空回肠出血性疾病病因分析—附66例报告

目的:通过对手术及病理证实的66例空回肠出血患者进行分析,探讨出血的病因诊断.方法:对66例空回肠出血患者分别行结肠镜检,小肠气钡造影,选择性血管造影,均经手术及病理证实诊断.结果:出血原因中,肿瘤27例(40.9%)(其良性肿瘤与恶性肿瘤比例相近),憩室14例(21.2%),非特异性炎症10例(15.1%),肠结核4例(6.1%),急性坏死性小肠炎3例(4.5%),肠伤寒2例(3%),感染性疾病19例(28.8%),克隆病2例(3%),肠系膜动脉血栓形成4例(6.1%).结肠镜检查阳性率10.6%(5/47),小肠气钡造影阳性率11.1%(1/9),选择性动脉造影阳性率40%(2/5).结论:本组空回肠出血病因中肿瘤占出血原因首位,感染性疾病及憩室占的比例较高.选择性动脉造影对肠系膜动脉病变具有重要诊断价值.但基层医务人员应根据条件选择适合的特殊检查,以尽早明确诊断,选择正确的治疗方法.     

隐源性消化道出血21例临床分析

目的 通过回顾性分析,总结隐源性消化道出血的原因和临床特点,并提高其诊治水平.方法 选择2l例隐源性消化道出血患者,根据临床表现和实验室检查结果,选择一种或多种检查方法,内镜(包括胃镜、结肠镜、腹腔镜、小肠镜和胶囊内镜)、气钡双重造影、血管造影.结果 发现小肠肿瘤8例,血管畸形3例,缺血性肠病3例,急性糜烂性胃炎2例,十二指肠降段溃疡1例,憩室2例,钩虫病1例,回肠克隆病1例.7例肿瘤和2例憩室在内镜下切除;3例血管畸形者在内镜下行热探头凝固术;2例糜烂性胃炎和1例消化性溃疡局部注射8%去甲肾上腺素;1例钩虫病予驱虫治疗;1例疑空肠恶性淋巴瘤者及3例缺血性肠病,1例回肠克隆病者均转外科手术治疗;都获得了满意效果.结论 隐源性消化道出血病因众多,根据具体情况选择一种或多种检查方法,病因诊断成功率高.合理的治疗是治愈病人的关键.     

胶囊内镜对小肠憩室的诊断价值

背景:小肠憩室是常见的消化道畸形,术前诊断困难。目前关于胶囊内镜对小肠憩室的诊断敏感性尚存在争议。目的:分析小肠憩室的临床特点,评价胶囊内镜对小肠憩室的诊断价值。方法:纳入2002年5月-2013年8月于上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院行胶囊内镜检查并经手术或双气囊小肠镜确诊的小肠憩室患者,对患者一般情况、病变部位、临床表现、诊断情况、治疗方法和预后进行回顾性分析。结果:共33例患者纳入研究,其中男23例,女10例,平均年龄(41.4±21.9)岁,平均病程(41.4±39.3)个月。小肠憩室位于十二指肠3例,空肠6例,回肠24例。临床表现中消化道出血发生率为87.9%(29/33),腹痛、腹泻发生率为12.1%(4/33),贫血发生率为97.0%(32/33)。胶囊内镜对小肠憩室的诊断率为15.2%(5/33)。11例患者行手术治疗,22例患者接受对症处理。结论:胶囊内镜诊断小肠憩室不敏感,对于高度怀疑小肠憩室的患者,不应作为首选检查手段。     

胶囊内镜对不明原因消化道出血的诊断分析

目的探讨胶囊内镜(CE)对不明原因的消化道出血(OGIB)中的诊断价值。方法对本院65例不明原因的消化道出血患者做胶囊内镜检查,详细观察统计分析其影像资料。结果 65例患者顺利完成检查,胶囊内镜摄片时间平均为507min(480～545min),检查过程中均无不适,65例患者均获得清晰图像,本组65例内镜检查结果阳性48例,一例可疑阳性,16例阴性。小肠多发溃疡并出血17例,空肠憩室并出血6例,空肠肿瘤6例,回肠出血3例,缺血性肠病2例,小肠血管瘤2例,小肠crohn疾病5例,血管畸形2例,Meckel憩室1例,空肠息肉3例,NSAID相关性小肠病1例,诊断阳性率73.85%(48/65)。结论胶囊内镜检查安全、无创,检出率较高,对不明原因的消化道出血患者的诊断具有较高的临床价值。     

72例小肠出血的诊治分析

[目的]探讨小肠出血的病因、诊断手段及治疗。[方法]回顾性分析2014年1月~2016年6月本院收治的小肠出血患者的临床资料。[结果]经小肠增强CT、胶囊内镜、单气囊小肠镜及DSA等检查综合应用,72例小肠出血患者病因确诊率达95.45%;72例小肠出血病因以血管畸形最常见,占40.68%(29/72),其次为炎性溃疡,占23.61%(17/72);接着是小肠肿瘤,占15.28%(11/72)。胶囊内镜及单气囊小肠镜检查有较高的阳性率,分别为71.88%(46/64)、77.78%(35/45)。[结论]小肠出血的病因经多种合适辅助检查后病因基本能明确;小肠增强CT对肿瘤有较高的确诊率;胶囊内镜仍为小肠出血首选检查;对活动性大出血,生命体征不平稳的状态下行DSA,可及时发现病灶,并能行栓塞治疗;如条件允许,建议单/双气囊小肠镜检查,既能定性、定位,又能内镜下治疗。血管畸形为小肠出血主要病因,沙利度胺对其有独特疗效,无严重不良反应,且价格低廉,值得临床推广。     

Comparative study of double-balloon enteroscopy and capsule endoscopy in diagnosis of small intestinal bleeding

目的 比较双气囊小肠镜(DBE)与胶囊内镜(CE)对小肠出血性病变检出率、病因诊断率和临床应用的价值.方法 收集我院2007年10月～ 2010年10月收治的可疑小肠出血患者138例,其中行双气囊小肠镜检查74例,另行胶囊内镜检查64例.2种检查方法分别由专门医师单独操作、诊断,最后进行综合比较.结果 双气囊小肠镜对小肠出血性病变检出率(91.89％)和病因诊断率(81.08％)均显著高于胶囊内镜(分别为79.69％,64.06％),两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 双气囊小肠镜对可疑小肠出血的病因诊断率明显优于胶囊内镜,具有较好的临床应用价值.     

推进式双气囊电子小肠镜对不明原因小肠出血的病因诊断

目的通过对不明原因消化道出血患者行双气囊电子小肠镜检查，评价双气囊电子小肠镜对小肠出血的诊断价值。方法2003年4月至11月，对34例疑为小肠出血患者行推进式双气囊电子小肠镜检查，结合手术和病理做出病因诊断。结果在34例患者中30例发现病灶，检查总体阳性率为88．2％。4例阴性患者中，1例内镜抵达空肠中段，3例抵达回肠中下段。30例阳性患者中，血管病变7例(占20．6％，位于空肠1例，空回肠3例，回肠3例)；小肠肿瘤11例(占32．4％，均经手术及病理证实，位于十二指肠2例，空肠5例，回肠4例。肿瘤性质分别为：间质肿瘤3例，脂肪瘤1例，平滑肌瘤2例，血管瘤2例，嗜铬细胞瘤1例，Kaposi型血管内皮瘤1例，腺癌1例)；克罗恩病4例(占11．8％，位于空回肠部)；其他8例。结论小肠血管病变、小肠肿瘤及小肠克罗恩病为不明原因小肠出血最常见病因；推进式双气囊电子小肠镜是一项安全、直观、可靠、有效的检查手段，对不明原因小肠出血具有较高临床诊断价值。     

双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜在小肠出血应用中的对比研究

目的比较双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜在小肠出血中的病变检出率、病因诊断率、耐受性和安全性,初步探讨双气囊小肠镜对小肠出血的内镜下治疗。方法2006年4月至2009年10月烟台毓璜顶医院消化内科收治的可疑小肠出血患者159例,其中81例患者行双气囊小肠镜检查,首选进镜方式分为经口或经肛2种,首选方式检查后未发现病灶者,日后改换进镜方式再行检查。对活动性出血病灶行内镜下止血治疗。另78例患者行胶囊内镜检查。两组患者分别由专门医师独立操作并诊断,最后进行汇总分析,对比双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜的临床应用价值。结果双气囊小肠镜组的病变检出率为95.06%,病因诊断率为82.72%,23例检查时见病变活动性出血,行内镜下止血治疗,21例止血成功,内镜止血成功率为91.30%;胶囊内镜组的病变检出率82.05%,病因诊断率为66.67%。双气囊小肠镜组的病因检出率及病因诊断率均显著高于胶囊内镜组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在耐受性方面,胶囊内镜的耐受性最好,双气囊小肠镜的耐受性依次为:全麻下经肛进镜、全麻下经口进镜、非麻醉经肛进镜、非麻醉经口进镜。所有患者均未发生严重并发症。结论双气囊小肠镜对小肠出血的病因诊断明显优于胶囊内镜,并且可行内镜下止血治疗,是一项安全、有效的临床诊疗方法。     

小肠出血23例诊断分析

作者对23例已确诊的小肠出血的定位、定性诊断进行回顾性分析,结果显示:肿瘤、血管畸形是小肠出血的前3位病因,分虽占39.13%、21.74%、17.39%;选择性动脉造影对肿瘤有较大的价值;核素扫描适应小肠憩室出血;推进式小肠镜适应空肠上部病变;对剖腹探查不能发现病灶的病例,术中内镜会有所收获。     

双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠出血诊断中的应用

目的 探索双气囊电子小肠镜对小肠出血的诊断价值。方法 临床怀疑小肠出血患者54例，经口途径检查21例，经肛门途径检查20例，分别从两端进镜13例，在X线监视下进行。结果 检查阳性率90．7％，其中单发或多发性小肠溃疡11例，克罗恩病7例，慢性非特异性炎症6例，小肠间质肿瘤6例，高分化腺癌3例，息肉病2例，淋巴瘤1例，粪类原线虫病2例，钩虫病2例，小肠血管畸形出血2例(1例合并活动性出血)，美克尔憩室2例，回肠多发性憩室1例，溃疡性结肠炎1例，十二指肠淤滞症1例，十二指肠溃疡2例，无明显异常5例。结论 双气囊电子小肠镜检查是目前诊断小肠出血最有效的方法之一。小肠出血的主要病因是小肠良性溃疡(包括克罗恩病)、肿瘤、慢性炎症，其次是寄生虫感染，憩室和血管畸形是少见病因，但美克尔憩室是儿童小肠出血的重要病因。     

Capsule endoscopy versus push enteroscopy in patients with occult gastrointestinal bleeding

BACKGROUND: Wireless capsule endoscopy is a new method enabling non-invasive diagnostic endoscopy of the entire small intestine. In this study we prospectively examined the diagnostic precision of capsule endoscopy compared with push enteroscopy in patients with occult gastrointestinal bleeding. METHODS: Between July 2001 and October 2002 we examined 48 patients with suspected disorders of the small intestine using capsule endoscopy. 33 patients with obscure bleeding (19 men, 14 women, mean age 58 +/- 23 years) were prospectively examined using capsule endoscopy and push enteroscopy. RESULTS: On average, the patients had been suffering from chronic gastrointestinal bleeding for 30 +/- 36 (1-120) months. The lowest haemoglobin level was 6.5 +/- 1.6 g/dl (2.3-9.6) and on average 9 +/- 10 (0-50) blood units were transfused. Each patient underwent 4 +/- 2 (1-10) hospitalisations, with a mean 9 +/- 4 (5-17) diagnostic procedures before capsule endoscopy was used. Definitive bleeding sites were diagnosed by push enteroscopy in 7 patients (angiodysplasia [n = 5], ulcers [n = 1], multiple jejunal diverticula [n = 1]). Capsule endoscopy showed a bleeding source in 25 cases (76 %) (angiodysplasias [n = 15], Meckel's diverticulum [n = 1], ulcers [n = 7], ileum diverticulosis [n = 1], B-cell lymphoma [n = 1]). Push enteroscopy localised an additional bleeding source in comparison with capsule endoscopy (multiple jejunal diverticula) in one patient. Both methods of examination were safe and showed no complications. DISCUSSION: The present study shows that capsule endoscopy had the highest diagnostic yield and was superior to push enteroscopy in patients with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. By using the capsule at an early stage the subsequent therapeutic procedure could be considerably shortened and diagnostic processes could possibly be optimised.     

Wireless capsule endoscopy: a comparison with push enteroscopy in patients with gastroscopy and colonoscopy negative gastrointestinal bleeding

BACKGROUND: The development of wireless capsule endoscopy allows painless imaging of the small intestine. Its clinical use is not yet defined. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and technical performance of capsule endoscopy and push enteroscopy in a series of 50 patients with colonoscopy and gastroscopy negative gastrointestinal bleeding. METHODS: A wireless capsule endoscope was used containing a CMOS colour video imager, transmitter, and batteries. Approximately 50,000 transmitted images are received by eight abdominal aerials and stored on a portable solid state recorder, which is carried on a belt. Push enteroscopy was performed using a 240 cm Olympus video enteroscope. RESULTS: Studies in 14 healthy volunteers gave information on normal anatomical appearances and preparation. In 50 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and negative colonoscopy and gastroscopy, push enteroscopy was compared with capsule endoscopy. A bleeding source was discovered in the small intestine in 34 of 50 patients (68%). These included angiodysplasia (16), focal fresh bleeding (eight), apthous ulceration suggestive of Crohn's disease (three), tumour (two), Meckel's diverticulum (two), ileal ulcer (one), jejunitis (one), and ulcer due to intussusception (one). One additional intestinal diagnosis was made by enteroscopy. The yield of push enteroscopy in evaluating obscure bleeding was 32% (16/50). The capsule identified significantly more small intestinal bleeding sources than push enteroscopy (p<0.05). Patients preferred capsule endoscopy to push enteroscopy (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study capsule endoscopy was superior to push enteroscopy in the diagnosis of recurrent bleeding in patients who had a negative gastroscopy and colonoscopy. It was safe and well tolerated.     

Capsule endoscopy in the evaluation of patients with suspected small intestinal bleeding: Results of a pilot study

BACKGROUND: A video capsule has been developed to acquire photographic images of the small intestine during normal peristaltic motion. METHODS: Patients between 21 and 80 years of age referred for enteroscopy because of obscure GI bleeding were offered entry into a trial in which they would undergo both capsule endoscopy and subsequent push enteroscopy. Results of capsule examinations were compared with push enteroscopy findings. Capsule endoscopy was performed with the Given M2A video capsule system. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (12 women, 9 men, average age 61 years) were enrolled, all of whom completed the study. A bleeding site was found in 11 of 20 patients during capsule endoscopy. No additional intestinal diagnoses were made by enteroscopy. The yield of push enteroscopy in the evaluation of obscure bleeding was 30% (6/20), the yield of capsule endoscopy 55% (11/20). This difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0625). Capsule endoscopy found a distal source of bleeding in 5 of 14 patients who had normal push enteroscopic examinations. Patients preferred capsule endoscopy to enteroscopy. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study demonstrates that capsule endoscopy provides excellent visualization of the small intestine, is well tolerated by patients, and is safe. Capsule endoscopy identified small intestinal bleeding sites beyond the range of push enteroscopy.     

Push enteroscopy in the era of capsule endoscopy

GOALS: To evaluate the diagnostic yield of push enteroscopy in relation to indication and compare the yield in patients who had capsule endoscopy followed by push enteroscopy against capsule endoscopy naive patients. BACKGROUND: With the advent of capsule endoscopy the role of push enteroscopy needs to be reevaluated. STUDY: Patients who underwent push enteroscopy from January 2002 to May 2006 were included. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-five patients underwent push enteroscopy: 93 females, average age 55 years. There were 74 cases where both push enteroscopy (PE) and capsule endoscopy (CE) were performed. Indications for PE were iron deficiency anemia (n=51), overt bleeding (n=31), suspected celiac disease (n=32), refractory celiac disease (n=19), assessment for Crohn's disease (n=10), and miscellaneous (n=12). In 148 patients, an average length of 70 cm of small bowel was examined (range 30 to 130 cm). PE was unsuccessful in 7 patients due to anatomic strictures or patient distress. The overall diagnostic yield was 30% with the highest yield in overt bleeding when compared with other subgroups (P<0.001). Nine percent of lesions were within the reach of a standard endoscope. Comparison of the diagnostic yield in patients who had CE followed by PE against CE naive patients was 41% versus 47%, respectively (P<1). There were no cases where push enteroscopy recognized a lesion that had not been already detected by capsule endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Push enteroscopy has the greatest diagnostic yield in patients with overt bleeding when compared with other referral indications. PE should be used as an adjuvant to CE for therapeutic intervention.     

A prospective two-center study comparing wireless capsule endoscopy with intraoperative enteroscopy in patients with obscure GI bleeding

BACKGROUND: Capsule endoscopy enables noninvasive diagnostic examination of the entire small intestine. However, sensitivity and specificity of capsule endoscopy have not been adequately defined. We, therefore, compared capsule endoscopy by using intraoperative enteroscopy as a criterion standard in patients with obscure GI bleeding. METHODS: Forty-seven consecutive patients with obscure GI bleeding (11 with ongoing overt bleeding, 24 with previous overt bleeding, and 12 with obscure-occult bleeding) from two German gastroenterologic centers were included. All patients who had a prior nondiagnostic evaluation, including upper endoscopy, colonoscopy with a retrograde examination of the distal ileum, and push enteroscopy, underwent capsule endoscopy followed by intraoperative enteroscopy. RESULTS: Capsule endoscopy identified lesions in 100% of the patients with ongoing overt bleeding, 67% of the patients with previous overt bleeding, and 67% of the patients with obscure-occult bleeding. Angiectasias were the most common source of bleeding (n = 22). Capsule endoscopy showed the source of bleeding in 74.4% of all patients. The method was more effective in patients with ongoing bleeding. Compared with intraoperative enteroscopy sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of capsule endoscopy were 95%, 75%, 95%, and 86%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Capsule endoscopy has high sensitivity and specificity to detect a bleeding source in patients with obscure GI bleeding. Thus, wireless capsule endoscopy can be recommended as part of the routine work-up in patients with obscure GI bleeding.     

胶囊内镜对不明原因消化道出血的诊断价值

目的 比较胶囊内镜与传统小肠俭查方法对不明原因消化道出血的诊断价值。方法 总结分析67例胃镜、肠镜检查阴性的消化道出血患者中消化道钡餐、肠系膜动脉造影、推进式小肠镜、胶囊内镜及剖腹探查包括手术中肠镜结果。结果 不明原因消化道出血上、中消化道钡餐检查检出率为17．6％，诊断率为13．8％；肠系膜动脉造影检查检出率和诊断率均为13．4％；推进式小肠镜检查检出率、诊断率为．32％；剖腹探查及术中肠镜检出率和诊断率均为83．3％；胶囊内镜检查检出率为80．6％，诊断率为67．7％结论 胶囊内镜检查对于不明原因消化道出血具有较高的检出率和诊断率．明显优于传统的检查方法。     

Distribution of bleeding gastrointestinal angioectasias in a Western population

AIM: To define which segments of the gastrointestinal tract are most likely to yield angioectasias for ablative therapy.METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for patients treated in the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Gastroenterology clinics between the dates of July 1, 2007 and October 1, 2010. The selection of cases for review was initiated by use of our electronic medical record to identify all patients with a diagnosis of angioectasia, angiodysplasia, or arteriovenous malformation. Of these cases, chart reviews identified patients who had a complete evaluation of their gastrointestinal tract as defined by at least one upper endoscopy, colonoscopy and small bowel capsule endoscopy within the past three years. Patients without evidence of overt gastrointestinal bleeding or iron deficiency anemia associated with intestinal angioectasias were classified as asymptomatic and excluded from this analysis. Thirty-five patients with confirmed, bleeding intestinal angioectasias who had undergone complete endoscopic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract were included in the final analysis.RESULTS: A total of 127 cases were reviewed. Sixty-six were excluded during subsequent screening due to lack of complete small bowel evaluation and/or lack of documentation of overt bleeding or iron deficiency anemia. The 61 remaining cases were carefully examined with independent review of endoscopic images as well as complete capsule endoscopy videos. This analysis excluded 26 additional cases due to insufficient records/images for review, incomplete capsule examination, poor capsule visualization or lack of confirmation of typical angioectasias by the principal investigator on independent review. Thirty-five cases met criteria for final analysis. All study patients were age 50 years or older and 13 patients (37.1%) had chronic kidney disease stage 3 or higher. Twenty of 35 patients were taking aspirin (81 mg or 325 mg), clopidogrel, and/or warfarin, with 8/20 on combination therapy. The number and location of angioectasis was documented for each case. Lesions were then classified into the following segments of the gastrointestinal tract: esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, right colon and left colon. The location of lesions within the small bowel observed by capsule endoscopy was generally defined by percentage of total small bowel transit time with times of 0%-9%, 10%-39%, and 40%-100% corresponding to the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, respectively. Independent review of complete capsule studies allowed for deviation from this guideline if capsule passage was delayed in one or more segments. In addition, the location and number of angioectasias observed in the small bowel was further modified or confirmed by subsequent device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE) performed in the 83% of cases. In our study population, angioectasias were most commonly found in the jejunum (80%) followed by the duodenum (51%), stomach (22.8%), and right colon (11.4%). Only two patients were found to have angioectasias in the ileum (5.7%). Twenty-one patients (60%) had angioectasias in more than one location.CONCLUSION: Patients being considered for endoscopic ablation of symptomatic angioectasias should undergo push enteroscopy or anterograde DAE and re-inspection of the right colon.     

Actively bleeding Dieulafoy＇s lesion of the small bowel identified by capsule endoscopy and treated by push enteroscopy

Dieulafoy's lesion is an unusual cause of recurrent GI bleeding. This report describes a case of actively bleeding Dieulafoy's lesion of the small bowel in which the diagnosis was made by capsule endoscopy, followed by treatment with the use of push enteroscopy. The case illustrates that capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy are highly complementary in patients with small bowel diseases.     

The role of video capsule endoscopy for evaluating obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: usefulness of early use

Background We report our preliminary experience with the use of video capsule endoscopy (VCE) in 64 patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) and suspected small intestine disease.Methods To be eligible for VCE, patients had to have undergone upper endoscopy, small bowel series, and colonscopy without discovering any source of bleeding. To find the best timing to perform VCE, the patients were retrospectively divided in two groups of 32 cases each: group 1 with patients who had been submitted to VCE within 15 days from OGIB diagnosis, and group 2 with patients who had been submitted to VCE at least 15 days after OGIB diagnosis.Results Lesions were found by VCE in 29 (91%) in group 1: angioectasia-like lesions of the small bowel in 12, some erosions of the ileum without signs of bleeding in 14, a polyp with erosions in 1, and a bleeding site where the surgery showed a tumor of the ileum in 2 patients. In 2 cases, VCE missed showing two small tumors that were revealed by laparoscopy in 1 case and by push enteroscopy in the other. In group 2, lesions were found by VCE in 11 (34%): angioectasia-like lesions of the small bowel in 6, some erosions in 3, a short segmental stenosis in 1, and two polyps in 1. In 1 case, VCE missed showing a small polyp in the jejunum that was revealed by push enteroscopy. In none of these cases was a bleeding site identified. VCE was well tolerated and able to acquire good images in patients with OGIB. It showed lesions in 91% of the patients in group 1 and 34% of cases in group 2.Conclusions Our data suggest that the optimal timing to perform VCE is within a few days after the occurrence of bleeding, possibly within 2 weeks.