Dialysis unit blood pressure two hours after hemodialysis is useful for predicting home blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure in maintenance hemodialysis patients

This study aimed to determine which BP measurement obtained in the HD unit correlated best with home BP and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). We retrospectively analyzed data from 40 patients that received maintenance HD who had available home BP and ABPM data. Dialysis unit BPs were the averages of pre-, 2hr- (2 h after starting HD), and post-HD BP during a 9-month study. Home BP was defined as the average of morning and evening home BPs. Dialysis unit BP and home BP were compared over the 9-month study period. ABPM was performed once for 24 h in the absence of dialysis during the final 2 weeks of the study period and was compared to the 2-week dialysis unit BP and home BP. There was a significant difference between dialysis unit systolic blood pressure (SBP) and home SBP over the 9-month period. No significant difference was observed between the 2hr-HD SBP and home SBP. When analyzing 2 weeks of dialysis unit BP and home BP, including ABPM, SBPs were significantly different (dialysis unit BP > home BP > ABPM; P = 0.009). Consistent with the 9-month study period, no significant difference was observed between 2hr-HD SBP and home SBP (P = 0.809). The difference between 2hr-HD SBP and ambulatory SBP was not significant (P = 0.113). In conclusion, the 2hr-HD SBP might be useful for predicting home BP and ABPM in HD patients.     

维持性血液透析患者透析中血压变异性的相关因素及其对预后的影响

目的 评估维持性血液透析(MHD)患者透析过程中血压变异性(BPV)情况,探讨影响MHD过程中BPV增加的相关危险因素,了解其与预后的关系.方法 对2009年1月1日以前开始在上海交通大学附属第一人民医院常规透析的MHD患者行回顾性分析.记录2009年1月-2010年12月期间每季度第1次血液透析过程中所有血压值,求取收缩压、舒张压的平均值和标准差,以离散系数表示透析中收缩压和舒张压BPV.随访时间未满2年的患者取时间平均分布的6～8个透析过程的血压计算.记录心血管事件及死亡,继续随访至2011年12月31日.结果 共纳入280例患者.平均透析中收缩压BPV为0.119 ±0.029,舒张压BPV为0.118 ±0.028;其中老年MHD患者(114例)透析中收缩压的BPV显著高于青中年组(166例)(0.126±0.029比0.114 ±0.028,P=0.012),两组间透析中舒张压的BPV差异无统计学意义(0.117±0.031比0.119 ±0.025,P=0.498).将透析中收缩压BPV作为应变量进行多元回归分析,结果显示患者年龄、透析前收缩压、透析间期体重增长率及血红蛋白水平是透析中收缩压BPV的独立影响因素.将透析中舒张压BPV作为应变量进行多元回归分析,结果显示透析间期体重增长率、平均脱水量是透析中舒张压BPV的独立影响因素.随访3年,死亡64例(22.9％),生存分析显示透析中收缩压BPV升高与病死率升高显著相关(P＜0.01).结论 高龄、透析前高收缩压、透析间期体重增长率增加、血红蛋白水平降低为MHD患者透析中收缩压BPV升高的独立危险因素,透析间期体重增长率增加为MHD患者舒张压BPV升高的独立危险因素,透析中收缩压的BPV升高与MHD患者全因死亡率增加有关.     

血液透析患者血压波动规律研究

目的了解维持性血液透析（MHD）患者的血压波动规律及透析前高血压、透析中高血压、透-斤中低血压的发病情况。方法共纳入规律血液透析6个月以上患者72例,其中男性39例（54．17％）,女性13例,年龄29-82（64．38＋13．28）岁,透析龄0．5～20．0（4．12＋4．28）年,均应用贝朗Dialog＋透析机、LOPS18聚砜莫透析器、碳酸盐透析液治疗。4周内共计942例次透析治疗。录入患者一般情况、每次超滤总量及透析前、垂析中第1、2、3小时及透析后血压。结果MHD患者超滤量为0．5-5．2（3．00±0．85）L,有615例次透析前收高压（SBP）≥140mmHg,约占总计942例次的65．29％。波动规律为：透析前SBP较高为（150．35＋23．73）mmHg,垂析中血压降低,透析后血压再次升高为（146．15±26．62）mmHg,但低于透析前（P〈0．01）。透析中高血压患旨发病规律为：透析前SBP低于非透析高血压患者（P〈0.01）,透析第1小时血压下降,自第2小时起血压逐昕升高（P〈0．01）,回血下机后血压显著升高（P〈0．01）。透析中低血压发作53例次,约占总例次的5．63％。吉论MHD患者高血压发病率高,控制率低。随着超滤量的增加,SBP逐渐下降,回血下机后,血压再次上．十,但仍低于透析前血压。超滤抵抗是透析中高血压的显著特点。     

高通量透析对维持性血液透析患者高血压的影响

目的探讨高通量透析对维持性血液透析患者高血压的影响。方法选取2014-06~2016-06收治的行维持性血液透析的患者112例进行研究,根据入院顺序随机分为观察组和对照组,每组56例。对照组行低通量透析,观察组行高通量透析,两组均透析4周。比较两组患者治疗前后的血压变化以及不良反应的发生情况。结果两组患者治疗后收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)水平均明显下降,组内前后差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且观察组显著低于对照组(P0.01)。观察组的不良反应发生率为5.36%,明显低于对照组的16.07%(P0.05)。结论采用高通量透析对维持性血液透析患者可以有效降低和控制血压水平,减少不良反应,适合临床推广。     

Forecast post-dialysis blood pressure in hemodialysis patients with intradialytic hypertension

Background: Intradialytic hypertension (IDH) is emerging as an important issue in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. This study aimed to discuss potential factors related to IDH and build forecasting models for post-dialysis blood pressure (BP) in MHD patients with IDH.

Methods: A total of 266 MHD patients were enrolled, included 133 (50%) patients with IDH and 133 patients without IDH. The BP and pulse were determined and recorded over six consecutive dialysis treatments. Forecasting models were established by simple and multiple linear regressions. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to estimate the association between the values of SBP at pre-HD, intra-HD and post-HD.

Results: Lower levels of hemoglobin, albumin, folic acid and magnesium, higher levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein, ferritin, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents resistance index (ERI) were detected in the IDH patients. The IDH patients also had lower dry weight, ejection fraction of left ventricular (LVEF), higher interdialytic weight gain (IDWG, % post-HD body weight), and ventricular cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) than non-IDH patients. A linear relationship was revealed between intradialytic SBP in IDH patients, indicating that the pre-HD and intra-HD SBP were correlated with post-HD SBP. Furthermore, simple and multiple linear regression models were built to forecast the values of post-HD SBP in IDH patients.

Conclusions: The chronic inflammation, poor IDWG control, LV diastolic dysfunction, as well as low serum folic acid and magnesium might be associated with increasing prevalence of IDH in MHD patients. Forecasting models for post-HD SBP could help to control hypertension during HD treatments.     

Impact of in‐hospital blood pressure variability on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome

To evaluate the impact of blood pressure variability (BPV) on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome, short‐term BPV was estimated by using weighted standard deviation of 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring readings. The primary outcome was in‐hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Overall, 200 patients (mean age, 58.6 years; 27.5% women; 38% with diabetes mellitus; and 47% smokers) were divided into low and high BPV groups based on the median value (9.45). Patients in the high BPV group were more likely to have in‐hospital MACE compared with patients with low BPV (47% vs 27%, P = .003). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis of incidence of MACE showed that BPV (odds ratio, 2.4; confidence interval, 1.2–4.5 [P = .008]) and presence of type II diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, 2.6; confidence interval, 1.2–5.3 [P = .008]) were the only independent predictors of in‐hospital MACE derived mainly by hypertensive emergencies. BPV could be an important risk factor for in‐hospital MACE in patients with acute coronary syndrome.     

肺高压与维持性血液透析患者心血管预后的关系

目的 探讨肺高压（pulmonary hypertension,PH）对维持性血液透析（maintenance hemodialysis,MHD）患者全因死亡及心血管并发症的影响.方法 我们于2009年至201 1年期间随访了278例MHD患者（98例PH、180例无PH）,随访终点为死亡和主要心血管事件.PH定义为心脏超声心动图检测肺动脉收缩压（PASP）≥35 mm Hg（1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）.结果 随访2年,278例MHD患者中,53例（19.1％）死亡,其中28例死于主要心血管事件,87例（31.3％）患者有新发主要心血管事件.生存分析结果显示伴有PH的MHD患者全因死亡、心血管死亡及新发主要心血管事件发生率均高于不伴PH患者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.Cox回归分析显示PH患者校正后的风险值分别为HR=1.85,95％CI：1.03～3.34;HR =2.36,95％CI：1.05～5.31和HR =2.27,95％ CI：1.44～3.58.结论 PH是MHD患者全因死亡、心血管死亡及新发主要心血管事件的独立危险因素.建议MHD患者常规每年行一次心脏超声检查筛查PH以便更好地进行预后的危险分层.     

Long‐term predialysis blood pressure variability and outcomes in hemodialysis patients

Blood pressure variability (BPV) is significantly associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mortality in hemodialysis patients. However, the relationship between blood pressure and CVD in hemodialysis patients is complex and affected by many factors. The present study aimed to assess the association of long‐term predialysis BPV with all‐cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). One thousand seven hundred twenty‐seven patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis were recruited in nine hemodialysis centers. Predialysis BPV was assessed over 1‐year intervals. Outcomes included all‐cause mortality and MACE during follow‐up periods. The mean age of the final cohort was 59 years, of which 57% were males. Greater predialysis systolic BPV was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.101; 95% confidence intervals 1.064–1.140) and MACE (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.091; 95% confidence intervals 1.059–1.125). Results were similar when systolic BPV was stratified by baseline systolic blood pressure. In conclusion, greater predialysis BPV among hemodialysis patients was associated with all‐cause mortality and MACE. Strategies to reduce blood pressure variability might be beneficial for hemodialysis patients.     

维持性血液透析患者C-反应蛋白和心血管疾病的关系

目的:评价维持性血液透析(MHD)患者C-反应蛋白(CRP)的稳定性以及和心血管疾病的关系。 方法:选择在我院血液透析中心治疗的MHD患者41例,所有患者年龄18岁以上;均稳定透析3个月以上;无活动性风湿性疾病;无肿瘤证据或肿瘤术后无肿瘤复发证据;预计1年内不进行肾移植;可能影响血清CRP的药物(非类固醇类消炎药、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、他汀类降脂药等)维持不变。记录所有患者的心血管疾病病史、性别、年龄、血压、身高、体重、使用的透析膜类型,同时透析前采血白蛋白、前白蛋白、尿素、血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、纤维蛋白原和CRP、透析后采血测定血浆尿素和下次透析前尿素,计算Kt/V和nPCR。1年后重复体重和CRP测定。采血时机在1个月内无临床显性感染。评价CRP的稳定性以及和心血管疾病/死亡的关系。 结果:两次CRP测定呈显著相关性(pearson r=0.6661, P<0.01),且有上升趋势。CRP升高组患者持续处于较高水平,其心血管疾病比例(7/8)和死亡比例(4/8)明显高于CRP正常组(分别为3/33和4/33)。死亡的主要原因是心力衰竭和脑出血。 结论:MHD患者持续存在不同强度的慢性炎症状态,其血清CRP有上升趋势,慢性炎症状态是心血管疾病和死亡的强预测因素。     

Performance of 4 definitions of childhood elevated blood pressure in predicting subclinical cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood

We aimed to compare the ability of the pediatric blood pressure (BP) standards issued by the US Fourth Report, the recently proposed US, Chinese, and international standards to predict adult hypertension and subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). 2296 children were randomly selected from Beijing at baseline. The follow‐up survey was conducted among 1177 adults. Subclinical adult CVD was assessed using the carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI). The prevalence of pediatric elevated BP was significantly higher according to the Chinese standards vs the Fourth Report, the updated US standards, and the international standards (18.7% vs 14.2%, 17.5%, and 18.0%, respectively; all Ps < .001). Children identified as elevated BP using any of the 4 standards were more likely to have adult hypertension, high cfPWV, and high LVMI than children without elevated BP. However, only the Chinese and updated US standards can predict the increased risk of adult high CIMT. Our results indicated that the Chinese standards performed equally or better compared with 3 other standards in predicting adult hypertension and subclinical CVD.     

维持性血液透析患者心血管钙化的发生率及分布特点

目的:探讨维持性血液透析(MHD)患者心血管钙化分布及相关因素。方法:选择MHD≥3月的患者144例,完善相关实验室检查,螺旋CT检测冠状动脉钙化评分(CACS,Agaston法),腹部侧位平片检测腹主动脉钙化评分(AACS,Kauppila法),心脏超声检测心脏瓣膜钙化情况,计算心血管钙化指数(CCI)。结果:本组患者影像学可见钙化的总发生率为70.83%,29.17%无钙化,普遍钙化者26.39%,选择性钙化者44.44%。冠脉钙化的患者中,CACS100的患者占50.67%,腹主动脉钙化的患者,AACS5者占48.48%,瓣膜钙化以二尖瓣为主(34.25%)。钙化总发生率无性别差异,随年龄和透析龄的增长而增加。AACS与CACS呈正相关(r=0.636),发生瓣膜钙化的患者CACS更高(P0.00 1)。比较普遍钙化与无钙化的患者,年龄、透析龄、体质量指数、腹围、踝臂指数、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、超敏C反应蛋白、是否糖尿病存在差异(P0.05),而收缩压、舒张压、血钙、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素、磷结合剂和活性维生素D的用药情况未见差异(P≥0.05)。高龄、高血钙、贫血、血脂异常是冠脉钙化的独立危险因素;高龄、血脂异常是腹主动脉钙化的独立危险因素;高龄和长透析龄是心脏瓣膜钙化的独立危险因素。CCI与CACS比较有良好的特异度和灵敏度。结论:本组患者心血管钙化部位不均衡,年龄、透析龄、血钙、血脂及部分传统心血管危险因素与钙化的发生有关。CCI可能是更优质的血管钙化评价指标。     

血液透析病人血压控制与血容量变化之间的关系

目的 了解血液透析病人血压控制与血容量变化之间的关系。方法 根据JNC诊断标准将血液透析病人分为高血压组及正常血压或低血压组。用多频率生物阻抗分析仪(Xitron 4200)测定透析病人透析前后的血容量,并根据细胞外液容量(ECW)的变化将透析病人分为血容量减少较多及较少组,分别分析它们与血压控制的关系。结果 细胞外液容量(ECW)减少越多,血压控制越理想。结论 血液透析病人高血压的主要发生机制可能是血容量过多,血容量控制越好,血压控制越好。     

Home blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes in very elderly patients receiving antihypertensive drug therapy: a subgroup analysis of Home blood pressure measurement with Olmesartan Naive patients to Establish Standard Target blood pressure (HONEST) study

The appropriate target blood pressure (BP) in elderly patients with hypertension remains uncertain. We investigated the relationship between morning home systolic blood pressure (MHSBP) during follow-up and cardiovascular (CV) risk in outpatients receiving olmesartan-based treatment aged <75 years (n = 16799) and ≥75 years (n = 4792) in the HONEST study. In the follow-up period (mean 2.02 years), the risk for major CV events was significantly higher in patients with MHSBP ≥155 mmHg compared with <125 mmHg in both age groups in Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for other risk factors and there was no significant difference in trend between the two groups (interaction P = 0.9917 for MHSBP). Hazard ratios for CV events for 1-mmHg increase in MHSBP were similar in patients aged <75 years and in patients aged ≥75 years. The incidence of adverse drug reactions related to excessive BP lowering was lower in patients <75 years than in patients ≥75 years (0.73 vs 1.02%, P = 0.0461).

In conclusion, the study suggests even in patients ≥75 years antihypertensive treatment targeting the same MHSBP levels in patients <75 years may be beneficial in reducing CV risk when treatment is tolerated.     

Diastolic blood pressure is associated with brain atrophy in hemodialysis patients: A single center case–control study

Brain atrophy (BA) is often found in neuroimaging of hemodialysis patients, representing parenchymal cerebral damage. Likely contributing factors to BA are age, chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors of atherosclerosis that are also common among hemodialysis patients. BA may also occur due to focal ischemia and hypoperfusion during hemodialysis. However, data on optimal blood pressure (BP) in these patients are limited. The goal of this study was to determine whether the prevalence and severity of BA would be higher among hemodialysis patients with lower BP. A blinded neuroradiologist graded BA of all hemodialysis patients who underwent brain non-contrast computerized tomography (CT) from 2015 to 2017 in our institution. Age- and sex-matched patients with normal kidney function who underwent brain CT during the same period and technique served as the control group. A total of 280 patients were included in this retrospective study, with average BP of 140/70 mmHg among hemodialysis patients and 142/75 mmHg in the control group. BA was more common in dialysis patients and its severity increased with age and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. We observed a significant negative correlation between diastolic BP (DBP) at dialysis initiation and BA. Average DBP decreased with increasing severity of BA. These findings were observed in both hemodialysis and non-CKD patients. BA was associated with lower DBP, which may induce cerebral hypoperfusion and ischemia. This finding should discourage over-treatment of hypertension among hemodialysis patients.     

Nocturnal blood pressure patterns and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with masked hypertension

Masked hypertension (MHT) is characterized by normal clinic and above normal 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) levels. We evaluated clinical characteristics and CV outcomes of different nocturnal patterns of MHT. We analyzed data derived from a large cohort of adult individuals, who consecutively underwent home, clinic, and ambulatory BP monitoring at our Hypertension Unit between January 2007 and December 2016. MHT was defined as clinic BP <140/90 mm Hg and 24‐hour BP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg, and stratified into three groups according to dipping status: (a) dippers, (b) nondippers, and (c) reverse dippers. From an overall sample of 6695 individuals, we selected 2628 (46.2%) adult untreated individuals, among whom 153 (5.0%) had MHT. In this group, 67 (43.8%) were nondippers, 65 (42.5%) dippers, and 21 (13.7%) reverse dippers. No significant differences were found among groups regarding demographics, clinical characteristics, and prevalence of risk factors, excluding older age in reverse dippers compared to other groups (P < 0.001). Systolic BP levels were significantly higher in reverse dippers than in other groups at both 24‐hour (135.6 ± 8.5 vs 130.4 ± 6.0 vs 128.2 ± 6.8 mm Hg, respectively; P < 0.001) and nighttime periods (138.2 ± 9.1 vs 125.0 ± 6.3 vs 114.5 ± 7.7 mm Hg; P < 0.001). Reverse dipping was associated with a significantly higher risk of stroke, even after correction for age, gender, BMI, dyslipidemia, and diabetes (OR 18.660; 95% IC [1.056‐33.813]; P = 0.046). MHT with reverse dipping status was associated with higher burden of BP and relatively high risk of stroke compared to both dipping and nondipping profiles, although a limited number of CV outcomes have been recorded during the follow‐up.     

Blood pressure variability predicts adverse events and cardiovascular outcomes in SPRINT

SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) highlighted the benefits of intensive targeted antihypertensive therapy but resulted in higher rates of treatment‐related adverse events. Blood pressure (BP) variability has emerged as a significant predictor of outcomes over and above levels of BP. Using the SPRINT data set, we aimed to determine the relationship of BP variability with cardiovascular outcomes and side effects of antihypertensive therapy. The analyses included all participants randomized in SPRINT who reached the target systolic BP (SBP) for their respective groups (intensive < 120 mm Hg; standard < 140 mm Hg). Coefficients of variation (CV) for SBP, diastolic BP (DBP), and PP for each patient characterized variability. Student t test was used to compare treatment arms for each CV metric. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify independent predictors of the SPRINT primary outcome and adverse events. P < .15 on univariate analysis was required to enter the model and P < .05 to remain in it. A total of 8884 patients (4561 standard group; 4323 intensive group) met inclusion criteria. DBP CV differed between the groups (9.12 ± 3.20 standard group; 9.47 ± 3.49 intensive group [P < .0001]). DBP CV predicted a greater hazard for the primary outcome (hazard ratio [HR], 1.14) in the overall model as well as separate analyses by treatment arms (standard group HR, 1.15; intensive group HR, 1.19), each P < .0001. DBP CV also independently predicted a greater hazard for acute kidney injury (HR, 1.12) and hypotensive events (HR, 1.12). Visit‐to‐visit DBP variability independently predicted worse cardiovascular outcomes and hypoperfusion‐related adverse events in SPRINT.     

Impact of home blood pressure variability on cardiovascular outcome in patients with arterial stiffness: Results of the J‐HOP study

This study sought to investigate whether the relation between increased blood pressure (BP) variability and increased arterial stiffness confers a risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. We analyzed 2648 patients from a practitioner‐based population (mean ± SD age 64.9 ± 11.4 years: 75.8% taking antihypertensive medication) with at least one cardiovascular risk factor who underwent home BP monitoring in the Japan Morning Surge‐Home Blood Pressure Study. The standard deviation (SD_SBP), coefficient of variation (CV_SBP), and average real variability (ARV_SBP) were assessed as indexes of day‐by‐day home systolic BP (SBP) variability. The authors assessed arterial stiffness by brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and divided patients into lower (< 1800 cm/s, n = 1837) and higher (≥1800 cm/s, n = 811) baPWV groups. During a mean follow‐up of 4.4 years, 95 cardiovascular events occurred (8.1 per 1000 person‐years). In Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors including average home SBP, the highest quartiles of SD_SBP (hazard ratio [HR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23‐4.32), CV_SBP (HR, 2.89; 95%CI, 1.59‐5.26) and ARV_SBP (HR, 2.55; 95%CI, 1.37‐4.75) were predictive of CVD events compared to the other quartiles in the higher baPWV group. Moreover, 1SD increases in SD_SBP (HR, 1.44; 95%CI, 1.13‐1.82), CV_SBP (HR, 1.49; 95%CI, 1.16‐1.90) and ARV_SBP (HR, 1.37; 95%CI, 1.09‐1.73) were also predictive of CVD events. These associations remained even after N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide was added to the models. However, these associations were not observed in the lower baPWV group. We conclude that arterial stiffness contributes to the association between home BP variability and CVD incidence.     

Attended vs unattended systolic blood pressure measurement: A randomized comparison in patients with cardiovascular disease

Recent clinical guidelines recommend lower blood pressure (BP) goals for most patients, and recent trends have favored use of automated unattended BP measurements in the office setting to minimize observer error and white‐coat effects. Patients attending a routinely scheduled CVD clinic visit were prospectively randomized to BP measured using an attended, followed by an unattended method, or vice versa, after a controlled rest period. All study BP measurements were obtained in triplicate using the automated Omron HEM‐907XL BP monitor, and averaged. The outcome was difference in SBP. Routinely measured clinic BP from the same visit was extracted from the medical record, and compared with attended and unattended BP. A total of 102 patients were randomized, and mean age was 63 years, 52% female and 75% Caucasian. Attended and unattended SBP was 125.4 ± 20.4 and 122.6 ± 21.0 mm Hg, mean ± SD, respectively. Routine clinic SBP was 130.6 ± 23.6 mm Hg. Attended SBP was 2.7 mm Hg higher than the unattended measurement (95% CI 1.3‐4.1; P = .0002). Routine clinic SBP was 5.2 mm Hg higher than attended SBP (95% CI 2.4‐8.0; P = .0003) and 8.0 mm Hg higher than unattended SBP (95% CI 5.4‐10.5; P < .0001). Attended measurement of BP is significantly higher than unattended measurement and the difference is physiologically meaningful, even in a CVD cohort with generally well‐controlled hypertension. Furthermore, routine clinic SBP substantially overestimates both attended and unattended automated SBP, with important implications for treatment decisions like dose and/or drug escalation.     

维持性血液透析患者高同型半胱氨酸与营养不良及心血管结构与功能的关系研究

目的：探究MHD患者血浆中同型半胱氨酸(Homocysteine,Hcy)的含量水平;MHD患者中Hcy含量与营养不良之间的相关性;MHD患者中Hcy含量与心血管结构和功能之间的关系。     

维持性血液透析患者他汀类调脂治疗

脂代谢紊乱是诱发心脑血管事件的重要危险因素,已有大量研究证实,应用他汀类药物调脂治疗对心脑血管的保护作用.维持性血液透析(MHD)患者常伴严重的脂代谢异常,心脑血管疾病亦是MHD患者的主要死亡原因.因此,他汀类药物能否降低MHD患者心脑血管事件的发生率及相关死亡率已成为近来研究热点之一.本文对他汀类药物应用于MHD患者的临床研究进展作一综述.