大脑中动脉闭塞的超选择性动脉内溶栓治疗

目的 :探讨超选择性动脉内溶栓治疗急性大脑中动脉闭塞的价值。方法 :经股动脉穿刺 ,将微导管超选择插至闭塞血管远端或置于血块内注入尿激酶 (UK)进行溶栓治疗。 12名急性大脑中动脉闭塞患者接受了溶栓治疗。结果 :8例获得大脑中动脉完全再通 ,3例获得部分再通 ,1例没有发生再通。随访 5个月 ,6人生活能完全自理 ,2人生活部分自理 ,3人无法生活自理 ,1人死亡。结论 :超选择性动脉内溶栓治疗可作为急性大脑中动脉闭塞可供选择的治疗方法之一。     

大脑中动脉闭塞的超选择动脉同溶栓治疗

目的：探讨超选择性动脉内溶栓治疗急性大脑中动脉闭塞的价值。方法：经股动脉穿刺,将微导管超选择插至闭塞血管远端或置于血块内注入尿激酶（UK）进行溶栓治疗,12名急性大脑中动脉闭塞患者接受了溶栓治疗。结果：8例获得大脑中动脉完全再通,3例获得部分再通,1例没有发生再通。随访5个月,6人生活能完全自理,2人生活部分自理,3人无法生活自理,1人死亡,结论：超选择性动脉内溶栓治疗可作为急性大脑中动脉闭塞可供选择的治疗方法之一。     

机械辅助动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中

目的评估机械辅助动脉内尿激酶溶栓治疗缺血性脑卒中的临床疗效及安全性。方法 2007年1月至2010年10月对28例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,于发病时间在90～450 min行机械辅助动脉内尿激酶溶栓治疗。采用的机械辅助方法有导丝碎栓、导管抽吸取栓及支架应用等,术后统计血管再通率、出血并发症及3个月后改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分。结果 28例患者应用机械辅助溶栓成功再通血管23例,血管再通率为82.1%,平均血管再通时间为65.22 min,3个月后mRS评分均≤3分;5例血管再通无效者中2例死亡,1例mRS评分4分,2例mRS评分≤3分。血管再通组中,机械辅助溶栓并未增加出血并发症率。结论机械辅助溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中安全有效,能减少尿激酶用量及血管再通时间,提高再通率。     

急性颈内动脉系统脑梗死的局部动脉溶栓治疗

目的　检验局部注射尿激酶动脉溶栓治疗急性颈内动脉系统脑梗死的安全性和疗效。方法　分析 5 4例接受局部动脉溶栓治疗的颈内动脉系统急性脑梗死患者 ,其中颈内动脉主干闭塞 3例(5 .6 %) ,大脑中动脉主干及分支闭塞 46例 (85 .2 %) ,大脑前动脉闭塞 5例 (9.2 %)。结果　预后好的患者共有 41例 (75 .9%) ,血管再通程度 >5 0 %39例 (72 .2 %) ,再通程度 <5 0 %的 15例 (2 7.8%)。颅内出血率为 2 0 .4%,病死率为 7.4%。结论　局部动脉溶栓是一种有效的治疗方法 ,可以提高血管再通率 ,改善脑梗死患者的预后。     

动脉溶栓与机械碎栓联合动脉溶栓的对比分析

目的 比较两种不同动脉溶栓方法治疗超早期脑梗死患者的疗效,探讨哪种方法更有益于开通血管.方法 收集2009年10月- 2011年5月55例脑梗死急性期并行超早期介入治疗患者,其中25例(联合治疗组)采用机械碎栓联合尿激酶进行动脉内溶栓治疗,30例(尿激酶组)采用尿激酶进行单纯动脉内溶栓治疗.术后观察患者闭塞血管再通和神经功能障碍恢复情况,并比较分析两种动脉溶栓方法的疗效.结果 联合治疗组患者血管再通23例,成功再通率为92%(23/25),尿激酶组患者则为18例,再通成功率仅为60%(18/30).术后平均NIHSS(脑卒中量表)及ADL(日常活动量表)评分联合治疗组(1 h 分别为8.6 ± 2.5和20.0 ± 4.6;24 h分别为9.0 ± 1.8和17.0 ± 2.5)改善程度明显优于尿激酶组(1 h分别为7.5 ± 2.0和28.0 ± 3.5;24 h分别为8.1 ± 2.0和24.0 ± 2.1),两组间差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05).尿激酶用量及溶栓时间联合治疗组分别为(36.8 ± 8.4)万u和(35.3 ± 11.6)min,尿激酶组分别为(50.4 ± 15.3)万u和(55.7 ± 13.3)min,前者低于后者,两组间差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05).结论 超早期应用动脉内机械碎栓联合动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效优于单纯动脉溶栓.     

颅内动脉溶栓联合机械碎栓治疗急性脑梗死

目的探讨动脉溶栓联合机械碎栓治疗急性脑梗死的可行性和安全性。方法通过对9例急性脑梗死患者实施动脉内尿激酶溶栓联合机械性碎栓介入治疗(其中大脑前动脉A1段栓塞1例、大脑中动脉M1段栓塞6例、颈内动脉C1段狭窄1例、颈内动脉主干栓塞1例;起病距介入治疗时间3 h内2例,3～6 h 5例,>24 h 2例。结果7例6 h以内急性脑梗死患者主要栓塞血管得到100%开通,2例大于24 h患者症状得到改善(颈内动脉C1段狭窄1例、颈内动脉主干栓塞1例)。结论超选择局域性动脉内尿激酶溶栓联合机械碎栓治疗6 h以内急性脑梗死,能使闭塞的血管尽快开通,是一种安全有效的介入治疗术式。     

急性脑梗死患者超选择性局部动脉溶栓治疗

目的　观察超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的安全性和疗效。方法　分析 6 1例超选择性局部动脉溶栓治疗的急性脑梗死患者 ,其中颈内动脉主干闭塞的 4例 (6 .6 % ) ,大脑中动脉主干及分支闭塞 4 8例 (78.7% ) ,大脑前动脉闭塞 5例 (8.2 % ) ,椎基底动脉闭塞 4例 (6 .6 % )。结果　预后好的患者共有 4 6例 (75 .4 % ) ,血管再通程度 >5 0 %的 4 4例 (72 .1% ) ,再通程度 <5 0 %的 17例 (2 7.9% )。颅内出血率 19.6 % ,病死率 6 .6 %。结论　超选择性局部动脉溶栓是一种有效的治疗方法 ,它可以提高血管再通率 ,改善脑梗死患者的预后。     

超选择性动脉溶栓联合血管内干预治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的临床探讨

目的探讨超选择性动脉溶栓联合血管内干预治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的疗效和安全性。方法回顾分析我院住院治疗的21例进行超选择性动脉溶栓的急性缺血性脑卒中患者的临床资料。结果21例患者中,颈内动脉系统病变16例．其中颈内动脉闭塞2例,大脑中动脉主干及分支闭塞6例,大脑前动脉闭塞1例,脑血管造影未见异常者7例。椎基底动脉闭塞5例,闭塞血管再通者,大脑中动脉4例,椎基底动脉2例。其中7例患者动脉溶栓的同时进行了血管内治疗,5例球囊成形术和2例支架植入术。临床症状完全恢复7例,明显好转或进步8例,无效3例,死亡3例;溶栓后脑出血2例．存活病例无1例并发脑出血及消化道出血。结论对选择的急性缺血性脑卒中患者进行超选择性动脉溶栓联合血管内干预治疗是安全有效的。     

急性下肢动脉血栓介入溶栓治疗

目的观察和评价急性下肢动脉血栓行介入溶栓治疗的疗效。方法采用介入导管尿激酶溶栓治疗急性下肢动脉闭塞患者42例,发病时间5 h～10 d,29例术后带管接微量泵继续溶栓3～7 d。结果 26例(61.9%)血管完全再通,动脉搏动恢复。10例(23.8%)虽主要动脉闭塞,但侧支循环建立,临床症状消失。6例(14.3%)主要动脉闭塞,侧支循环建立欠佳,但临床症状改善,下肢病变平面下降。总有效率为100%。结论介入治疗急性下肢动脉血栓,具有溶栓成功率高、并发症少等优点。     

导丝留置技术在急性脑动脉闭塞机械取栓中的应用

目的 探讨导丝留置技术在急性脑动脉闭塞机械取栓术中的应用价值、安全性及可行性.方法 回顾分析2015年10月至2016年2月采用机械取栓治疗的15例急性缺血性脑卒中患者临床资料,其中大脑中动脉闭塞6例,颈内动脉及大脑中动脉闭塞5例,椎基底动脉闭塞4例.采用导丝留置技术快速准确判断血管闭塞特征,进行血管内机械取栓术治疗.结果 15例患者经导丝留置技术均成功准确判断病变血管闭塞特征.13例(87％)闭塞血管即刻再通,其中10例脑梗死溶栓后血流分级(TICI)评分达3分,5例2b分;2例因血栓负荷量大、闭塞节段长,多次取栓效果不佳,血管再通失败.美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分由术前19.2±7.0改善至术后1周6.3±3.6,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).术后3个月10例改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分≤2分.结论 机械取栓治疗急性脑血管闭塞安全有效,导丝留置技术可安全、方便快捷、准确地判断出闭塞血管特征,减少手术操作,降低手术并发症,提高血管再通率.     

Balloon catheter disruption of middle cerebral artery thrombus in conjunction with thrombolysis for the treatment of acute middle cerebral artery embolism

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to prospectively assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of balloon disruption of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) by using a deflated balloon catheter combined with an intra-arterial thrombolysis for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven consecutive patients with clinical findings of acute major-vessel stroke met our criteria and underwent balloon disruption of an MCA thrombus with a deflated balloon catheter. The balloon disruption was performed with a low-profile microballoon catheter. The microballoon was inflated in the distal carotid artery and then deflated and advanced just distal to the occlusion site in the MCA. Thereafter, an intra-arterial thrombolysis of the MCA was applied. The maximum time from the onset of symptoms to the start of treatment and maximum dosage of urokinase was 6 hours and 600,000 U. The outcome was classified as good for a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0 or 1, moderate for a score of 2 or 3, and poor for a score of 4 or 5. RESULTS: Complete recanalization was achieved in 5 patients and partial recanalization in 3. Three patients recovered to an mRS score of 0 or 1; 3, to scores of 2 or 3; and 1, to a score of 4. No patients died. There was no major intracerebral hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: The penetration of the MCA with a deflated balloon catheter combined with an intra-arterial thrombolysis may be a safe and effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke.     

Recanalization by mechanical embolus disruption during intra-arterial thrombolysis in the carotid territory

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mechanical disruption of a clot with a microcatheter and a guidewire has not been detailed in conjunction with intra-arterial thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mechanical disruption of an embolus in the carotid artery distribution. METHODS: We analyzed clinical and radiologic findings and functional outcomes 3 months after thrombolysis with mechanical disruption. Outcomes were classified as good for modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores of 0-2, moderate for mRS scores of 3, and poor for death and mRS scores of 4 or 5. RESULTS: Twenty-three consecutive patients with severe hemispheric symptoms were treated with several methods of mechanical embolus disruption during the intra-arterial administration of urokinase. Twelve patients had occlusions of the proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA), and 11 had occlusions of the distal internal carotid artery (ICA). Recanalization was observed in all patients with MCA occlusions and in 10 (91%) with ICA occlusions. Outcomes were good in nine patients (75%) with MCA occlusions and in four (36.4%) with ICA occlusions. Early management of vessel perforation, caused by a microguidewire tip in two patients, resulted in early hemostasis. Neither patient had a major deficit attributable to the complication. CONCLUSION: A high incidence of recanalization and clinical improvement can be observed in patients with occlusions of not only the proximal MCA but also the distal ICA. This method might be an effective additional option to intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute distal ICA and proximal MCA occlusions.     

Combined direct percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and low-dose native tissue plasminogen activator therapy for acute embolic middle cerebral artery trunk occlusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In embolic middle cerebral artery (MCA) trunk occlusion, recanalization with direct percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) may be preferable to time-consuming thrombolysis. However, distal embolization with small crushed fragments is a complication of direct PTA. We prospectively evaluated combined direct PTA and low-dose native tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) therapy for acute embolic MCA trunk occlusion. METHODS: Fifteen patients underwent direct PTA. The embolus was successfully crushed in 12, who received subsequent native t-PA infusion. Direct PTA was performed with a balloon catheter, which was advanced into the occlusion site and inflated several times until recanalization was established. After PTA, 7.2 mg of native t-PA in 100 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution was infused for 30 minutes. Neurologic status was evaluated at admission and immediately and 1 month after treatment. In all patients, follow-up CT was performed within 24 hours and 3-7 days after onset, and follow-up MR imaging, 1 month after onset. RESULTS: Direct PTA failed to crush the embolus in three of 15 patients; these three had no clinical improvement. In 11 of 12 patients, combined therapy was successful, with no technical complication. Although no symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred, one patient had a small hematoma. All patients with successful recanalization had marked clinical improvement. Although angiograms showed distal embolizations in 10, cortical infarctions were confirmed in only three at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Combined direct PTA and IV low-dose native t-PA therapy may be a safe alternative to thrombolytic therapy in some patients with embolic MCA trunk occlusion.     

Endovascular Mechanical Thrombectomy of an Occluded Superior Division Branch of the Left MCA for Acute Cardioembolic Stroke

Cardiac embolism accounts for a large proportion of ischemic stroke. Revascularization using systemic or intra-arterial thrombolysis is associated with increasing risks of cerebral hemorrhage as time passes from stroke onset. We report successful mechanical thrombectomy from a distal branch of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) using a novel technique. A 72-year old man suffered an acute ischemic stroke from an echocardiographically proven ventricular thrombus due to a recent myocardial infarction. Intra-arterial administration of 4 mg rt-PA initiated at 5.7 hours post-ictus failed to recanalize an occluded superior division branch of the left MCA. At 6 hours, symptomatic embolic occlusion persisted. Mechanical extraction of the clot using an Attracter-18 device (Target Therapeutics, Freemont, CA) resulted in immediate recanalization of the MCA branch. Attracter-18 for acute occlusion of MCA branches may be considered in selected patients who fail conventional thrombolysis or are nearing closure of the therapeutic window for use of thrombolytic agents.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial arteriosclerotic lesions

We report 17 cases of intracranial arterial stenosis treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), including 9 on the intracranial internal carotid (ICA), 4 on the middle cerebral (MCA), and 4 on vertebrobasilar artery (VBA) system. All patients had ischaemic brain symptoms and stenoses of more than 60 % (calculated angiographically). We treated four patients by PTA for residual stenoses after thrombolysis for acute occlusion. We used PTA balloon catheters 2.0–3.5 mm in diameter for all procedures. As a rule, the balloon was inflated for 1 min at 6 atm. All arteries were successfully dilated (stenosis less than 50 %) except for one treated by PTA for residual MCA stenosis after thrombolysis. The patient died of a massive infarct due to MCA reocclusion caused by arterial dissection. Stenosis recurred in 4 of 16 patients. Repeat PTA was successfully carried out in these cases. However, stenosis recurred in one of these patients 3 months after PTA, but the patient is being followed because he is asymptomatic. PTA of intracranial arteries is effective, but its indications should be based strictly on potential risks, such as acute occlusion derived from arterial dissection. Received: 8 September 1997 Accepted: 6 January 1998     

Mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke for superior limb of the fenestration of the middle cerebral artery

Fenestration of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is a rare anatomic variant, and lenticulostriate arteries (LSAs) often arise from the superior limb of the fenestrated segment. A case of acute occlusion of the superior limb of a fenestrated MCA that successfully underwent mechanical thrombectomy is presented. Digital subtraction angiography performed for a 73-year-old man with acute left hemiparesis showed poor visualization of the upper half of the right M1 segment with maintenance of antegrade peripheral circulation of the MCA territory, and mechanical thrombectomy was successfully performed using a stent retriever with intravenous thrombolysis. After restoration of the MCA, the vascular variant of a fenestrated MCA was found. Clinicians must consider the possibility of acute occlusion of a fenestrated MCA before endovascular thrombectomy. Restoration of acute occlusion of the upper limb of a fenestrated MCA can avoid LSA territory infarction.     

Model of reversible cerebral ischemia in a monkey model

We have developed a model of reversible cerebral ischemia in a high-level nonhuman primate. By using endovascular techniques, the posterior cerebral artery is permanently occluded with coils, and the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery is temporarily occluded with a balloon. The balloon can be deflated and/or removed to reestablish flow at precise time intervals. Functional imaging of the brain can be performed during occlusion and reperfusion, since the balloon can be deflated or removed in a scanner.     

Intra-arterial thrombolysis of occluded middle cerebral artery by use of collateral pathways in patients with tandem cervical carotid artery/middle cerebral artery occlusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion with middle cerebral artery (MCA) embolic occlusion is associated with a low rate of recanalization and poor outcome after intravenous thrombolysis. Prompt revascularization is required to prevent disabling stroke. We report our experience on acute ischemic stroke patients with tandem ICA or MCA occlusions treated with microcathether navigation and intra-arterial thrombolysis by use of collateral pathways including the posterior or anterior communicating arteries, or both pathways.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 8 patients with proximal ICA occlusion associated with MCA embolic occlusions treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis (IA rtPA). Access to the occluded MCA was obtained via catheter navigation through intact collateral pathways, including posterior communicating (PcomA) or anterior communicating (AcomA) arteries, without passing a microcathether through the acutely occluded ICA. We assessed clinical outcomes using modified Rankin scale (mRS) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).RESULTS: Eight patients with a mean age of 57 ± 4 years and median NIHSS of 14 were identified. Mean time from stroke onset to intra-arterial thrombolysis was 292 ± 44 minutes. The MCA was revascularized completely in 5 of the 8 patients via collateral intra-arterial rtPA administration. All of the patients had a favorable outcome defined as a mRS of ≤2 or more at 1 and 3 months'' follow-up after thrombolytic therapy. One patient had an asymptomatic petechial hemorrhage.CONCLUSION: In this small number of patients with tandem occlusions of the ICA and MCA, intra-arterial thrombolysis and recanalization of the MCA by use of collateral pathways to bypass the occluded ICA is a safe and efficacious therapeutic option.

Acute occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occurs in up to 50% of patients with occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA).¹ The prognosis of these patients is poor, with high rates of morbidity and mortality.² Intra-arterial thrombolysis can result in better outcomes in patients with acute occlusions of the MCA.³ There is currently no clear consensus on the optimal treatment approach for patients with acute ischemic stroke secondary to tandem ICA and MCA occlusions. Several different strategies have been used, including combined intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis by microcatheter navigation through the occluded ICA,⁴ mechanical thrombectomy,^5,6 or angioplasty with or without stent placement of the occluded ICA.^7-10 These approaches can be time consuming, and the increased complexity of the treatment is associated with increased potential risk for complications. We report our experience on the treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke with tandem MCA and ICA occlusions treated with microcatheter navigation and intra-arterial thrombolysis with use of collateral pathways, including the posterior (PcomA) or anterior communicating (AcomA) arteries. To the best of our knowledge, there have only been 2 previous case reports described in the literature of use of this approach.^11,12     

Anterior cerebral artery emboli in combined intravenous and intra-arterial rtPA treatment of acute ischemic stroke in the IMS I and II trials

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) emboli may occur before or during fibrinolytic revascularization of middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) T occlusions. We sought to determine the incidence and effect of baseline and new embolic ACA occlusions in the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case report forms, pretreatment and posttreatment arteriograms, and CTs from 142 subjects entered into IMS I & II were reviewed to identify subjects with baseline ACA occlusion, new ACA emboli occurring during fibrinolysis, subsequent CT-demonstrated infarction in the ACA distribution, and to evaluate global and lower extremity motor clinical outcome. RESULTS: During M1/M2 thrombolysis procedures, new ACA embolus occurred in 1 of 60 (1.7%) subjects. Baseline distal emboli were identified in 3 of 20 (15%) T occlusions before intra-arterial (IA) treatment, and new posttreatment distal ACA emboli were identified in 3 subjects. At 24 hours, 8 (32%) T occlusions demonstrated CT-ACA infarct, typically of small volume. Infarcts were less common following sonography microcatheter-assisted thrombolysis compared with standard microcatheter thrombolysis (P = .05). Lower extremity weakness was present in 9 of 10 subjects with ACA embolus/infarct at 24 hours. The modified Rankin 0 to 2 outcomes were achieved in 4 of 25 (16%) subjects with T occlusion overall, but in 0 of 10 subjects with distal ACA emboli or ACA CT infarcts (P = .07). CONCLUSIONS: With IV/IA recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment for MCA emboli, new ACA emboli are uncommon events. Distal ACA emboli during T-occlusion thrombolysis are not uncommon, typically lead to small ACA-distribution infarcts, and may limit neurologic recovery.