对乙酰氨基酚片含量测定结果的思考

目的分析对比各国药典对乙酰氨基酚片的含量测定方法,以核查某批对乙酰氨基酚片含量测定的结果。方法用紫外E值法、紫外对照品法和HPLC对照品法3种药典方法分别核查了某批对乙酰氨基酚片含量测定的结果。结果该批次对乙酰氨基酚片的含量为90.5%,3种含量测定方法的检测结果相当。结论经过3种相对独立的药典含量测定方法相互验证,该批对乙酰氨基酚片含量测定结果准确、可靠。     

血府逐瘀软胶囊中药材的鉴别及芍药苷的含量测定

目的建立血府逐瘀软胶囊的鉴别和含量测定方法。方法采用TLC法和HPLC法。结果TLC鉴别了样品中的赤芍、枳壳、牛膝、甘草等药材;HPLC测定了芍药苷的含量,芍药苷在0.1~0.9 mg范围内,线性关系良好(r=0.9999)。平均回收率为96.4%,RSD=1.4%。结论鉴别方法重复性好,专属性强;含量测定方法简便、准确。     

酸枣仁合剂的薄层鉴别及酸枣仁皂苷A的含量测定

目的:建立酸枣仁合剂的鉴别和含量测定方法.方法:采用TLC法和HPLC法.结果:TLC法鉴别酸枣仁合剂中知母、茯苓和川芎等药材;HPLC测定酸枣仁皂苷A的含量,酸枣仁皂苷A在0.55～1.1 mg/mL范围内线形关系良好(r=0.9997),平均加样回收率为100.45%,RSD为1.30%.结论:鉴别重复性好、专属性强,含量测定方法简便,准确.     

熊胆中胆汁酸含量测定方法研究概况

本文综述了熊胆中胆汁酸类成分含量测定方法研究概况 .胆汁酸测定方法有比色法、薄层色谱-紫外分光光度法、薄层扫描法、高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法、毛细管电泳法;并预测了胆汁酸测定方法的发展趋势.     

HPLC法和UV法测定盐酸二甲双胍片含量的比较研究

目的比较盐酸二甲双胍片剂的两种含量测定方法。方法分别采用UV法和HPLC测定盐酸二甲双胍片剂的含量,从操作,准确度,精密度等方面比较各方法的优劣。结果两种方法对盐酸二甲双胍片剂含量测定结果均符合相关规定。HPLC法的精密度好于UV法。结论 HPLC法比UV法更优,可作为盐酸二甲双胍片剂的首选测定方法。     

大败毒胶囊的鉴别及含量测定

目的建立大败毒胶囊的鉴别和含量测定方法。方法采用TLC法及HPLC法。结果TLC鉴别陈皮、赤芍、白芷等药材,色谱清晰,分离度好。HPLC测定大黄素、大黄酚,进样量与峰面积的线性关系良好(分别为0.9994、0.9992)。平均回收率分别为95.10%(RSD=1.76%)、94.5%(RSD=1.81%)。结论鉴别重复性好,专属性强;含量测定方法灵敏、准确。     

非洛地平含量测定方法的研究

为了建立准确、快速、简便易行的非洛地平含量测定方法，进行了其氧化还原法（铈量法）与ＨＰＬＣ法的对比实验。结果表明，铈量法操作简便，迅速，准确性、灵敏度均较高。     

两种不同方法测定氯霉素二甲亚砜溶液中氯霉素含量

目的探讨氯霉素二甲亚砜溶液中氯霉素的含量测定方法。方法分别用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法和紫外分光光度（UV）法测定氯霉素二甲亚砜溶液中氯霉素含量,并对两种方法的测定结果进行比较。结果两种方法所测含量结果间没有显著性差异。结论两种方法都可以作为医院制剂含量测定方法,可将UV法用于制刺半成品含量控制而将HPLC法用于成品的含量控制,以缩短检验时间,保证制剂质量。     

妇科十味片的鉴别和芍药苷的含量测定

目的建立妇科十味片的鉴别和含量测定方法。方法采用TLC法对妇科十味片的香附、当归、延胡索、甘草进行鉴别;用HPLC法测定芍药苷的含量。结果薄层色谱鉴别特征斑点明显;芍药苷的量在0．1-0．5μg范围内线性关系良好。平均回收率为100．2％,RSD=1．89％。结论所建立的鉴别与含量测定方法简便、准确,可用于妇科十味片的质量控制。     

克咳胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立克咳胶囊的质量标准。方法对罂粟壳、甘草、苦杏仁进行薄层鉴别,采用HPLC法对麻黄碱进行含量测定。结果薄层鉴别重现性好;含量测定方法稳定,平均回收率为100.70%,精密度RSD为1.93%,重复性RSD为2.24%。结论薄层鉴别与含量测定方法稳定、简单,可行,重现性好。     

基于HMGR、SQS1、β-AS基因CNVs的甘草道地性机制研究

本文利用real-time PCR方法对不同产地甘草的3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰CoA还原酶 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, HMGR)、鲨稀合成酶1 (squalene synthetase 1, SQS1)、β-香树脂醇合成酶 (β-amyrin synthase, β-AS) 基因的拷贝数进行了研究, 发现不同产地的HMGR基因存在1～3个拷贝数变异, SQS1基因存在1～2个拷贝数变异, 未发现β-AS基因拷贝数变异。甘草HMGR、SQS1、β-AS基因拷贝数存在5种自然组合类型: A型 (2+1+1)、B型 (1+1+1)、C型 (3+2+1)、D型 (2+2+1) 和E型 (3+1+1), 其中内蒙古杭锦旗甘草存在A、B两种类型, A与B的比例为1∶1.3; 内蒙古赤峰甘草也存在A、B两种类型, 但A与B比例为3∶1; 宁夏盐池甘草存在A、B、C、D 4种类型, A/B/C/D比例为1∶5.1∶1∶2, A/B比例为1∶5.1; 甘肃民勤甘草存在A、B、E 3种类型, A/B/E比例为4.1∶2.1∶1, A/B比例为2∶1。本研究证明中药功能基因基因组拷贝数变异 (copy number variations, CNVs) 与产地具有相关性, 可能是道地药材形成的机制之一。     

Neuroscience and Hormesis: Overview and General Findings

This article provides a summary of an assessment of the occurrence and impact of hormesis in the neurosciences, including the areas of neuroprotection, neurite outgrowth, and drugs for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, anxiety, pain, seizures, stroke, as well as in the areas of behavioral pharmacology, addictive drugs, stress biology including the Yerkes–Dodson law, and p-glycoprotein efflux activity. The findings indicate that the hormetic dose response has a common, if not dominant, presence in each of these diverse areas of neuroscience and further strengthens the conclusion that hormesis is highly generalizable, being independent of biological model, endpoint, and chemical class.     

Endocrine disruption mechanism of o,p'-DDT in mature male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vivo, the potential of o,p'-DDT to disrupt the endocrine system of mature male tilapia. In particular, the possibility that o,p'-DDT effects were mediated directly via the estrogen receptor (ER). Compounds with known ability to bind to the ER were employed: estradiol to induce and tamoxifen to inhibit the estrogenic effects result of the activation of the ER. In addition, an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydrxyandrostenedione (4-OHA), was used to assess the ability of o,p'-DDT to induce estrogenic effects in a surrounding of low estradiol concentration. The effects of estradiol and o,p'-DDT were studied alone or in the presence of tamoxifen or 4-OHA at the end of a 12-day period of exposure. The main endpoints measured were plasma alkaline-labile phosphorous (ALP; an indirect indicator of vitellogenin), estradiol, testosterone and o,p'-DDT. It was found that o,p'-DDT was able to induce the vitellogenesis (measured as plasma ALP increase) and decrease the circulating levels of estradiol and testosterone. Interestingly, o,p'-DDT kept this ability in whole fish with low concentrations of estradiol which would exclude endogenous estradiol as indirect mediator of the estrogenic effects induced by o,p'-DDT. In addition, the plasma concentration of o,p'-DDT, instead of that of estradiol, was closely related to the plasma ALP increase induced by o,p'-DDT. This indicates that o,p'-DDT could have directly activated the vitellogenesis. The antiestrogenic action of tamoxifen to inhibit the vitellogenesis and the decrease on plasma estradiol induced by o,p'-DDT indicates that o,p'-DDT can bind directly to the ER. In conclusion, this in vivo study shows that o,p'-DDT has the potential to disrupt the endocrine system and strongly supports that the estrogenic actions of o,p'-DDT involve binding to the ER.     

Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons

Self-injection of three barbiturates, six benzodiazepines, and chlorpromazine was examined in baboons. Intravenous injections of drug were dependent upon completion of 160 lever presses (a 160-response fixed-ratio schedule). A 3-h time-out period followed each injection, permitting a maximum of eight injections per day. Prior to testing each dose of drug, self-injection performance was established with cocaine. Subsequently, a test dose was substituted for cocaine. Amobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital maintained the highest levels of self-injection, which were similar to those maintained by cocaine. Clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, medazepam, and midazolam maintained relatively modest levels of self-injection, while chlorpromazine maintained only low levels, which were in the range of vehicle control. Of the six benzodiazepines, midazolam produced the highest levels of self-injection. At the highest self-injected doses, the barbiturates produced anesthesia in contrast to the benzodiazepines, which produced only sedation. None of the drugs affected food intake except for chlorpromazine, which produced dose-related decreases. The differences among the drug classes (i.e., barbiturate, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine) with respect to the maintenance of self-injection correspond well with the results of previous animal and human drug self-administration studies.     

紫花丹参不同部位微量元素含量的分析比较

目的分析比较紫花丹参不同部位微量元素含量。方法用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法分别测定紫花丹参根、茎、叶、花4个部位17种微量元素的含量,对不同部位微量元素含量进行分析比较。结果紫花丹参根中镁元素含量最高,茎中钡和锶含量高,叶中硼和铜含量高,而花中铁元素含量分别是根、茎、叶的2.5、4和10倍,另外,花中的钛、锰、镍、钒、锡、铅、钴、铬、镉、锂、锌等11种微量元素含量也均高于其它3个部位。结论从微量元素角度分析,丹参的花也具有一定的药用价值。     

白细胞介素抑制剂类生物制剂治疗斑块状银屑病的文献可视化分析

目的 分析白细胞介素（IL）抑制剂类生物制剂在斑块状银屑病治疗中的研究现状及热点。方法 检索2011年1月1日至2022年4月30日在Web of Science核心合集数据库发表的IL抑制剂类生物制剂在斑块状银屑病治疗方面的相关研究，利用CiteSpace5.8.R3软件进行文献的可视化分析，从发文量、国家/地区、机构、作者、期刊等文献关键特征分析该领域的研究现状，通过文献共被引、关键词共现、聚类及突现分析该领域的知识基础、研究热点及前沿。结果 共纳入文献2 056篇，近10年发文量呈逐年递增趋势，共计104个国家/地区的545个机构参与了IL抑制剂类药物治疗斑块状银屑病的研究，其中美国发文量805篇，占总发文量的39.15%居首位，且与德国、英国、瑞士、加拿大等有密切合作，发文最多的机构是瑞士诺华制药，发文最多的作者是德国汉堡艾本多夫医学中心的Reich K，被引频次第一的作者是加拿大Prob Med公司的Papp KA，被引频次最高的期刊为British Journal of Dermatology；该领域的研究热点主要为生物制剂治疗斑块状银屑病的作用机制、疗效及安全性研究，研究...     

Stability, distribution and use of antivenoms for snakebite envenomation in Latin America: Report of a workshop

The issues of antivenom stability and distribution, and the training of health staff in the correct use of antivenoms in Latin America were discussed in a workshop held at Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Costa Rica, in September 16-19, 2008, under the auspices of the program CYTED. Participants from public antivenom production laboratories of the region, together with representatives of the Ministries of Health, from Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panamá, Costa Rica and Nicaragua participated in the event. Technical advances in the study of antivenom stability and in the design of novel formulations aimed at generating products of higher stability were presented. In addition, antivenom acquisition and distribution systems in every country were presented and discussed, together with novel tools that could be useful for improving antivenom distribution, such as the software SIGEpi, developed by the Pan American Health Organization. The issue of the cold chain, as well as the most frequent causes of misuse of antivenoms in the region, were also analyzed. Finally, the experiences of training programs for health staff on the correct use of antivenoms in snakebite envenomation treatment in Latin America were presented. It was concluded that, in addition to the fostering of antivenom production and quality control, renewed efforts should be implemented at improving the stability, distribution and correct use of antivenoms in the region.     

Disruptive effects of muscimol infused into the basal forebrain on conditional discrimination and visual attention: differential interactions with cholinergic mechanisms

The behavioural effects of GABAergic manipulation of the basal forebrain were investigated using two behavioural tasks, which previous studies have shown to yield dissociable effects following quisqualate-induced lesions of the basal forebrain: a five-choice serial reaction time task, involving approaching the location of a brief visual stimulus that is associated with reward; and a conditional visual discrimination task, requiring retrieval of information about a discriminative stimulus that stays constant over time. Following acquisition of the tasks, chronic guide cannulae were stereotaxically implanted into the basal forebrain. Those animals trained on the conditional visual discrimination task showed a dose-dependent reduction in choice accuracy and a lengthening of latency to respond correctly to the visual stimulus following administration of the GABA-A agonist, muscimol (1, 2, 3 ng/µl/hem). While certain of these deficits, for example response latency, could be restored to control levels by co-administration of the GABA-A antagonist, bicuculline, none of the behavioural impairments could be significantly attenuated by systemic co-administration of the cholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/kg, IP). Similarly, a dose dependent effect of muscimol (1, 1.5, 2 ng/µl/hem) on choice accuracy and correct response latency was observed on performance of the five-choice attentional task. However, in contrast to the conditional task, significant attenuation of the impairment in choice accuracy was obtained following administration of physostigmine (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg). Attenuation of muscimol-induced deficits by administration of bicuculline was also observed. It is therefore evident that although manipulation of GABAergic activity in the region of the basal forebrain produces profound deficits in different tasks of cognitive function, only some of these may be due to modulation of the magnocellular cholinergic projection to the neocortex.     

Toxic response of HIPCO single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice and RAW264.7 macrophage cells

In this study, we identified the toxic response of pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (P-SWCNTs) synthesized by HIPCO method in mice and RAW264.7 cells, a murine peritoneal macrophage cell line. P-SWCNT contained a large amount of Fe ion (36 wt%). In the lungs of mice 24 h after intratracheal administration, P-SWCNTs increased the secretion of IL-6 and MCP-1, and the number of total cells, the portion of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils, also significantly increased at a 100 μg/mL of concentration. In RAW264.7 cells, cell viability and ATP production decreased in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h after exposure, whereas the generations of ROS and NO were enhanced at all concentrations together with the activation of the MAP kinase pathway. Moreover, the levels of both apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins and ER stress-related proteins clearly increased, and the concentrations of Fe, Cu, and Zn ions, but not of Mn ions, increased in a dose-dependent manner. TEM images also revealed that P-SWCNTs induced the formation of autophagosome-like vacuoles, the dilatation of the ER, the generation of mitochondrial flocculent densities, and the separation of organelle by disappearance of the cell membrane. Taken together, we suggest that P-SWCNTs cause acute inflammatory response in the lungs of mice, and induce autophagy accompanied with apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, further study is required to elucidate how the physicochemical properties of SWCNTs determine the cell death pathway and an immune response.     

Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy,physiology, and biochemistry of humans and commonly used laboratory animals

In addition to metabolic differences, the anatomical, physiological, and biochemical differences in the gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract of the human and common laboratory animals can cause significant variation in drug absorption from the oral route. Among the physiological factors, pH, bile, pancreatic juice, and mucus and fluid volume and content can modify dissolution rates, solubility, transit times, and membrane transport of drug molecules. The microbial content of the G.I. tract can significantly affect the reductive metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of drugs and colonic delivery of formulations. The transit time of dosage forms can be significantly different between species due to different dimensions and propulsive activities of the G.I. tract. The lipid/protein composition of the enterocyte membrane along the G.I. tract can alter binding and passive, active, and carrier-mediated transport of drugs. The location and number of Peyer's patches can also be important in the absorption of large molecules and particulate matter. While small animals, rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits, are most suitable for determining the mechanism of drug absorption and bioavailability values from powder or solution formulations, larger animals, dogs, pigs, and monkeys, are used to assess absorption from formulations. The understanding of physiological, anatomical, and biochemical differences between the G.I. tracts of different animal species can lead to the selection of the correct animal model to mimic the bioavailability of compounds in the human. This article reviews the anatomical, physiological, and biochemical differences between the G.I. tracts of humans and commonly used laboratory animals.