T管架桥内引流治疗壶腹周围癌致梗阻性黄疸：附12例报告

目的:探讨T管内引流治疗无根治性手术机会的恶性梗阻性黄疸的方法。方法:回顾性分析12例不能切除的壶腹周围癌致梗阻性黄疸患者行姑息性胆管-空肠T管架桥内引流术的临床资料。结果:术后12例患者黄疸均明显消退,生活质量提高,生存期延长。结论:T管架桥内引流治疗壶腹周围癌致恶性梗阻性黄疸效果良好,手术并发症少,是安全的、行之有效的姑息治疗手段。     

正确合理使用胆肠内引流术

<正>胆肠内引流是用于胆道重建,恢复胆汁排泄通路的一种常用外科手术方式。自1882年Von Winiwarter首次报道采用胆囊空肠吻合术治疗胆总管梗阻以来,胆肠内引流出现了众多术式[1-2],如胆管十二指肠吻合术、胆管间置空肠十二指肠吻合术、胆管空肠T管架桥内引流术[3]、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术等。衡量胆肠内引流术式优劣的依据主要是:1.能否保证吻合口长期通畅,无狭窄;2.能否防止肠     

改良的圆韧带径路肝胆管空肠吻合术

肝门部胆管恶性梗阻由于手术切除率低,大量病人需要采用各式的胆道引流术以缓解黄疸或胆管炎,提高生活质量和生存期.姑息性胆道引流术包括：内镜下、经皮肝穿下或术中胆道支撑引流、肝胆管空肠吻合术.……     

腹腔镜胆肠"T"管架桥内引流术在晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸中的临床应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆肠"T"管架桥内引流术在晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸中的临床应用效果.方法:2004年11月至2008年9月收治不能切除的壶腹周围癌伴有梗阻性黄疸的患者9例,应用腹腔镜行胆道空肠间"T"管架桥完成减黄内引流术.结果:6例胆总管空肠"T"管架桥,2例肝总管空肠"T"管架桥,1例胆囊空肠"T"管架桥,手术均获成功,...     

复发性胆管结石诱导出现梗阻性黄疸的临床治疗

探讨复发性胆管结石诱导出现梗阻性黄疸及无梗阻性黄疸的临床手术治疗方法及其效果。回顾性分析2013年1月—2014年1月肝胆结石术后复发的患者104例,其中87例诱发梗阻性黄疸,17例无梗阻性黄疸。其中63例为肝内胆管结石,41例为胆总管结石。手术方式:胆总管切开取石+T型管引流术29例;胆总管切开取石+胆总管十二指肠吻合术10例;胆总管切开取石+胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术14例;胆总管切开取石+左外叶切除+T型管引流术32例;胆总管切开取石+左外叶切除+胆总管十二指肠吻合术8例;胆总管切开取石+左外叶切除+胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术11例。总有效率91.35%,复发率(无效及死亡)为8.65%。术后死亡3例。复发性胆管结石诱导的梗阻性黄疸症状均消退。复发性胆管结石病变复杂,应选择最适合的手术方式,严格遵循胆道手术的基本原则,以便彻底有效清除结石,祛除黄疸。     

Causes and treatment of iatrogenic bile duct injury: A report of 15 cases

目的 探讨医源性胆道损伤的原因及处理方法.方法 对1997年3月至2010年3月收治的15例医源性胆道损伤资料进行回顾性分析.结果 胆囊切除时胆囊三角区解剖不清是医源性胆道损伤的主要原因,占80.0 ％(12/15).所有病例均行手术处理.术中发现10例,采用直接修补或对端吻合、T管支撑引流术7例;直接置T管引流1例;胆管与空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例.术后发现5例,行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例;行胆总管十二指肠吻合术1例,2年后因吻合口狭窄再次行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈;胆总管置管引流1例;拆除胆总管前后壁之间缝线1例.全组死亡1例,生存14例全获随访,疗效优良率为80.0％.结论 医源性胆道损伤常见于胆囊切除术.根据损伤的时间及类型,灵活选择适合于病人胆道损伤情况的手术方式,才能取得良好的疗效.     

袢式胆管-空肠端侧吻合术在恶性梗阻性黄疸治疗中的应用

目的评价袢式胆管-空肠端侧吻合术在恶性梗阻性黄疸治疗中的价值。方法将袢式胆管-空肠吻合术应用于18例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,并与同期22例应用Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术的患者进行比较,判定两种术式对减黄效果等的影响。结果与Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术相比,袢式胆管-空肠吻合术患者血清总胆红素、胆系感染发病率和术后住院时间均明显下降(P0.05)。两种术式术后患者生存率无差别(P0.05)。结论袢式胆管-空肠端侧吻合术简单、安全、减黄效果好,可选作恶性梗阻型黄疸患者姑息治疗的方法。     

Oddi括约肌松弛症76例临床分析

目的探讨Oddi括约肌松弛症(SOR)的原因,总结其临床特点及处理经验,观察横断胆管+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗SOR的效果。方法回顾性分析我院2001年1月至2011年1月期间收治的76例SOR患者的临床资料,将患者分为3组,分别采用横断胆管+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术(39例)、胆道探查T管引流术(28例)及不横断胆管仅行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术(9例)治疗。结果 76例病例均经手术治疗,无手术死亡。手术并发症为:横断胆管+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术组胆瘘1例,胸腔积液1例,切口脂肪液化2例;胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术组胆瘘1例,胸腔积液1例,切口脂肪液化2例;胆道探查T管引流术组胸腔积液2例,切口脂肪液化1例。均经保守治疗好转。76例均获随访,随访时间3～83个月,平均45个月。因本研究是回顾性研究,考虑到胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术组例数较少(仅9例),因此在分析其疗效时合并到胆道探查T管引流术组与横断胆管+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术组进行比较。横断胆管+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术组术后治愈34例,好转3例,无效2例,有效率为94.9%(37/39);胆道探查T管引流术组和胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术组术后治愈5例(2组分别为4例和1例),好转11例(2组分别为4例和7例),无效21例(2组分别为1例和20例),有效率为43.2%(17/37)。横断胆管+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术组术后有效率明显高于胆道探查T管引流术组和胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术组(P<0.05)。结论横断胆管+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是治疗SOR较有效的手术方式。     

医源性胆管损伤64例临床分析

目的 分析总结医源性胆管损伤诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年12月中国医科大学附属盛京医院收治的64例医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料。结果 64例中发生于开腹胆道手术41例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术16例,其他手术7例。4例损伤较轻,术后出现胆汁瘘,行鼻胆管引流术;5例首次术中发现行损伤处T管引流术;55例行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。1例死亡,2例吻合口狭窄再次手术,1例术后支架管脱落后吻合口狭窄再次手术,63例痊愈。结论 术中发现胆管较小损伤（<3mm）慎用单纯缝合修补,应积极实施T管引流。术中发现胆管横断,术后数天发现胆管损伤或重建术失败者,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为首选术式;胆肠吻合应慎用环型吻合器。     

肝胆管结石再手术107例体会

目的探讨肝胆管残余或复发结石的再手术方式及其临床效果。方法回顾性分析107例肝胆管结石病人再次手术的临床资料,其中行胆总管探查+T管引流术58例,左肝外叶切除+胆总管探查T管引流术32例,肝左外叶切除+胆总管探查+(肝)胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术8例,左半肝切除+胆总管探查T管引流术2例,胆总管探查+胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例,肝右叶部分切除+胆总管探查T管引流术3例,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合口重建术2例。结果本组无死亡病例,术后发生胆漏4例,胆道出血1例,腹腔出血1例,切口感染3例,肺部感染3例,除1例腹腔出血行开腹止血外,余均经非手术治愈。86例获随访,平均10月(6月~3年),优良率占89.5%,9例(10.5%)结石再次复发,仍需进一步手术。结论肝胆管结石病人视病灶部位决定术式,以胆总管探查经胆道镜取石为主,联合肝叶切除,适当进行(肝)胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术效果良好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.