血管活性肠肽在环鸽旁听觉神经通路中的分布

为了解非鸣禽环鸽脑中血管活性太在旁神经通路中的分布，用免疫组织化和神经宗方法研究了５只成年环鸽 。     

内脏伤害性刺激后Fos在大鼠脑内NOS阳性神经元内的表达

目的：观察一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性神经元在内脏伤害性信息传递通路上的分布。方法：给予大鼠内脏伤害性刺激后，采用Fos免疫组织化学(ABC法)和还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)组织化学双重染色的方法，观察脑内NOS和Fos阳性神经元的分布。结果：脑内Fos／NOS双标阳性神经元主要分布在孤束核，中缝背核，丘脑室旁核，下丘脑室旁核、室周核、背内侧核，中脑导水管周围灰质腹外侧部、背外侧部，臂旁内侧核，内侧缰核，杏仁复合体内侧部等部位。结论：NO是内脏伤害性信息传递和调控通路上的神经递质之一。     

黄体生成素释放激素免疫反应神经元在五命脑中分布的研究

应用免疫组织化学方法，研究了环鸽（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｐｅｌｉａ ｒｉｓｏｒｉａ）脑中ＬＨＲＨ－ＩＲ细胞的分布，结果表明：黄体生成素释放激素（ＬＨＲＨ）免疫阳性细胞主要分布在前连合（ＣＡ）肯内和腹内侧、下丘脑外侧核（ＬＨｙ）、内侧隔核（ＳＭ）腹内侧、内视前核（ＰＯＭ）区和前有核ＰＯＡ区。ＬＨＲＨ免疫反庆细胞分布中心位于ＰＯＡ。由于下丘脑一些脑区与鸟类控制发声和听觉脑区存在直接神经纤维连系，这些鸟类听觉，     

鸽中脑半圆隆枕传出投射的研究

应用ＰＨＡ－Ｌ和Ｂｉｏｃｙｔｉｎ两种神经示踪物对非鸣禽环鸽（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｐｅｌｉａｒｉｓｏｒｉａ）中脑半圆隆枕（ｔｏｒｕｓｓｅｍｉｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｉｓ）的传出投射进行了分区研究。结果发现半圆隆枕丘间核内缘（ＩＣＭ）发出两束纤维分别向尾端投射至外侧丘系背核腹侧（ＬＬＤｖ）周围和向首端投射至丘脑卵形壳（Ｏｖ－ｓｈｅｌｌ）；丘间核（ＩＣｏ）发出的纤维直接投射至下丘脑前内侧核（ＡＭ）。从脑桥至听丘各级听神经核周围，均存在疏松网状神经纤维结构区，它们相互连接形成了一条与经典听觉神经通路相平行的旁听觉神经通路。这是首次关于鸟类发声、听觉和内分泌三维系统存在直接神经环路联系的较为完正的报道。     

脑源性神经营养因子及其受体TrkB在大鼠脊髓中间带外侧核的定位

为了研究脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)及其特异性受体TrkB在脊髓中间带外侧核的分布,从形态学上探讨BDNF在交感神经通路中发挥调质作用的神经结构基础。本实验中注射逆行示踪剂快蓝至单侧颈上节,然后对脊髓中间带外侧核进行BDNF和TrkB的免疫荧光染色。结果(1)逆行标记细胞广泛分布于注射侧第8颈髓至第5胸髓(C8～T5)的中间带外侧核,其中在T1T3分布相对较集中,成簇排列;(2)部分逆行标记的交感节前神经元胞体和树突周围可见BDNF免疫阳性(BDNFir)终扣,呈点状或串珠状排列;(3)大多数交感节前神经元为TrkB免疫阳性。以上结果提示,BDNF可能作为神经递质样物质或调质在交感神经通路中通过作用节前交感神经元发挥作用     

黄体生成素释放激素免疫反应神经元在环鸽脑中分布的研究

应用免疫组织化学方法，研究了环鸽（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｐｅｌｉａｒｉｓｏｒｉａ）脑中ＬＨＲＨ－ＩＲ细胞的分布。结果表明：黄体生成素释放激素（ＬＨＲＨ）免疫阳性细胞主要分布在前连合（ＣＡ）背内侧和腹内侧、下丘脑外侧核（ＬＨｙ）、内侧隔核（ＳＭ）腹内侧、内视前核（ＰＯＭ）区和前视前核（ＰＯＡ）区。ＬＨＲＨ免疫反应细胞分布的中心位于ＰＯＡ。由于下丘脑一些脑区与鸟类控制发声和听觉脑区存在直接神经纤维连系，这些结果为鸟类听觉、发声和内分泌脑区相互作用机理的研究提供了新的形态学依据     

大鼠脑内星形胶质细胞对渗透压改变的反应及其和神经元的相互关系

为观察大鼠在饮用 3 % Na Cl溶液 2 d和 5 d时的脑内星形胶质细胞的反应变化及相互关系。本文应用免疫组织化学三重标记法 ,在脑原位切片同时显示 FOS、胶质原纤维酸性蛋白、酪氨酸羟化酶 (或加压素 )的表达、相互关系及分布规律。结果显示 :(1)实验组大鼠脑内孤束核、味觉核、臂旁核、蓝斑、导水管周围灰质的腹外侧区、上丘中灰层、下丘脑室旁核外侧大细胞部、视上核、和穹隆下器同时出现 FOS阳性神经元胞核和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白阳性星形胶质细胞。 (2 )在孤束核、蓝斑、下丘脑室旁核外侧大细胞部和视上核出现酪氨酸羟化酶阳性神经元 ,在下丘脑室旁核外侧大细胞部、下丘脑室旁核腹侧部和视上核等出现加压素阳性神经元。(3 )在孤束核、蓝斑、或下丘脑室旁核外侧大细胞部、视上核的三重免疫组化染色切片上见到胶质原纤维酸性蛋白阳性星形胶质细胞包绕 FOS阳性和酪氨酸羟化酶阳性 (或加压素阳性 )神经元 ,形成复合体。提示 :脑内相关核团内的星形胶质细胞与神经元共同参与对渗透压的调节 ,并以神经元—星形胶质细胞复合体作为功能单位     

Fos蛋白在LPS免疫激发大鼠脑内的分布

目的 研究与神经免疫调节有关的功能神经元在大鼠脑内的分布。方法 以腹腔注射脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）为免疫激发模型,采用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ方法,观察Ｆｏｓ蛋白在脑内的分布情况。结果 Ｆｏｓ阳性产物多集中分布在大脑额顶皮质、边缘前脑（扣带皮质、梨状皮质、外侧隔核和中央杏仁核等）、丘脑室旁核、下丘脑室旁核、弓状核、视上核、视交叉上核、下丘脑外侧区、中脑导水管周围灰质腹外侧部、外侧臂旁核和延髓内脏带,小脑内无明显     

腹腔注射顺氯氨铂后大鼠中枢神经系统内Fos蛋白的表达

为了研究非呕吐动物大鼠是否存在与呕吐动物相似的呕吐反应区,以及二者之间的异同,给予大鼠腹腔催吐剂-顺氯氨铂后,应用免疫组织化学方法,观察Fos阳性神经元在脑和脊髓内呕吐相关区域的分布。结果发现,在脑干的最后区、孤束核、外侧臂旁核和下丘脑的视上核、室旁核、弓状核有大量的Fos阳性神经元,实验组和对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论催吐剂的刺激可使大鼠脑内Fos阳性神经元数量增加,除了与呕吐运动相关的部分区域外,其余分布区域均与呕吐动物一致,提示大鼠脑内也存在类似的、与恶心相关的神经化学通路。     

大鼠下丘脑大细胞分泌系统内一氧化氮合酶与催产素的共存

目的　为进一步阐明一氧化氮 (NO)与催产素 (OT)在下丘脑神经内分泌调节中的作用提供形态学资料。方法　用NADPH d组织化学方法 ,并结合免疫组织化学相结合技术 ,观察大鼠下丘脑大细胞分泌系统内一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)与OT免疫阳性神经元的分布与共存关系。结果　NOS与OT在下丘脑室旁核、视上核等下丘脑各大神经分泌核区内的分布基本类似 ,并呈部分共存关系。并且初次在第三脑室室周区内观察到NOS/OT双重反应阳性触液神经元。结论　研究结果提示NO与OT在有关下丘脑生殖与性行为的神经内分泌调节活动中起着重要的介质作用。     

Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata of the cat, in relation to choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive motoneurones and substance P-immunoreactive fibres

The immunohistochemical distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity (ir) in the cat medulla oblongata was examined using an antiserum to rat alpha-CGRP. Comparative distributions of substance P (SP)-like and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-like ir were also studied on sections adjacent to those stained for CGRP, and on sections simultaneously stained for CGRP by double staining techniques. The vast majority of ChAT-ir motoneurones in somatomotor or branchiomotor cranial nuclei (of VI, VII and XII nerves) and their accessory nuclei also displayed a coarsely granular CGRP-ir, shown by electron microscopic examination to represent immunoreactive Golgi bodies. The nucleus ambiguus (IX and X nerves), a mixed branchiomotor and visceromotor nucleus, showed CGRP-ir in a lower proportion of its motoneurones, whereas the purely viseromotor dorsal motor vagal nucleus (X nerve) contained no CGRP-ir cells. A few CGRP-ir but ChAT-negative cells were seen in the ventromedial reticular formation, lateral cuneate nucleus, infratrigeminal nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract. Coarse, often varicose CGRP-ir fibres were most prominent in the X and IX cranial nerve rootlets, the spinal tract of the V nerve and the solitary tract, and also in the V spinal nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract. Many of these also appeared to contain SP-ir. The central patterns of CGRP and SP-ir fibres thus reflect the previously reported coexistence of these peptides in sensory afferent cells of the trigeminal and nodose ganglia. These results are consistent with a role for CGRP as a transmitter or modulator in efferents to striated muscle, sensory afferents and intrinsic neurones in the cat brain stem.     

Topography of enkephalin, substance P and acetylcholinesterase staining in Huntington's disease striatum

The distribution of Met-enkephalin (Enk) and substance P (SP) was examined in the striatum of Huntington's disease (HD) patients using immunoperoxidase techniques. Both Enk- and SP-like immunoreactivities (ir) were strikingly diminished in the dorsal caudate nucleus and putamen, while patchy staining persisted in the ventral putamen and nucleus accumbens. This was in sharp contrast to the patch-matrix pattern of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining which persisted throughout the entire striatum in HD. The regional loss of Enk- and SP-ir parallels the pattern of neuronal depletion in HD. The disparity between AChE staining and Enk- and SP-ir in HD suggests that AChE-positive neurons or fibers are resistant to the destructive process in areas where intrinsic neuronal populations are depleted.     

Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary of macaques

The anterior pituitary glands of Macaca mulatta and M. assamensis were stained with antiserum against substance P (SP). A substantial amount of SP-immunoreactive (ir) nerve fibres with numerous varicosities were found in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary. They were located in the median part of the gland and were distributed mainly in its dorso-posterior region. The great majority of the varicosities were found to be related to the glandular tissue, although some apparently were located along the walls of the blood sinuses. In addition, many SP-ir cells, mostly large and oval, were distributed at the periphery of the gland. In areas where both SP-ir nerve fibres and cells were present, many cells were found to be in close proximity to the nerve fibres.     

无尾两栖类蟾蜍和鸣禽锡嘴雀听觉中枢及其神经通赂的比较研究

本研究采用HRP示踪技术对无尾两栖类蟾蜍（Bufogargarizans）和鸣禽锡嘴雀（Ooccothraustescoccothraustes）从外周到听觉中枢的通路逐级进行了追踪比较研究.结果表明（1）无尾两栖类内耳囊听觉神经纤维上行投射到延髓同侧的背侧前庭核,它是听觉上行通路的第一级中枢,由此核中继后再投射到上橄榄核．以对侧为主;上橄榄核再发出纤维投射到中脑同侧的半环隆枕,后者是第三级中枢,此结果说明：无尾两栖类从外周到中脑听觉中枢的神经通路已较完整地形成;（2）鸣禽锡嘴雀的耳蜗听神经上行投射到听觉通路的第一级中队即延脑同侧的前庭外则核和角核,角核又发出纤维通过外侧丘系直接投射到对侧的中脑背外侧核．说明鸣禽鸟除了具备两栖类的听觉中枢及神经通路外．已进化形成独特的听觉神经通路即延脑的角核至中脑的背外侧核。     

黄雀延髓层状核的传出纤维联系──HRP法研究

向４２只黄雀的延髓展状核加压注入或微电泳泳入ＨＲＰ后，在同侧的脑桥上橄榄核、对侧的脑桥外侧丘系腹核及中脑外侧核背侧部内见到密集的顺行标记终末或纤维；在双侧的延髓巨细胞核出现了大量的逆行标记细胞；在对侧的层状核内既有密集的标记终末又有一些标记细胞．结果表明：层状核的传出纤维投射到同侧上橄榄核，经外侧丘系走行至对侧的外侧丘系腹核和中脑外侧核背侧部，双侧的层状核之间也有交互投射。此外，层状核接受耳蜗亚核──双侧巨细胞核的传入投射．因此，层状核是听觉上行通路中的第二级中继站．     

Substance P: localization within paleostriatal-tegmental pathways in the pigeon

Immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine the distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity within the paleostriatal complex and within the projection targets of the paleostriatal complex in the pigeon. The density of substance P-like immunoreactivity was found to be much greater in the paleostriatal complex than in immediately overlying portions of the telencephalon (such as the neostriatum and ectostriatum). The small-celled zone of the paleostriatal complex (equivalent to the mammalian caudate-putamen) is characterized by the presence of numerous neurons and fibers that show intense substance P-like immunoreactivity. A higher density of neurons containing substance P-like immunoreactivity was observed within the more medial subdivision of the small-celled zone of the paleostriatal complex (termed the lobus parolfactorius), than in the more lateral subdivision of the small-celled zone of the paleostriatal complex (termed the paleostriatum augmentatum). Many of the substance P-containing fibers within the neuropil of lobus parolfactorius and paleostriatum augmentatum appeared to represent the processes of the substance P-containing neurons of those regions. A dense network of seemingly thick, coarse substance P-containing fibers was observed in the large-celled zone of the avian paleostriatal complex (termed the paleostriatum primitivum). A few medium-sized substance P-containing neurons were evident in the latter area.In addition to fine substance P-containing fibers, numerous thick substance P-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the lobus parolfactorius. The substance P-containing fibers of this region appeared to contribute to a dense substance P-containing fiber plexus in the ventromedial floor of the telencephalon. This region, through which the medial forebrain bundle courses, has been termed the ventral paleostriatum by Kitt &; Brauth.³⁶ The medial forebrain bundle could be traced as a substance P-positive fiber bundle from within the ventral paleostriatum to the midbrain tegmentum. Within the midbrain tegmentum, the fibers of the medial forebrain bundle could be traced into prominent substance P-immunoreactive terminal fields over the cell bodies and neuropil of the catecholaminergic cell groups of the tegmentum, including the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and the nucleus tegmentipedunculopontinus. Within the latter nucleus, substance P-containing fibers and terminals were most densely concentrated within the dorsomedial portion of the nucleus. Kitt &; Brauth³⁶have recently shown by horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic pathway tracing techniques that the lobus parolfactorius projects to the portions of the ventral tegmental area and nucleus pedunculopontinus that were observed to contain a dense field of substance P-containing fibers and terminals. Unilateral knife cuts of the medial forebrain bundle at rostral diencephalic levels were found to eliminate nearly totally the substance P-immunoreactivity from the neuropil of the ventral tegmental area and nucleus pendunculopontinus on the ipsilateral side of the brain.The present findings argue that, as in mammals, portions of the small-celled zone of the basal ganglia (or paleostriatal complex) in birds may utilize substance P as a neurotransmitter or modulator in their projections upon catecholaminergic cell groups of the midbrain. The present data further suggest that the lobus parolfactorius and paleostriatum augmentatum together in birds are to be considered equivalent to the mammalian caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. Previous studies had only emphasized the similarity of paleostriatum augmentatum to the mammalian caudate-putamen.^4,33