关电位研究

目的应用事件相关电位研究和探讨不同抗癫痫药对癫痫患者认知功能的影响以及情感障碍对癫痫患者认知障碍的影响。方法收集湛江中心人民医院神经内科门诊和住院的癫痫患者320例,正常对照组56例。分别进行韦氏智能测定和情感测定,同时结合抗抑郁剂治疗,并应用事件相关电位P300、N400研究,对比分析癫痫患者认知功能和情感障碍的特征。结果386例癫痫患者中,认知水平低于正常者达76．940。结果显示丙戊酸钠、妥泰、卡马西平单药服药组之间认知水平无差异,但药物联合应用认知功能损害严重。且患者职业、文化程度、病程、发作次数、用药选择以及是否存在脑部继发性疾病等对认知功能影响显著。伴随着认知功能和情感障碍,癫痫患者P300和N400潜伏期明显延长、波幅降低。百忧解治疗后R300和N400潜伏期和波幅明显改善,且颞顶叶脑区的波幅明显升高。结论抗癫痫药可造成癫痫患者认知功能的损害,单药应用较联合用药对癫痫患者认知功能损害轻。抗抑郁治疗可改善癫痫患者的认知功能,认知事件相关电位也明显改善。     

情感障碍对癫痫患者认知障碍影响的事件相关电位研究

目的应用事件相关电位研究和探讨不同抗癫痫药对癫痫患者认知功能的影响以及情感障碍对癫痫患者认知障碍的影响。方法收集湛江中心人民医院神经内科门诊和住院的癫痫患者320例,正常对照组56例。分别进行韦氏智能测定和情感测定,同时结合抗抑郁剂治疗,并应用事件相关电位P300、N400研究,对比分析癫痫患者认知功能和情感障碍的特征。结果386例癫痫患者中,认知水平低于正常者达76．940。结果显示丙戊酸钠、妥泰、卡马西平单药服药组之间认知水平无差异,但药物联合应用认知功能损害严重。且患者职业、文化程度、病程、发作次数、用药选择以及是否存在脑部继发性疾病等对认知功能影响显著。伴随着认知功能和情感障碍,癫痫患者P300和N400潜伏期明显延长、波幅降低。百忧解治疗后R300和N400潜伏期和波幅明显改善,且颞顶叶脑区的波幅明显升高。结论抗癫痫药可造成癫痫患者认知功能的损害,单药应用较联合用药对癫痫患者认知功能损害轻。抗抑郁治疗可改善癫痫患者的认知功能,认知事件相关电位也明显改善。     

抗癫痫药对细胞免疫功能的影响

目前临床上尚无抗癫痫药对细胞免疫功能影响的对比研究报告.如果在多数脑肿瘤患者服用抗癫痫药出现细胞免疫功能低下,那么将导致患者病情恶化,成为不可忽视的副作用.作者为了在脑肿瘤患者筛选首选药物,对长期服用抗癫痫药的细胞免疫功能作了对比研究,现报告如下.以72例(8～69岁)见有细胞免疫功能低下,无原发病的真性癫痫和外伤性癫痫患者抗癫痫药有效浓度维持在1年以上者为对象.所用药物为苯巴     

抗癫痫药物对癫痫患者甲状腺激素水平影响的研究

目的 研究癫痫患者甲状腺激素水平和抗癫痫药物对其影响以及与疗效之间的关系。方法 测定已确诊的45例未服用过抗癫痫药物的癫痫患者血清甲状腺激素水平并与30例健康对照组进行比较。再经卡马西平、苯妥英钠、丙戊酸钠三种抗癫痫药物分组单药治疗3个月、6个月、年后观察甲状腺激素水平的变化及与疗效之间的关系。结果 未服用抗癫痫药物的新诊断癫痫患者游离甲状腺素（FT4）水平显著低于健康对照组,经苯妥英钠、卡马西平分别治疗3个月、6个月、1年后T4、FT4、FT3显著低于治疗前水平,TSH无显著性变化。经丙戊酸钠治疗后的不同时间段各甲状腺激素水平与治疗前比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。甲状腺激素水平的变化与化疗效之间似无相关性。结论 癫痫的反复发作虽未经抗癫痫药物治疗已存在FT4水平的降低。苯妥英钠、卡马西平可明显造成癫痫患者的亚临床甲状腺功能降低（T4、FT4、FT3下降）,丙戊酸钠对患者甲状腺激素水平无显著影响。甲状腺激素水平的变化与疗效之间无相关性。     

抗癫痫药物及其对认知功能影响的研究进展

癫痫是以脑部神经元超同步化放电导致突然、反复和短暂的中枢神经系统功能失常为特征的复杂神经科临床综合征。目前临床治疗以抗癫痫药物为主,常用的抗癫痫药物分为传统的和新型的两大类,均可引起患者的认知功能障碍,并且近年来很受广大医务人员、患者及其家属的关注。本文就传统的、新型的抗癫痫药物及其对认知功能的影响、可能的机制与预防措施进行综述。     

小剂量尿激酶对老年短暂性脑缺血发作凝血功能及硬化斑块的影响

目的探讨老年短暂性脑缺血发作患者行小剂量尿激酶治疗后凝血功能与硬化斑块的变化情况。方法选取2012-02—2015-02我院治疗的64例老年短暂性脑缺血发作患者,以随机平行对照法为参照,划分为实验组与对照组,依次行小剂量尿激酶治疗、常规治疗(包括控制血压与血糖、降脂、抗血小板聚集、调节脑循环等),观察临床疗效,并对比凝血功能[APTT(活化部分凝血活酶时间)、PT(凝血酶原时间)、DD(D二聚体)、Fbg(纤维蛋白原)]与硬化斑块变化情况。结果实验组临床疗效较对照组高(90.63%vs 71.88%,P0.05),颈动脉粥样硬化斑块平均面积(27.39±23.66vs 30.79±21.37)、DD(0.72±0.43vs 1.38±0.60)、Fbg(2.02±0.31vs 3.15±0.45)较对照组明显下降(P0.05),APTT、PT较对照组无明显改变(P0.05)。结论小剂量尿激酶治疗老年短暂性脑缺血发作,能有效调节其凝血功能,稳定硬化斑块,改善患者预后,值得临床借鉴。     

Reproductive dysfunction in women with epilepsy: recommendations for evaluation and management

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is commonly associated with reproductive endocrine disorders. These include polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), isolated components of this syndrome such as polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenaemia, hypothalamic amenorrhoea, and functional hyperprolactinaemia. OBJECTIVE: To summarise the currently known relations between epilepsy and reproductive endocrine disorders. METHODS: A review of clinical experience and published reports. RESULTS: The most likely explanations for endocrine disorders related to epilepsy or antiepileptic drugs are: (1) a direct influence of the epileptogenic lesion, epilepsy, or antiepileptic drugs on the endocrine control centres in the brain; (2) the effects of antiepileptic drugs on peripheral endocrine glands; (3) the effects of antiepileptic drugs on the metabolism of hormones and binding proteins; and (4) secondary endocrine complications of antiepileptic drug related weight changes or changes of insulin sensitivity. Regular monitoring of reproductive function at visits is recommended, including questioning about menstrual disorders, fertility, weight, hirsutism, and galactorrhoea. Particular attention should be paid to patients on valproate and obese patients or those experiencing significant weight gain. Single abnormal laboratory or imaging findings without symptoms may not constitute a clinically relevant endocrine disorder. However, patients with these kinds of abnormalities should be monitored to detect the possible development of a symptomatic disorder associated with, for example, menstrual disorders or fertility problems. CONCLUSIONS: If a reproductive endocrine disorder is found, antiepileptic drug treatment should be reviewed to ensure that it is correct for the particular seizure type and that it is not contributing to the endocrine problem. The possible benefits of a change in treatment must be balanced against seizure control and the cumulative side effect of alternative agents.     

Changes in color vision after a single dose of vigabatrin or carbamazepine in healthy volunteers

In patients with epilepsy the older antiepileptic drugs induce distinct electroencephalographic changes and may also alter visual function. Although the effects of the newer antiepileptic drugs on the electroencephalogram remain less clear, long-term treatment with vigabatrin (VGB) has been reported to induce severe and permanent visual impairment. Our aim in this study was to investigate the effects of a single oral dose of VGB and carbamazepine (CBZ) on visual function in normal healthy volunteers randomly assigned to three groups according to a single-blind, placebo-controlled design. All subjects underwent color visual evoked potential tests and color perimetry at baseline and after receiving placebo, VGB (2,000 mg) or CBZ (400 mg). Whereas CBZ induced a mild overall impairment of the chromatic and achromatic systems, VGB induced a selective blue impairment. The differential changes the two antiepileptic drugs induced in visual tests presumably depend on their different mechanisms of action. The selective blue impairment in color visual tests in VGB-treated healthy subjects is consistent with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibition also at retinal level. Hence, color visual tests may be suitable to detect initial visual abnormalities in VGB-treated patients with epilepsy.     

Treatment of epilepsy in adults. Options and strategies

Currently, epilepsy can be treated with antiepileptic drugs and, in patients with focal and/or secondarily generalized seizures (focal epilepsy), by means of surgery and vagus nerve stimulation. In the choice of monotherapy possible negative drug related effects on cognitive, endocrine, and psychic symptoms must be considered. Newly developed antiepileptic drugs help to establish an individualized strategy, especially in antiepileptic drug monotherapy. Additionally these antiepileptic drugs have proven to be effective and well tolerated when combined with other antiepileptic drugs. Surgery of focal epilepsy offers the chance of complete cure. Vagus nerve stimulation is a nonmedical treatment option used in addition to antiepileptic drugs in patients with focal epilepsy. Tolerability and safety data should be considered to establish a long-term medical treatment tolerated and accepted by the patient.     

Effects of antiepileptic drug therapy on heart rate variability in children with epilepsy

Impaired cardiac autonomic function may contribute to the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a useful tool for the detection of sympathetic-parasympathetic balance of autonomic nervous system. In the present study, epilepsy patients who had never received antiepileptic medication and those whose seizures have been successfully controlled with antiepileptic drugs were compared with each other and a control group in order to investigate the effects of epilepsy and various antiepileptic drugs on HRV. HRV were tested via 5 min ECG monitoring in 92 patients and 83 controls. Time domain parameters including SDNN, RMSSD and the frequency domain parameters including HF (reflects parasympathetic activity) and LF (reflects sympathetic activity) were assessed. In this group, 78 patients were using antiepileptic drugs including valproic acid (n=33), oxcarbazepine (n=19), phenobarbital (n=11), combined regimens (n=10) and other drugs (n=5), while 14 patients had never received antiepileptic medication. For both of the epilepsy patients groups with or without treatment, time domain parameters were found to be significantly suppressed. In addition, parasympathetic activity was found to be decreased (HF was decreased, LF/HF ratio was increased) in epilepsy patients without antiepileptic drug therapy. Our results indicate that seizure control with antiepileptic drugs may help to improve the cardiac autonomic function impairment in epilepsy patients.     

抗癫药物与心血管疾病危险因素

的发生率和死亡率,而 CVD 可诱发癫猝死。不同的抗癫药物对 CVD 危险因素的影癫与心血管疾病（cardiovascular disease,CVD）互为因果,癫可增加 CVD响各异,这些危险因素包括体质量、胰岛素抵抗、代谢综合征、血清尿酸水平、颈动脉内膜中层厚度和氧化应激标志物等。鉴于部分抗癫药物可能增加或降低 CVD 发生风险,因此在实施个体化的抗癫治疗时,对于有较高 CVD 发生风险的癫患者应选择合适的抗癫药物,同时合理使用可降低 CVD 发生风险的药物。     

Determining the effects of antiepileptic drugs on cognitive function in pediatric patients with epilepsy

The majority of children with epilepsy are of normal intelligence; however, a significant subset suffers from temporary or permanent cognitive impairment. Factors that affect cognitive function are myriad and include the neuropathology underlying the epilepsy, seizures, epileptiform activity, psychosocial problems, and antiepileptic drug side effects. Although cognitive impairment is often wrongly attributed to the effects of antiepileptic drugs, antiepileptic drugs do impair cognition in some children. Clinicians should be aware of the differential cognitive effects of antiepileptic drugs and should monitor cognitive function closely when adding or changing therapy. Based on published data from prospective, chronic dosing studies, phenobarbital and topiramate have the highest potential for causing cognitive dysfunction.     

Generic substitution in the treatment of epilepsy: Patient attitudes and perceptions

There have been considerable debates about bioequivalence and generic substitution of certain critical care drugs. We aimed to understand patient attitudes and perceptions about generic substitution in the treatment of epilepsy. In this pilot study, a self-administered anonymous survey was completed by 47 patients with epilepsy. The response rate by postal mail was 6.7%. More than 70% of the patients were concerned about the effectiveness of generic antiepileptic drugs, and 68% of the patients were not comfortable receiving generics to treat their epilepsy. About 87% of the patients thought that their antiepileptic drug should only be substituted with a generic with their consent, and 64% of the patients believed that substitution should only take place with the consent of their doctor. Considerable concern exists among patients about generic substitution in the treatment of epilepsy. More data regarding whether generic antiepileptic drugs are bioequivalent in clinical situations would help to address patient concerns.     

Clobazam in the Treatment of Epilepsy: A Review of the Literature

Summary: The literature was reviewed to define the role of clobazam (CLB) in the treatment of epilepsy. CLB is an effective antiepileptic drug (AED) in most varieties of seizures and epilepsies for both short-term and long-term treatment. Tolerability of CLB is satisfactory, better than for conventional benzodiazepines. CLB has no significant interaction with other drugs. Tolerance may develop, but this aspect may have been overemphasized: a long-term benefit figure of 28% can be expected without tolerance. When CLB maintains efficacy, patients continue to benefit for years without drug dependence or unwanted side effects. CLB appears to be a useful treatment for epilepsy as intermittent or short-term add-on therapy; but it should also be tried as long-term therapy in some situations, especially as add-on therapy for patients with refractory epilepsy, as add-on or monotherapy for patients with anxiety, or in some women in association with oral contraceptives.     

Aggravation of epilepsy by antiepileptic drugs

Antiepileptic drugs may paradoxically worsen seizure frequency or induce new seizure types in some patients with epilepsy. The mechanisms of seizure aggravation by antiepileptic drugs are mostly unknown and may be related to specific pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs. This article provides a review of the various clinical circumstances of seizure exacerbation and aggravation of epilepsy by antiepileptic drugs as well as a discussion of possible mechanisms underlying the occasional paradoxical effect of these drugs. Antiepileptic drug-induced seizure aggravation can occur virtually with all antiepileptic medications. Drugs that aggravate seizures are more likely to have only one or two mechanisms of action, either enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated transmission or blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels. Antiepileptic drug-induced seizure exacerbation should be considered and the accuracy of diagnosis of the seizure type should be questioned whenever there is seizure worsening or the appearance of new seizure types after the introduction of any antiepileptic medication.     

Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs: comparison of two recent guidelines

BACKGROUND: Until the early 1990s six major compounds (carbamazepine, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, and valproic acid) were available for the treatment of epilepsy. However, these drugs have pharmacokinetic limitations, teratogenic potential, and a negative effect on cognitive functions that impairs the quality of patients' lives and limits the use of these drugs in some patients. In addition, 20-30% of patients are refractory to these drugs. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: The development of ten new antiepileptic drugs (vigabatrin, felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate, tiagabine, oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam, zonisamide, and pregabalin) has expanded treatment options. The newer drugs may be better tolerated, have fewer drug interactions, and seem to affect cognitive functions to a lesser extent than old drugs. Guidelines on the use of new antiepileptic drugs have been developed in the USA and in the UK. Both guidelines offer a clear picture of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs and agree on their use as add-on treatment in patients who do not respond to conventional drugs. The guidelines differ in the type and strength of recommendations. Whereas the US guidelines recommend treatment in newly diagnosed epilepsy with a standard drug or a new drug depending on the individual patient's characteristics, the UK guidelines recommend that a new antiepileptic drug should be considered only if there is no benefit from an old antiepileptic drug, an old drug is contraindicated, there is a previous negative experience with the same drug, or the patient is a woman of childbearing potential. WHERE NEXT: The limited amount of information on the new antiepileptic drugs may explain the discrepancies among the two guidelines and between these and other recommendations. Comparative, pragmatic, long-term and open trials should be done to show long-term efficacy and comparative features of the new antiepileptic drugs, and to better assess the effect on quality-of-life, cost-effectiveness, tolerability, and teratogenic potential. In addition, the conflicts should be resolved between the needs of the regulatory bodies and those of the treating physicians. Finally, there is a need for trial designs to be standardised.