重建腭咽部肌肉对腭裂修复术后腭咽闭合状况的影响

目的 通过两组不同腭裂修复术后患者的X线造影比较观察，了解腭咽部肌肉重建对腭咽闭合状况的影响。方法 将62例腭裂及腭咽闭合不全患者分为腭咽部肌肉重建腭裂修复组(重建组)和改良兰氏腭裂修复术(非重建组)，并采用鼻咽部钡造影X线侧位片检查摄取静止和发Ⅲ音时的侧位片，对鼻咽腔面积、可移动鼻咽腔距离及腭咽闭合方式进行观察和测量，所得数据进行统计学处理。结果 重建组在腭咽闭合功能、鼻咽腔面积缩小率、静态可移动鼻咽腔中份腭咽距离和静、动态可移动鼻咽腔下份腭咽距离等方面优于非重建组，并可形成多种形式的咽后隆突-软腭闭合方式；非重建组腭咽闭合完全良好的患者在鼻咽腔面积缩小率方面要优于腭咽闭合不良的患者。结论 腭裂修复术后腭咽闭合的主要功能区在可移动鼻咽腔中份。腭裂修复术时重建腭咽肌肉有助于缩小鼻咽腔面积和提供协调的腭咽闭合活动。     

应用鼻咽纤维镜对腭裂术后患者腭咽闭合状况的动态观察

目的观察腭裂术后腭咽腔的静止形态分型和腭咽闭合的运动相,探讨腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全与手术形式的关系。方法应用鼻咽纤维镜经鼻腔对腭裂术后腭咽腔的静止形态和腭咽闭合时的运动情况进行观察,并记录、分析。结果经典性后推手术的腭咽闭合三要素运动良好,腭咽闭合不全的主要原因是软腭后推不足和瘢痕牵拉。非经典性腭咽瓣手术破坏了生理结构,几乎全部的病例都存在腭咽闭合不全的现象。结论经典性后推手术应被列为腭裂修复治疗的首选手术方式。     

Furlow腭成形术治疗腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全的临床疗效

目的探讨采用Furlow腭成形术在腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全(velopharyngeal insufficiency,VPI)整复中的应用价值。方法 2015年8月—2017年1月,采用Furlow腭成形术治疗48例腭裂术后VPI患者。男29例,女19例;年龄4～17岁,平均6.1岁。不完全性腭裂16例,完全性腭裂32例;软腭裂16例,软硬腭裂32例。腭裂手术至该次手术时间为3～13年,平均5.9年。患者均伴有明显过高鼻音,且鼻漏气明显。电子鼻咽纤维内窥镜评估腭咽闭合程度均为Ⅲ级。记录手术时间、术中出血量,术前及术毕时分别测量腭总长度、软腭长度、咽腔深度、咽腭弓宽度,并计算手术前后差值。术后3个月,临床评估腭咽闭合程度,分为腭咽闭合完全(velopharyngeal competence,VPC)、边缘性腭咽闭合(marginal velopharyngeal inadequacy,MVPI)、VPI;摄头颅定位侧位X线片评价软腭及咽后壁关系,分为完全接触、点接触及无接触;电子鼻咽纤维内窥镜检查评估腭咽闭合程度(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级)。对腭总长度、软腭长度、咽腔深度、咽腭弓宽度手术前后差值的相关性采用Spearman分析;分别对软腭及咽后壁接触程度及腭咽闭合程度进行分组,对上述指标进行统计学分析。结果手术时间35～64 min,平均41 min;术中出血量3～10 mL,平均6 mL。患者均获随访3个月。术后3个月,临床评估腭咽闭合程度为VPC 34例、MVPI 7例、VPI 7例;头颅定位侧位X线片示,软腭与咽后壁完全接触30例、点接触11例、无接触7例;电子鼻咽纤维内窥镜检查示,腭咽闭合功能均有不同程度改善,Ⅰ级29例,Ⅱ级12例,Ⅲ级7例。手术前后腭总长度、软腭长度、咽腔深度和咽腭弓宽度比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,手术前后腭总长度差值与软腭长度差值成正相关(r=0.448,P=0.001)。VPC、MVPI、VPI组腭总长度、软腭长度、咽腔深度手术前后差值组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);咽腭弓宽度手术前后差值比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。完全接触、点接触及无接触组腭总长度、软腭长度手术前后差值比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);咽腔深度及咽腭弓宽度手术前后差值比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用Furlow腭成形术行腭裂术后VPI整复,可有效延长软腭,减小咽腔深度,恢复腭咽闭合的生理解剖形态,显著改善腭咽闭合功能。     

后推、减张、缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

为修复腭裂畸形１９９２年１月以来，应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推，软腭鼻腔粘膜Ｚ成形术，腭帆提肌吊带重建，颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面，选择性地施行去神经的　短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术，修复２０例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者，效果满意。     

后推,减张,缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

对修复腭裂畸形１９９２年１月以来，应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推，软腭鼻腔粘膜Ｚ成形术，腭帆提肌吊带重建，颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面，选择性地施行１神经的拇短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术，修复２０例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者，效果满意。     

后推、减张、缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

为修复腭裂畸形1992年1月以来,应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推,软腭鼻腔粘膜 Z 成形术,腭帆提肌吊带重建,颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面,选择性地施行去神经的(足母)短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术,修复20例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者,效果满意。     

腭咽闭合功能不全后并发症的防治

腭咽闭合功能不全是腭裂修复术后最常出现的现象,据报道,腭成形术后定性分析有25%～38%的患者存在腭咽闭合功能不全[2],主要是由于腭成形术时没有足够后推软腭延长其长度,术后软腭过短,鼻咽腔过深或手术损伤致术后软腭活动度差,或咽侧壁向中线移动差等原因造成腭咽闭合功能不全     

横形折叠咽后瓣修复腭裂及腭咽闭合不全

介绍一种改良的咽后壁瓣－横形折叠咽后瓣。修复腭裂及腭咽闭合不全患者１６例。手术的主要目的在于保留咽后瓣的神经支配，消除咽后瓣自身创面和上提软腭。经６个月￣１２个月随访，从Ｘ线头影测量及鼻咽内窥镜检查显示术后腭咽闭合良好率为８３％￣１００％。咽后瓣形态丰满，其软腭附着接近正常软腭提肌隆突区，对软腭我影响，并能明显缩小鼻咽腔，有助于达到良好的腭咽闭合。讨论了手术的优缺点。     

兰氏和双反Z法腭裂修复术后患儿语音清晰度对比

目的比较兰氏和双反Z法腭裂修复术后患儿的语音清晰度,寻找重建腭咽闭合的最佳手术方法。方法选取2009年至2013年在我院口腔颌面外科就诊的先天性软腭裂患儿69例,其中行双反Z法腭裂修复术35例(双反Z法组),行兰氏法腭裂修复术34例(兰氏法组)。患儿3.5岁后随访,由3名语音师进行单盲性审听,比较两组患儿术后语音清晰度。结果语音测评结果显示,双反Z法组患儿术后患者语音清晰度平均达到88.72%±6.05%,明显高于兰氏法组的71.31%±3.46%,语音改善明显。结论双反Z法能够充分缩小咽腔、延长软腭,重建软腭肌肉结构,更有利于恢复良好的腭咽闭合功能。     

腭咽部肌群重建腭裂修复术与改良兰氏腭裂修复术后软腭运动的比较观察

目的通过腭咽部肌肉重建腭裂修复术与改良兰氏腭裂修复术后患者的X线片比较,了解腭咽部肌肉重建对软腭运动功能恢复的作用。方法1988年10月~2000年10月,治疗腭裂及腭咽闭合不全患者62例。其中腭咽部肌肉重建腭裂修复术(A组)32例,年龄2~26岁;改良兰氏腭裂修复术(B组)30例,年龄4~23岁。采用鼻咽部钡造影X线侧位片检查方法摄取静止和发“i”音时的侧位片,进行X线片定点。测量指标包括:1腭咽闭合状态,2软腭运动长度,3软腭运动角度,4解剖提肌隆突点(levatoreminenceinanatomy,LEA)-腭咽闭合水平线(velopharyngealclosureline,VCL)距离,5LEA变化值,6LEA与运动提肌隆突点(levatoreminenceinphonation,LEP)值的比较,7LEA与LEP的差值,8后鼻棘点(posteriornasalspine,PNS)-软腭鼻腔侧连线(softpalateline,SPL)-LEA与PNS-SPL-LEP值。结果A、B组的腭咽闭合完全优良率状态分别为83.3%和53.3%(P<0.01);软腭运动长度:A组静止时和发“i”音时分别为36.77±4.23mm和39.57±5.80mm(P<0.05),B组静止和发“i”音时分别为36.70±5.81mm和39.15±6.89mm(P>0.05);软腭运动角度:A组为18.97±11.13°,B组为25.55±13.02°(P<0.05);LEA-VCL距离:静止时A组为-5.57±5.26mm,B组为-13.47±4.21mm(P<0.001);LEA变化值A组为7.63±5.29mm,B组为13.10±9.13mm(P<0.01);LEA与LEP值的比较:A组分别为21.79±3.18mm和20.33±4.29mm(P>0.05),B组分别为21.56±4.11mm和19.41±3.50mm(P>0.05);LEA和LEP的差值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),组内比较A组(P>0.05),B组(P<0.01);PNS-SPL-LEA与PNS-SPL-LEP值:组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),组内比较A组(P>0.05),B组(P<0.05)。结论腭裂修复术时重建腭咽肌肉有助于软腭运动和腭咽闭合功能的恢复。软腭运动角度及软腭向上运动范围并不是构成理想腭咽闭合的主要因素,而腭咽部肌肉重建后的协调运动则更为重要。     

A modified procedure for velopharyngeal sphincteroplasty in primary cleft palate repair and secondary velopharyngeal incompetence treatment and its preliminary results.

During cleft repair, velopharyngeal sphincter reconstruction is still a challenge to plastic surgeons. To improve the surgical treatment for cleft palate and secondary velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI), a carefully designed modified procedure for primary palatoplasty and secondary VPI was presented. Fifty-six patients (48 for primary cleft palate repair and eight for secondary VPI of previously repaired clefts) underwent this procedure from 1988 to 2001. The modified procedure is a combination of the tunnelled palatopharyngeus myomucosal flap for dynamic circular reconstruction of the pharyngeal element of the velopharyngeal sphincter and the double-reversing Z-plasty with levator velo palatini muscles reposition in the velar element of the sphincter. The satisfactory velopharyngeal competence (complete velopharyngeal closure and marginal velopharyngeal closure) was achieved in 23 of 25 patients with primary cleft palate repair examined by nasendoscopy and the nasality, speech articulation and intelligibility are also assessed in 25 primary cleft palate repaired patients with 92% satisfactory result (normal speech and speech with mild VPI) in single word test and 88% in continuous speech evaluation. Based on our experience, we believe that this modified procedure is a reasonable choice for primary cleft repair and secondary VPI treatment because it is in accord with normal physiology and anatomy of the velopharyngeal sphincter, can lengthen the soft palate, decrease the enlarged velopharynx, augment the posterior pharyngeal wall, and enhance the relationship between the muscles of velopharyngeal sphincter which results in a dynamic neo-sphincter in palatopharyngoplasty. Further study of the procedure is needed. The theoretical basis, operative highlights, velopharyngeal function, advantages and disadvantages of the modified procedure were discussed.     

Post-mastectomy reconstruction: A risk-stratified comparative analysis of outcomes

IntroductionAlthough breast reconstruction following mastectomy plays a role in the psychological impact of breast cancer, only one in three women undergo reconstruction. Few multi-institutional studies have compared complication profiles of reconstructive patients to non-reconstructive.MethodsUsing the National Surgical Quality Improvement database, all patients undergoing mastectomy from 2006 to 2010, with or without reconstruction, were identified and risk-stratified using propensity scored quintiles. The incidence of complications and comorbidities were compared.ResultsOf 37,723 mastectomies identified, 30% received immediate breast reconstruction. After quintile matching for comorbidities, complications rates between reconstructive and non-reconstructives were similar. This trend was echoed across all quintiles, except in the sub-group with highest comorbidities. Here, the reconstructive patients had significantly more complications than the non-reconstructive (22.8% versus 7.0%, p < 0.001).ConclusionImmediate breast reconstruction is a well-tolerated surgical procedure. However, in patients with high comorbidities, surgeons must carefully counterbalance surgical risks with psychosocial benefits to maximize patient outcomes.Level of evidenceLevel 3     

大龄腭裂患者两种手术模式的临床评估

目的 探讨不同年龄腭裂患者的手术治疗模式,以提高大龄腭裂患者术后的腭咽闭合率和语音清晰度.方法 2010年5月至2012年4月,52例大龄腭裂患者按年龄不同分为A组(8～16岁,n=18)和B组(16岁以上,n=34),A组进行改良兰氏法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术,B组进行改良兰氏法同期咽后壁瓣咽成形术.所有患者术后随访10～18个月,观察创口愈合情况、语音清晰度、高低鼻音、鼻漏气及鼻咽纤维内镜检查情况.结果 语音评估显示,A组和B组患者高鼻音和鼻漏气程度均显著下降,语音清晰度提高;32例患者术后腭咽闭合完全,余20例患者术后虽仍有腭咽闭合不全,但在鼻咽纤维镜下腭咽闭合率达80％以上.结论 针对不同年龄的腭裂患者制定个体化手术方式,可显著提高腭裂患者术后腭咽闭合率和语音清晰度.     

Evaluation and treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency: the University of Florida experience

This retrospective study spans the years 1988 to 2000 and looks specifically at the treatment procedures and outcomes for the correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Ninety-eight patients underwent preoperative assessment by speech pathologists that included perceptual speech evaluation, videofluoroscopy, and, for some, nasendoscopy. Based on this evaluation protocol, a specific surgical procedure was chosen to serve the patients' needs. The four procedures of choice were the palatal pushback with a pharyngeal flap lining, sphincter pharyngoplasty, a superiorly based obturating pharyngeal flap, and Furlow palatoplasty. The criteria for selecting these procedures are reviewed. The results revealed VPI resolution and the establishment of normal nonnasal speech in more than 95% of the 75 patients for whom outcomes were determined. This study reiterates the importance of thorough preoperative evaluation and the individualization of the secondary corrective procedure.     

Early two-stage double opposing Z-plasty or one-stage push-back palatoplasty?: comparisons in maxillary development and speech outcome at 4 years of age

Determining the optimal timing and procedure of palatal surgery for children with cleft lip and palate has long raised a major controversy. An early two-stage palatoplasty protocol has been a recent trend in an attempt to obtain preferable maxillary growth without compromising adequate speech development. In this study, we aim to address whether the resulting maxillofacial growth and speech development obtained by an early 2-stage palatoplasty protocol are better than those obtained by conventional 1-stage push-back palatoplasty. Seventy-two nonsyndromic children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate were enrolled in this study. They were divided into 2 groups: 30 children, who were treated with early 2-stage palatoplasty, in which soft palate closure was performed using a modified Furlow's procedure at 12 months of age and hard palate closure was performed at 18 months of age (Early Tow Stage [ETS] group: 22 boys, 8 girls), and 42 children, who underwent 1-stage Wardill-Kilner push-back palatoplasty at 12 months of age (Push Back [PB] group: 31 boys, 11 girls). Cephalometric analysis for maxillofacial growth and assessments of speech development were performed for each child at 4 years of age. The ETS group showed a lager maxillary length than the PB group [anterior nasal spine (ANS)-ptm': ETS, 46.7 ± 2.0 mm; PB, 43.6 ± 2.3 mm]. The ANS in the ETS group was positioned more anteriorly than that in the PB group (N'-ANS: ETS, 2.5 ± 1.8 mm; PB, 0.26 ± 2.5 mm), whereas the posterior edge of the maxilla positioned anteroposteiorly was comparable between the 2 groups. The anterior facial height was significantly greater in the ETS group than in the PB group (N-N': ETS, 43.3 ± 2.9 mm; PB, 40.1 ± 2.3 mm, S-S': ETS, 29.7 ± 3.2 mm; PB, 31.0 ± 3.2 mm). No statistically significant differences were observed in the incidence of either velopharyngeal incompetence or articulation errors between the 2 groups at 4 years of age. Our results show that the early 2-stage protocol is advantageous with regard to maxillary growth compared with 1-stage push-back palatoplasty without compromising speech development as evaluated for all children at 4 years of age.     

Diagnosis and treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency: clinical utility of speech evaluation and videofluoroscopy

INTRODUCTION: The workup of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) includes speech pathology evaluation and examination of velopharyngeal anatomy and physiology. This study sought to determine whether perceptual speech symptoms were predictive of velopharyngeal closure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients with VPI following primary palatoplasty was performed. All patients underwent perceptual speech evaluation using the Pittsburgh Weighted Speech Scale (PWSS) and examination of velopharyngeal anatomy by videofluoroscopy. PWSS scores were correlated to velopharyngeal closure. RESULTS: All patients exhibited clinical VPI (PWSS = 5-27). No patient demonstrated complete velopharyngeal closure on videofluoroscopy. Velopharyngeal closure on the lateral view showed a statistically significant, moderate correlation with both the PWSS total score (rs = -0.424; P = 0.03) and the phonation subscore (rs = -0.405; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Although certain aspects of speech are related to velopharyngeal anatomy, speech and videofluoroscopic studies each provide unique information in the workup of VPI. Selection of surgical approach often depends on anatomic factors, and improvement in speech postoperatively indicates successful treatment.     

Experience with surgical management of velopharyngeal incompetence

Accurate mapping of the defect of velopharyngeal closure in patients with velopharyngeal incompetence is paramount to the planning of an operative procedure that will have a successful outcome. Nasoendoscopy and videonasoendoscopy are valuable tools for examination of the abnormal pattern of velopharyngeal movement in patients with velopharyngeal incompetence. On the basis of the knowledge of the observed defect in velopharyngeal closure for the particular patient, a pharyngeal flap operation is planned. The flap width, level of placement of the flap base, and control of the lateral port size vary to suit each individual velopharyngeal closure defect. Postoperative speech results in 86 patients are reported.