微粒化非诺贝特治疗血脂异常的疗效与耐受性研究

目的：观察微粒化非诺贝特对低密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（LDL－C）水平轻中度升高或高密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（HDL－C）水平降低患者的疗效。方法：1998－1999年间在全国16个城市，2358例Ⅱa,Ⅱb和Ⅳ型高脂血症患者，服用微粒化非诺贝特（微粒化力平之）200mg/d，共8周，治疗前后测定血脂及安全参数进行分析，结果：微粒化非诺贝特可使HDL－C升高近13％，其升高程度与HDL－C基线水平呈负相关，全组中837例患者基线HDL－C＜1．0mmol/L，其中510例（60．9％）在治疗8周时升至＞1．0mmol/L（平均1．3mmol/L)，此外，治疗后全组LDL－C平均降低15．9％，其疗效与基线LDL－C水平呈正相关，治疗过程中患者对药物的耐受性较较。结论：短期使用微粒化非诺贝特除具有贝特类药物所共有的显著降低甘油三酯水平作用外，同时还能显著升高HDL－C，显著降低轻，中度升高的LDL－C水平。     

2型糖尿病血管病变与血糖血脂的关系

目的研究2型糖尿病（DM）血管病变与血糖、血脂的关系。方法2型DM有或无血管病变者分为3组，分别检测空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（PG2h）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）等指标。结果（1）2型DM有血管并发症的空腹及餐后2h血糖显著高于无血管并发症者，二者之间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。（2）2型DM患者血脂测定显示TG、LDL—C及TC升高者分别占77．38％、51．19％和41．67％。其中有血管并发症者TG、LDL—C及TC显著高于无血管并发症者，二者之间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论2型DM患者40％以上有血脂异常，其中有血管并发症者的血糖、TG、LDL—C及TC水平均显著高于无血管并发症者。     

593例健康老年前期和老年期男性血脂现状的调查

目的 分析本市593例45岁以上健康男性的血脂现状。方法 采用标准化方法测定血清总胆固醇（TC）,甘油三酯（TG）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL－C）,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－C）。结果 健康老年前期和老年期男性TC,TG,HDL－C,LDL－C均值分别为4．84和5．03,1．51和1．46,1．18,3．08和3．11（mmol.L^-1).TC,TG和LDL－C在70－74岁组达到高峰,老年期TC,HDL－C明显高于老年前期,两者高TC血症,高TG血症,混合性高脂血症及低HDL－C血症检出率分别为14．5％和23．3％,10．3％和12．6％,18．8％和15．1％,15．4％和6．9％,血脂人群动脉继样硬化及心脑血管事件事件的危险性增高,应采取合适干预措施。     

代谢综合征患者餐后三酰甘油水平

目的探讨代谢综合征（MS）患者口服脂肪餐试验后三酰甘油（TG）浓度的变化。方法住院MS患者42例年龄（56．4±10．2）岁作为实验组，另有正常者21例年龄（58．9±10．0）岁作为对照组。两组均口服脂肪餐（脂肪含量62％，53．4g／m^2体表面积）并分别测定空腹，餐后2h、4h、6h、8h、10h的TG浓度，用餐后TG浓度的曲线下面积（AUC）反映餐后TG的反应及代谢能力。结果空腹胰岛素水平、胰岛素抵抗指数及体质量指数（BMI）实验组均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01，P〈0．01）。实验组患者餐后TG的AUC值与高峰浓度均显著高于对照组[实验组：（22．4±14．2）比对照组：（10．3±6．1）mmol／（L·h），实验组：（6．0±2．0）比对照组：（3．1±1．3）mmol／（L·h），P均〈O．01]。餐后TG平均高峰浓度实验组出现在餐后6h，与对照组出现在餐后4h相比明显后延。多元线性回归分析以空腹TG、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平、年龄、BMI及胰岛素抵抗指数作为自变量。发现只有空腹TG水平是AUC水平的独立预测因子（B=10．3，P〈0．01）。结论MS患者餐后TG的反应水平比正常人显著升高，且清除延缓；餐后TG代谢失衡应是MS的重要特征之一。空腹TG水平是MS患者餐后TG代谢失衡的最主要的影响。     

老年人脂肪肝与血酯

目的探讨老年人脂肪肝与血胆固醇（TC），甘油三酯（TG）．低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL），极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（VLDL）．高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL）的关系，同时观察脂肪肝与空腹血糖（FBS）的关系．方法67例年龄＞60岁的患者．其中经B超检查诊断为脂肪肝者37例，体检健康者30例，分别抽血观察TC，TG，LDL，VLDL，HDL及FBS．结果脂肪肝组TC（5．38mmol／L±1．53mmol／L，3．78mmol／L±0．57mmol／L），TG（2．74mmol／L±1．87mmol／L，1．2mmol／L±0．45mmol／L）．FBS（6．21mmol／L±1．30mmol／L，4．77mmol／L±0．69mmol／L）明显高于对照组，P＜0．01；LDL（2．89mmol／L±1．07mmol／L，2．39±0．56mmol／L）、VLDL（1．17mmol／L±0．9mmol／L，0．52mmol／L±0．34mmol／L）高于对照组，P＜0．05，HDL（1．26mmol／L±0．39mmol／L，1．30mmol／L±0．36mmol／L）二组相似，P＞0．05．脂肪肝组合并高TG70．27％．高TC40．54％．结论老年脂肪肝与高脂血症密切相关，尤其是高TG，同时脂肪肝与血糖亦有关联．降脂治疗对预防老年脂肪肝的发生应有积极的作用．     

非高脂血症冠心病患者血脂、脂蛋白、载脂蛋白AI和B_(100)的变化

对血浆总胆固醇（TC）＜6．0mmol／L、甘油三酯（TG）＜2．0mmol／L的104例冠心病患者和208例健康对照者进行了研究。结果发现：冠心病组血浆TG、脂蛋白（a）水平明显高于对照组，而血浆HDL－C和HDL3－C水平显著低于对照组。多因素逐步回归分析显示，HDL3－C水平降低是冠心病的主要危险因素。进一步对TC＜5．2mmol／L和TG＜1．6mmol／L的39例冠心病患者和72例对照者进行分析，结果基本相同。提示在非高脂血症的人群中，冠心病的主要危险因素是血浆HDL－C、尤其是HDL3－C水平的降低，其次为血浆脂蛋白（a）水平的增高。     

老年糖尿病下肢动脉病变相关危险因素

用彩色超声检查134例老年糖尿病患下肢动脉，同时观察病变组与正常组空腹胰岛素（Fins）、血糖（FBG）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（LDL）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）；血尿酸（UA），餐后2h胰岛素（120’INS）及餐后2h血糖（120’PG）。结果病变组Fins、TG、LDL、UA、HbA1c、120’，INS、120’PG较正常显升高（P＜0．01），而HDL较正常组显降低（P＜0．01）。结论：老年糖尿病下肢动脉病变与高胰岛素、高尿酸、高血糖及脂代谢异常密切相关。     

糖化血红蛋白对2型糖尿病患者代谢指标的影响

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）对2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者代谢指标的影响。方法276例T2DM患者根据HbA1C水平分为A组（HbA1C≤7．5％）44例、B组（7．5％〈HbA1C≤10％）82例和C组（HbA1C〉10％）150例,检测三组间血糖、TG、TC、LDL、HDL、脂蛋白a（Lpa）、总蛋白（TP）、尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）、尿酸（UA）、β2微球蛋白（β2-MG）、C肽等临床指标的变化。结果C组与A组、B组比较,TC、LDL、空腹血糖及餐后血糖水平较高,UA、空腹C肽及餐后C肽较低;B组与A组比较,LDL、空腹血糖及餐后血糖较高,餐后C肽较低;以上差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论HbA1C对T2DM患者的TC、LDL、空腹及餐后血糖、UA、空腹及餐后C肽均有一定的影响。     

氟伐他汀治疗原发性高胆固醇血症疗效观察

目的;探讨氟伐他汀治疗原发性高胆固醇血症的临床疗效,并观察其安全性。方法：43例高胆固醇血症给氟伐他汀20－40mg,1次／日,口服,比较服药前,后4周,8周血脂变化,结果：服药4周后血清胆固醇（TC）均值下降19．7％（P＜0．01）,甘油三酯（TG）下降11．6％（P＜0．05）,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－C）下降24．8％（P＜0．01）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL－C）升高4％（P＜0．05）,第8周与4周变化不大,结论：氟伐他汀能有效降低TC,LDL－C和TG,并能轻度升高HLD－C,保护冠状动脉,且安全,价廉,易于接受。     

辛伐他汀与氟伐他汀调脂疗效的比较

目的：观察比较辛伐他汀（simvastatin,商品名：舒降之,默沙东公司生产）与氟伐他汀（fluvastatin,商品名,来适可,诺华制药公司生产）临床调脂疗效及耐受性,方法：将100例TC＞5．2mmol/L伴或不伴TG＞1．7mmol/L的对象随机分成辛伐他汀组（n=50)与氟伐他汀组（n=50),辛伐他汀组给予辛伐他汀20mg/d,氟伐他汀组给予氟伐他汀40mg/d,两组疗程均为12周,治疗．前,治疗后6周,12周分别测定TC,TG,HDL－C,LDL－C以及ALT,AST,CK值,结果：两组治疗6周后及治疗12周后,TC,TG,LDL－C水平与治疗前比较均有显著下降（P＜0．01）,治疗12周HDL－C水平与治疗前比较明显升高（P＜0．01）,两组间比较,治疗6周后,TC降低判别有非常显著意义（P＜0．01）,治疗12周后,TC,LDL－C降低判别有显著意义（P分别＜0．05和＜0．01）,HDL－C升高差别有显著意义（P＜0．05）。两组均未见明显不良反应,结论：辛伐他汀20mg/d,氟伐他汀40mg/d调脂疗效均较好且完全,其中,辛伐他汀在降低TC,LDL－C水平以及升高HDL－C水平优于无氟伐他汀,但对肝功能影响辛伐他汀氟伐他汀大。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.