单次口服瑞舒伐他汀钙片在中国健康志愿者的药代动力学

目的研究瑞舒伐他汀钙片(降血脂药)在中国健康志愿者体内单次给药的药代动力学特征。方法选择健康受试者12例,按3×3拉丁方设计,分别单次给与瑞舒伐他汀钙片5,10和20mg后,采用LC-MS测定不同时间血中瑞舒伐他汀的浓度,以BAPP软件进行数据处理,求算药代动力学参数。结果3个不同剂量组瑞舒伐他汀的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(6.54±2.06),(10.61±3.35),(22.85±7.32)ng.mL-1;AUC0-72分别为(77.83±25.43),(136.12±48.63),(275.98±81.98)h.ng.mL-1;tmax分别为(3.7±1.2),(3.8±0.8),(3.4±1.0)h;t1/2分别为(23.26±5.54),(25.64±14.02),(20.54±5.80)h;CL/F分别为(65.40±19.05),(76.96±36.47),(76.18±33.35)L.h-1;各剂量组的Cmax、AUC0-72、AUC0-∞随剂量的增加而成比例的增大,各组的Ka、Ke、tmax、t1/2ka、t1/2、MRT、CL/F等差异无统计意义。结论口服给药剂量为5～20mg时,瑞舒伐他汀钙在国人体内具有线性药代动力学特征。     

复方苯磺酸氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀钙片的人体药动学

目的:研究复方苯磺酸氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀钙片中氨氯地平和阿托伐他汀钙在健康人体的药动学特征.方法:30名健康志愿者随机分成3组,每组10名(男女各半),分别单次空腹口服不同规格的受试药品复方苯磺酸氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀钙片,规格分别为5 mg/10 mg/片,10 mg/10 mg/片,5 mg/20 mg/片各1片,采用液相色谱串联质谱方法(LC-MS/MS)研究2种成分的血药浓度经时过程,计算相应的药动学参数,并评价复方苯磺酸氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀钙片在人体的药动学特征.结果:氨氯地平5 mg/10 mg/片/剂量组中的药动学参数分别为Cmax为(3.1±0.5)μg·L-1,AUC0-120为(131±22)μg·h·L-1;10 mg/10 mg/片剂量组,Cmax＜为(6.8±1.2)μg·L-1,AUC0-120为(327±110)μg·h·L-1;5 mg/20 mg/片/剂量组,Cmax为(3.1±0.5)μg·L-1,AUG0-120为(130±16)μg·h·L-1.阿托伐他汀5 mg/10 mg/片剂量组中的药动学参数分别为Cmax为(11.3±6.7)μg·L-1,AUC0-120为(133.8±93.3)μg·h·L-1;10 mg/10 mg/片剂量组,Cmax为(16.7±12.1)/μg·L-1,AUC0-120为(107.7±60.4)μg·h·L-1;5 mg/20 mg/片剂量组,Cmax为(15.0±9.4)μg·L-1,AUC0-120为(147.3±59.3)μg·h·L-1.结论:复方苯磺酸氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀钙片中氨氯地平的Cmax;AUC0-120,AUC0-∞与剂量呈线性;阿托伐他汀的cMAX,AUC0-120,AUC,0-∞与剂量呈非线性药动学特征.     

健康受试者口服复方替米沙坦片后氢氯噻嗪的药物动力学

目的:建立口服复方替米沙坦片后氢氯噻嗪血药浓度的液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定法,进行人体药动学研究.方法:20例健康受试者随机分成两组,分别口服低剂量(1片)和高剂量(2片)受试制剂复方替米沙坦片(每片含替米沙坦40mg,氢氯噻嗪12.5 mg),应用LC-MS/MS法测定样品中氢氯噻嗪的血药浓度.结果:口服低剂量和高剂量受试制剂(分别含氢氯噻嗪12.5 mg和25 mg)后,估算的氢氯噻嗪的药动学参数Cmax分别为(78±15)μg·L-1,(150±50)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.9±0.7)h,(2.4±0.9)h;AUC0-t分别为(591±163)μg·h·L-1,(1026±306)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分另q为(601±157)μg·h·L-1,(1039±303)μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(7.1±1.5)h,(9.3±2.9)h;CLz/F分别为(22.1±5.6)L·h-1,(25.8±6.6)L·h-1;Vz/F分别为(226±77)L,(341±130)L;MRT分别为(8.4±1.3)h,(8.7±1.9)h.结论:本方法结果准确,灵敏度高,氢氯噻嗪进入人体分布后,其主要药动学参数与文献报道单方氢氯噻嗪数据一致.     

国产与进口瑞舒伐他汀钙片在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性

目的 评价进口与国产瑞舒伐他汀钙片(降血脂药)在健康人体的生物等效性.方法 20例健康成年男性受试者随机分组,按自身对照单次口服瑞舒伐他汀钙片20 mg后,用UPLC-MS-MS法测定瑞舒伐他汀的血浆浓度,非房室模型法计算各主要药代动力学参数,并进行方差分析和生物等效性评价.结果 瑞舒伐他汀片和胶囊的达峰时间tmax分别为(3.35±0.99)和(3.00±1.17)h;达峰浓度Cmax分别为(21.59±15.44)和(16.86±11.03)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(11.90±4.34)和(11.27±3.87)h;AUC0-96分别为(173.30±118.18)和(150.58±95.35)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(175.05±119.02)和(151.88±95.78)ng·h·mL-1.经统计分析,2组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 国产瑞舒伐他汀钙片(浙江京新药业股份有限公司)与进口瑞舒伐他汀钙片(阿斯利康公司)2种制剂生物等效.     

阿雷地平肠溶胶囊在中国健康人体内的药代动力学研究

目的:研究中国健康受试者单次和多次口服阿雷地平(AR)肠溶胶囊后阿雷地平(AR)及其主要代谢产物羟基阿雷地平(AR-M1)的药代动力学特征。方法:36名健康受试者,随机分为3组,平行单次口服5,10和20 mg阿雷地平肠溶胶囊的药代动力学研究,10 mg组受试者继续进行多次口服10 mg,qd,连续7 d的药代动力学研究,采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中阿雷地平及其主要代谢产物AR-M1的药物浓度,采用DAS 2.1.1软件计算药代动力学参数。结果:单次口服阿雷地平肠溶胶囊5～20 mg后阿雷地平和AR-M1的消除半衰期(t1/2z)分别约为2.0～2.7 h和3.9～5.6 h;达峰浓度(Cmax)随剂量增加呈线性增加,分别为[(2.12±1.14)～(11.34±5.98)μg.L-1]和[(29.41±9.80)～(111.74±24.03)μg.L-1];血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)也随剂量增加呈线性增加,阿雷地平和AR-M1的AUC0～t分别为[(6.02±2.96)～(30.33±8.88)μg.h.L-1]和[(156.05±32.24)～(776.00±160.47)μg.h.L-1],AUC0～∞分别为[(6.12±2.98)～(30.53±8.89)μg.h.L-1]和[(159.39±33.23)～(785.53±161.92)μg.h.L-1]。多次口服阿雷地平肠溶胶囊10 mg后阿雷地平和AR-M1的t1/2z分别约为2.5和5.5 h,AUC0～t分别为(18.09±5.42)和(604.46±159.66)μg.h.L-1,AUC0～∞分别为(18.25±5.42)和(611.93±162.81)μg.h.L-1。结论:在5～20 mg剂量范围内阿雷地平和AR-M1呈线性药代动力学特征,10 mg多次给药,阿雷地平和AR-M1的Cmax和AUC均较单次给药显著增加,但未见明显蓄积。     

瑞舒伐他汀钙片在中国健康志愿者的药代动力学研究

目的 研究中国健康志愿者单剂量口服瑞舒伐他汀钙片注射液的药代动力学.方法 44名健康志愿者单剂量口服瑞舒伐他汀钙片20 mg;用LC/MS/MS测定给药后不同时间点的血药浓度,用DAS 2.1.1软件计算药代动力学参数.结果 单剂量口服瑞舒伐他汀钙片20 mg后,瑞舒伐他汀t1/2=（11.39±5.06）h;tmax=（3.06±1.60）h;Cmax=（18.80±10.30）ng/mL;AUC0-t=（166.28±84.85）ng · h/mL.结论 本法专属性强、灵敏度高、操作简便,适用于瑞舒伐他汀的药代动力学研究.     

瑞舒伐他汀钙胶囊和片剂在健康人体内药动学和生物等效性研究

目的:研究瑞舒伐他汀钙胶囊和片剂在健康人体内的药动学过程和相对生物利用度。方法:健康志愿者24名,随机双交叉单剂量口服瑞舒伐他汀钙胶囊(受试制剂)和瑞舒伐他汀钙片(参比制剂),剂量均为20 mg,采用HPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中瑞舒伐他汀钙的浓度,用DAS 3.0药动学程序计算药动学参数和生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:单剂量口服瑞舒伐他汀钙受试和参比制剂后,血浆瑞舒伐他汀的tmax分别为(3.56±1.68)h和(3.63±1.56)h;Cmax分别为(21.17±13.74)ng·ml-1和(26.33±23.22)ng·ml-1;t1/2分别为(10.68±5.50)h和(9.04±6.00)h;AUC0-t分别为(219.31±146.09)ng·h·ml-1和(252.43±194.96)ng·h·ml-1;AUC0-∞分别为(225.32±146.76)ng·h·ml-1和(257.24±194.61)ng·h·ml-1,AUC0-t、AUC0-∞和Cmax的90%置信区间分别为81.1%~106%,81.8%~105.4%和77.9%~104.5%。受试制剂的相对生物利用度F为(100.7±54.1)%。结论:瑞舒伐他汀钙受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

咪达唑仑片在中国朝鲜族和汉族健康人体内的药代动力学

目的研究咪达唑仑片(镇静催眠药)在中国朝鲜族和汉族健康人体内的药代动力学。方法9名朝鲜族和10名汉族健康受试者,单剂量口服咪达唑仑片15mg,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中咪达唑仑的浓度,用DASVer2.0.1软件计算药代动力学参数。结果咪达唑仑片在朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(0.63±0.72),(1.52±0.74)h,Cmax分别为(189.03±82.05),(103.11±26.37)μg.L-1,t1/2(3.82±2.33),(2.96±0.77)h,AUC0-12(369.75±85.47),(368.95±103.63)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞(403.29±124.28),(397.29±124.06)μg.h.L-1。结论朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者单剂量口服咪达唑仑片后的药代动力学参数存在较大的个体差异,平均血药浓度-时间曲线存在双峰现象,2组间tmax、Cmax的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。     

西替伪麻缓释片在中国志愿者体内的药代动力学研究

目的 研究中国健康志愿者口服西替伪麻缓释片的药动学过程.方法 将24名志愿者随机均分为高剂量组和中剂量组,分别单次口服西替伪麻缓释片1片和2片;单次给药结束1周后,中剂量组12名受试者连续5 d每天口服2片,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人血浆中西替利嗪和伪麻黄碱的质量浓度.结果 西替利嗪单次给药后高剂量组和中剂量组的血药峰浓度(Cmax)分别为(134.5±22.0)μg/L和(290.9±47.4)μg/L,0～36 h药时曲线下面积(AUC0-36h)分别为(1 369.3.4±314.9)μg·h/L和(2 403.0±304.9)μ·h/L;伪麻黄碱单次给药后高剂量组和中剂量组的Cmax分别为(434.2±95.0)μg/L和(932.5±280.8)μg/L,AUC0-36 h分别为(6 160.7±1 477.4)μg·h/L和(1 2871.4±4 863.2)μg·h/L.多次给药达稳态后的平均稳态血药浓度(Cav)分别为(135.6±23.4)μg/L和(417.9 4±126.0)μg/L,达峰时间(Tmax)分别为(0.9 4±0.5)h和(4.1 4±1.7)h,AUCss分别为(1 626.7 4±280.8)μg·h/L和(5 015.0±1 511.8)μg·h/L,波动度(DF)分别为1.3±0.2和0.7±0.2,蓄积系数(R)分别为1.3 4±0.1和1.2 4±0.1.结论 所建立的液相色谱-串联质谱法测定方法快速、灵敏、准确、简便;盐酸伪麻黄碱具有缓释特征,多次给药后在体内无蓄积现象.     

匹伐他汀钙片单、多剂量人体药动学评价

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中匹伐他汀的浓度,研究其在中国健康受试者体内的单、多剂量药动学过程.方法:20名健康志愿者随机分为2组,每组10人(男女各半),分别口服低、中、高3个剂量(1,2,4 mg)进行单剂量药动学研究,2mg剂量组继续给药(每日1次,连续7 d),进行多剂量药动学研究.采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中匹伐他汀的浓度,并采用WinNonLin6.2计算药动学参数.结果:健康受试者单剂量口服1、2、4mg匹伐他汀钙片后的药动学参数:t1/2分别为(11.29±4.28)h、(13.52±5.65)h和(11.87±2.87)h;tmax分别为(0.78±0.32)h、(0.75±0.17)h和(0.93±0.31)h;Cmax分别为(15.80±7.34)ng·ml-1、(36.54±6.29)ng·ml-1和(61.32±15.09)ng·ml-1;AUC(0-48)分别为(36.46±21.86)ng·h·ml-1、(107.90±28.55)ng·h·ml-1和(187.76±62.62)ng·h·ml-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(40.91±23.20)ng·h·ml-1、(112.97±29.08)ng·h·ml-1和(197.55±68.51)ng·h·ml-1.多剂量组口服2mg匹伐他汀后的药动学参数:t1/2为(13.07±2.16)h,tmax为(0.68±0.12)h,Cmax为(33.88±6.91)ng·ml-1,AUCss为(68.21±20.82)ng·h·ml-1,AUC(0-48)为(77.78±26.50)ng·h·ml-1,AUC(0-∞)为(82.59±26.58)ng·h·ml-1.匹伐他汀钙多次给药达稳态后,药动学参数tmax、t1/2与单次给药一致.结论:在1~4mg剂量范围内匹伐他汀的AUC(0-48)、AUC(0-∞)、Cmax均与剂量呈线性关系;匹伐他汀在连续多次给药后,无体内蓄积现象;匹伐他汀的体内过程在男女性别间无显著差异.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.