MRI设备中心频率和发射增益稳定性检测及处置界限建立

目的 对3台MRI设备进行中心频率和发射增益的稳定性检测,并建立其处置界限。方法 对本单位3台MRI设备（设备1：GE 3.0T HD;设备2：GE 1.5T HDi;设备3：GE 3.0T 750W）,采用轴位T1WI扫描美国放射学会（ACR）模体。在预扫描阶段记录中心频率和发射增益,在设备运行状态良好的情况下,连续检测中心频率和发射增益8次,计算均值和标准差,建立2个指标的处置界限。结果 设备1、2、3的中心频率均值分别为（127 725 772.38±39.68） Hz、（63 875 740.13±34.15） Hz和（127 771 958.38±12.19） Hz,其处置界限分别为周变化值≤ 119.04 Hz、≤ 68.30 Hz和≤ 36.57 Hz。发射增益均值分别为（125.25±1.28） dB、（101.75±1.98） dB和（113.25±0.89） dB,其处置界限分别为（125.25±2.56） dB、（101.75±3.96） dB和（113.25±1.78） dB。结论 3台MRI设备的中心频率和发射增益检测结果均符合处置界限的要求;处置界限的建立为临床质量控制提供了正常参考值范围。     

对MRI设备层间射频信号干扰进行检测的实践

目的 对3台MRI设备的层间射频信号干扰情况进行检测,以加深对层间射频信号干扰现象的认识。方法 通过3台MRI设备（设备1：GE 1.5T HDi,装机时间：2012年;设备2：GE 3.0T HD,装机时间：2006年;设备3：GE 3.0T 750W,装机时间：2016年）采用轴位T1WI序列扫描ACR模体,记录层间距为5.0、1.0、0.5和0 mm时的SNR,绘制SNR变化百分比与层间距百分比的函数图。处置标准：当层间距从5 mm减小到0时,由层间射频信号干扰作用所导致的SNR的下降不超过20%。结果 当层间距由5 mm减小到0时,设备1的SNR下降幅度为18.16%,设备2的SNR下降幅度为23.57%,设备3的SNR下降幅度为10.75%;设备1和设备3的层间射频信号干扰检测结果达到处置标准,设备2（使用时间超过10年）的检测结果未达标。结论 3台MRI设备都存在不同程度的层间射频信号干扰现象,其中使用时间最久的设备检测结果不达标。层间射频信号干扰检测应该在临床质量控制工作中受到重视。     

无线整合型MR放大器用于颞下颌关节高分辨MR成像

目的 观察以无线整合型MR放大器（WAND）耦合头颈联合线圈行颞下颌关节（TMJ）高分辨成像的价值。方法 采用头颈联合线圈、WAND耦合头颈联合线圈分别对16名健康青年人行双侧TMJ扫描。观察2组图像TMJ关节盘前带、中间带、后带、前附着、后附着及双板区、关节腔及髁突骨质，对图像质量进行主观评分，评估图像信噪比（SNR）和对比噪声比（CNR），并进行组间比较。结果 共纳入15名受试者。相比单纯头颈联合线圈，WAND耦合头颈联合线圈显示TMJ关节盘前带、中间带、后带、前附着、后附着及双板区、关节腔及髁突骨质更佳（P均<0.05），图像中TMJ关节盘及盘后组织的CNR、SNR显著升高（P均<0.05）。结论 采用WAND耦合头颈联合线圈可提高MRI显示TMJ质量。     

对比集合序列与常规序列头部MR图像质量

目的 对比分析MRI集合（MAGiC）序列与常规序列头部图像质量。方法 对96人进行头部常规序列及MAGiC序列MR扫描,比较常规序列T1 FSE、T2 FSE、T1 Flair、T2 Flair图像与MAGiC序列重建MAGiC T1、MAGiC T2、MAGiC T1 Flair、MAGiC T2 Flair图像的质量和SNR。结果 常规序列与MAGiC序列图像的整体质量评分、伪影评分、病灶检出评分差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。MAGiC T1、MAGiC T2、MAGiC T1 Flair、MAGiC T2 Flair图像的SNR均高于相应常规序列图像（P均<0.01）。结论 MAGiC序列与常规序列扫描所获头部图像质量相当,且MAGiC序列图像的SNR更高。     

双能CT非线性融合技术提高头颅CTA图像质量的临床应用

目的 探讨双源双能量CT非线性融合（NLB）技术提高头颅CTA图像质量的应用价值。方法 对线性融合（LB）图像不佳或不能满足诊断要求（主观评分≤3分）的53例双能头颅CTA图像行NLB处理,图像分为80 kV组、140 kV组、LB组及NLB组。测量并计算4组图像颈内动脉床突段、大脑中动脉、基底动脉及脑干的CT值、标准差（SD）、SNR和CNR;并对图像质量进行主观评分。分别比较4组间CT值、SD值、SNR和CNR及图像质量评分的差异。结果 LB组与NLB组图像主观评分差异有统计学意义[（2.68±0.47）分 vs （3.19±0.59）分, P<0.01]。LB组与NLB组可诊断率分别为69.81%（37/53）、83.02%（44/53）,图像优良率分别为0（0/53）、37.74%（20/53）,差异有统计学意义（P均<0.01）。4组间各部位CT值、SD、SNR及CNR各组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,80 kV组CT值最高,NLB组高于LB组（P<0.05）;NLB组SNR、CNR均优于其他3组（P均<0.05）。结论 NLB技术可改善和提高头颅CTA图像质量,提高图像的可诊断率和优良率。     

MR多回波回复梯度回波序列在骶髂关节软骨成像中的应用

目的 探讨MR多回波回复梯度回波（MERGE）序列在骶髂关节（SIJ）软骨成像中的应用价值。方法 对30名健康志愿者SIJ软骨行MERGE、三维扰相梯度回波（3D-FSPGR）、质子密度加权成像脂肪抑制（PDWI-FS）、T2WI脂肪抑制（T2WI-FS）和T1WI脂肪抑制（T1WI-FS）序列成像,比较MERGE序列与其他各序列图像显示SIJ软骨的图像评分和SNR、CNR。结果 MERGE序列显示SIJ软骨的图像评分、CNR和SNR与3D-FSPGR序列比较差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,与PDWI-FS、T2WI-FS、T1WI-FS序列比较差异有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。结论 MERGE序列显示SIJ软骨的图像质量较高。     

T2WI直方图鉴别诊断脑胶质母细胞瘤与单发转移瘤的价值

目的 探讨T2WI直方图鉴别诊断胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）与单发转移瘤瘤体中的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理确诊的GBM和单发转移瘤患者103例,其中GBM组57例,单发转移瘤组46例。所有患者术前均接受MR检查（T1WI、T2WI、T2-FLAIR和增强后T1WI）。采用Image J软件于肿瘤最大层面手动勾画瘤体边界,计算直方图相关参数,包括均数、标准差、中位数、峰度值和偏度值。采用独立样本t检验比较GBM与脑单发转移瘤的直方图各参数,评价差异有统计学意义参数的诊断效能。结果 GBM组的均数、标准差及中位数均高于单发转移瘤组,差异有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）。均数、标准差及中位数的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.772[95% CI （0.681,0.862）,P<0.001]、0.719[95% CI （0.616,0.822）,P<0.001]和0.767[95% CI （0.674,0.860）,P<0.001]。以均数临界值为509.575,鉴别两种病变的敏感度为0.719,特异度为0.783;以标准差临界值为58.844,鉴别两种病变的敏感度为0.702,特异度为0.652;以中位数临界值为550.500,鉴别两种病变的敏感度为0.719,特异度为0.826。结论 肿瘤瘤体T2WI直方图均数、标准差和中位数均可用于GBM和脑单发转移瘤的鉴别,其中以均数的鉴别诊断效能最佳。     

对比标准差法与绝对阈值法心脏MR T2* mapping技术定量评估心肌内出血

目的 对比观察标准差法与绝对阈值法MR T2^* mapping技术以1.5T和3.0T场强设备定量评估ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）再灌注后心肌内出血（IMH）的价值。方法 前瞻性纳入70例将接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的STEMI患者,随机均分为1.5T组和3.0T组（1∶1比例）。于PCI术后5~7天（IMH急性期）及6~8个月（IMH慢性期）于1.5T和3.0T场强下行心脏扫描,包括电影、T2^* mapping和延迟增强序列扫描;采用标准差法与绝对阈值法测量IMH T2^*值和IMH容积在左心室容积中所占百分比（IMH容积百分比）,比较2种方法的差异,确定采用绝对阈值法评估IMH时与标准差法等效的T2^*阈值（等效T2^*阈值）。结果 共40例STEMI患者发生再灌注后IMH,1.5T组与3.0T组各20例。以1.5T场强、标准差法测得的IMH T2^*值及容积百分比均大于绝对阈值法（P均<0.05）,3.0T场强、标准差法测量的IMH急性期容积百分比小于绝对阈值法（P<0.05）。1.5T场强下,绝对阈值法的等效T2^*阈值为22 ms,其诊断慢性期IMH的曲线下面积（AUC）显著大于标准T2^*值（Z=2.08,P=0.04）。3.0T场强下,等效T2^*阈值为18 ms （IMH急性期）或20 ms （IMH慢性期）;以18 ms诊断急性期IMH的AUC与标准T2^*值无明显差异（Z=1.47,P=0.14）。1.5T及3.0T场强下,等效T2^*阈值绝对阈值法与标准差法量化的IMH容积百分比均无明显差异（P均>0.05）。结论 1.5T、3.0T场强,尤其1.5T场强下,以标准差法与绝对阈值法T2^* mapping技术定量评估STEMI再灌注后IMH存在一定差异;适当调整绝对阈值法T2^*阈值可缩小其差异。     

基于模型及自适应统计迭代重建优化儿童腹部低剂量CT血管造影图像质量

目的 评价基于模型的迭代重建（MBIR）及自适应统计迭代重建（ASIR）优化100 kV儿童腹部CT血管造影（CTA）图像质量的价值。方法 对55例患儿行100 kV低剂量腹部CTA,分别采用MBIR、100% ASIR、80% ASIR、60% ASIR、40% ASIR及滤过反向投影（FBP）算法重建为6组图像,评价图像质量,包括图像噪声、大动脉（LA）及小动脉（SA）显示能力;对比各级动脉CT值及标准差（SD）,计算信噪比（SNR）及对比噪声比（CNR）。结果 图像噪声主观评分及LA评分以MBIR图像最高,ASIR次之,FBP图像质量最差;SA评分以MBIR图像最佳,FBP次之;随权重提升,ASIR图像评分逐渐降低,100% ASIR最低（P均<0.05）。MBIR图像SD最低,其SNR及CNR明显高于其他图像（P均<0.05）。结论 MBIR可明显提高儿童低剂量CTA图像质量,100% ASIR仅可提高图像显示LA能力。     

MRI增强T1高分辨力各同性容积激发序列与TSE T1W序列检出椎体转移瘤的对比分析

目的 比较增强MRI快速T1高分辨力各向同性容积激发（THRIVE）序列和TSE序列T1W检出椎体转移瘤的价值。方法 对31例经穿刺活检病理证实的椎体转移瘤患者行MR增强检查,增强后先后行常规矢状位TSE T1W序列和矢状位THRIVE序列扫描。比较2个序列显示转移瘤病灶的数目、SNR、CNR和病灶边缘清晰度、运动伪影评分。结果 TSE T1W序列和THRIVE序列扫描时间分别为2 min 55 s和33 s。增强后THRIVE序列显示病灶的数量与TSE T1W序列差异无统计学意义（Z=-0.816,P=0.414）。增强后THRIVE序列的SNR（432.54±271.60）、CNR（233.27±197.65）均低于TSE T1W序列的SNR（674.32±375.79）、CNR（312.38±207.49）,差异均有统计学意义（t=-4.366、-2.660,P<0.001、0.012）。TSE T1W序列显示病灶边缘较THRIVE序列清晰（Z=-4.082,P<0.001）,但运动伪影较THRIVE序列明显（Z=2.291,P=0.022）。结论 增强扫描THRIVE序列扫描时间短,运动伪影少,椎体转移瘤的检出数目与TSE T1WI序列相当,在椎体转移瘤的检查中取代TSE T1W序列具有可行性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.