In vivo measurement of hepatic iodine concentration using fluorescent excitation analysis.

Hepatic iodine concentration was measured in the live dog by external use of fluorescent excitation analysis. The number of characteristic photons produced by interaction of exciting radiation from an americium-241 source with iodine within the tissue is proportional to the tissue iodine concentrations. A correction is made for absorption of radiation by the abdominal wall and other tissues lying between the volume of liver being assayed and the detector collimator. The technique is applicable to the in vivo measurement of iodine concentrations from 0.5 to 40 mg/g. Accuracy of the technique is approximately +/- 10%, which is within the range of variation in iodine concentration at various sites within the liver. Radiation dose is low, and radiolabeled tracer compounds need not be used.     

MEBO治疗急诊皮肤软组织挫擦伤的临床体会

目的：观察应用湿润烧伤膏治疗急诊皮肤软组织挫擦伤的临床效果。方法：采用随机单盲对比方法分组观察湿润烧伤膏和高效碘（络合碘）对各种不同急诊皮肤软组织挫擦伤的治疗效果，主要观察指标包括创面的愈合方式、3个月的瘢痕生长率、局部治疗反应、药物止痛效果及毒副作用等。结果：湿润烧伤膏治疗皮肤软组织挫擦伤，不仅止痛效果好、快、病人换药时痛苦少，而且抗感染作用强，愈合时间短，无或少瘢痕愈合，愈合创面留存色素沉着现象少，毒、副作用少，病人耐受性好。结论：湿润烧伤膏是一种效果显的治疗皮肤软组织挫擦伤的首选外用药。     

碘化钾和碘酸钾对碘缺乏大鼠晶状体影响的对比研究

 目的 通过给碘缺乏Wistar大鼠补充不同剂量两种碘剂,即碘化钾(KI)和碘酸钾(KIO3),对比和探讨两种碘剂对其晶状体的影响及其机制.方法 成功复制碘缺乏Wistar大鼠动物模型后随机分为适量KI组、过量KI组、适量KIO3组和过量KIO3组4组,5个月后股动脉放血处死大鼠,对各组大鼠晶状体的重量、抗氧化能力和脂质过氧化程度进行定量分析对比.结果 碘缺乏Wistar大鼠补充过量KIO3后晶状体重量较补充适量KI鼠轻(P<0.05),补充过量KIO3后抗氧化能力低于补充适量KI鼠和适量KIO3鼠(P<0.05),脂质过氧化程度未见显著差异.结论 过量补充KIO3可能对晶状体造成损伤.     

Work in progress: reduction of calcium activity by radiopaque contrast media

An in vitro examination of the effects of radiopaque contrast media anions, cations, additives, and ionic strength on ionic calcium level using ion-specific electrodes was made. The calcium-binding additives sodium citrate and sodium EDTA produced the largest reduction in ionic calcium. At the same iodine concentration the anions diatrizoate, iothalamate, metrizoate, and ioxaglate reduced ionic calcium by essentially the same amount. Sodium compounds reduced ionic calcium more than did meglumine compounds, a difference that is probably related to dissociation. The nonionic compounds iohexol and iopamidol did not reduce ionic calcium significantly. Ionic strength appears to have little direct effect on ionic calcium at and above physiologic levels. All ionic contrast media bind significant amounts of ionic calcium at the high concentrations achieved during selective arteriography. Since the anions are only weak calcium binders supplemental calcium can restore the level of ionic calcium.     

Contrast material iodides: potential effects on radioactive iodine thyroid uptake.

The levels of contaminant, free inorganic iodide and iodine were determined in several commonly used ionic and nonionic intravenous contrast media to gain a better understanding of the roles of these compounds in radioactive iodine uptake inhibition. The method, which involved a reduction-oxidation reaction using sodium nitrite, yielded accurate and precise data for the iothalomate based ionic contrast media as well as the nonionic contrast media. There was no free iodine in any of the contrast media tested. There was considerable variation in free iodide levels, ranging from 1.38 microgram/ml to 20.84 microgram/ml among the different contrast media, although significant differences between the ionic and nonionic media were not found. These levels of contaminant iodide are thought to play a role in the short-term inhibition of radioactive iodine uptake.     

Formation of potential antigens from radiographic contrast media

The use of radiographic contrast media is occasionally accompanied by more or less serious adverse effects, evidently of complex etiology, following intravascular administration. Some of these reactions are suspected of having an allergic basis. The in vitro and in vivo formation of iodinated serum proteins following gamma irradiation in the presence of two commonly used radiographic contrast media is demonstrated. Non-toxic concentrations of ascorbate present during the irradiation is shown to prevent the formation of such iodo-proteins in vitro as well as in vivo. The amounts of potentially antigenic iodoprotein formed during radiographic procedures will certainly be very small, but this quantity may be sufficient to elicit a hypersensitivity reaction in cases when an individual has been previously sensitized to immunologically similar iodo-proteins, a mechanism that could account for certain rare and unpredictable reactions. The radiation induced formation of iodo-proteins may also serve as a model for the formation of iodine containing antigens mediated by a free radical mechanism, i.e. in the metabolism of iodinated compounds like erythrosine, a widely used colouring agent for certain foods.     

Radioiodinated 1-substituted-4-phenylpiperazines as potential brain imaging agents

A series of four 125I-labeled 1-substituted-4-phenylpiperazines were prepared and evaluated in rats as potential brain imaging agents. The compounds were labeled using [125I]iodide/chloramine-T or iodine monochloride and isolated in 48-60% radiochemical yields. The tissue distribution studies indicated that a butyrophenone derivative demonstrated the best overall brain-imaging properties. Compared with the compounds having other 1-substituents this agent had a more prolonged retention of activity in the brain and higher brain-to-blood ratios over the 4-h period studied. The in vivo behavior of this agent is comparable to that of radioiodinated N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine, and, because it can be labeled directly via electrophilic methods, it has substantial potential for use in brain imaging with single photon emission computed tomography.     

Embedded soft-tissue image mechanism of a small animal shell with synchrotron-based micro-CT

Synchrotron-based micro-CT was utilized to image the embedded biological soft-tissue of a small animal shell. Micro-CT images of the biological soft-tissue were acquired using 20, 25, and 27 keV synchrotron X-rays with contrast agents, such as water, physiological saline and iodine. Visualized the complex features of the animal at the above energies with water, physiological saline and iodine. The choice of the optimum energy was chosen based on the contrast mechanisms to know more about soft-matter and the associated internal complex biological features of the small animal shell. This way, the images at 27 keV (optimum energy) was reasonably acceptable for better visualization of the interior micro-architecture, such as soft-anatomy, physiology and internal organs of the animal with better visibility. The introduction of water, physiological, or iodine as contrast agents is shown to enhance minute image features in synchrotron-based tomographic imaging.     

Iodine heterocycles: [125I] and [131I] ortho-iodosophenylphosphoric acid

Since organic molecules tagged with radioiodine are often subject to dehalogenation, techniques are needed for "protecting" the iodine. A suggested approach was the incorporation of iodine directly into a heterocyclic compound as one of the ring's heteroatoms. Such a compound, orthoiodosophenylphosphoric acid, was synthesized with I-125 and I-131. Upon i.v. administration to dogs and rabbits, most of the radiolabel was excreted in the urine. There was no evidence of the appearance of free iodide. The renal elimination of orthoiodosophenylphosphoric acid was contrasted with the biliary excretion of another iodine heterocycle, diphenyleneiodonium. Iodine heterocycles, with appropriate substituents, may represent a useful class of compounds for biologic studies.     

Comparison of iopamidol 150 and 370 with the same iodine dosage (37 g) in urography]

Two different volumes of iopamidol (250 and 100 ml, respectively) containing 37.5 and 37 g of iodine in different concentrations (150 mgI/ml and 370 mgI/ml) were injected in the same time (10 minutes) with varying injection rates, to compare diagnostic effectiveness, image quality, distension of the collecting system, and influence of the better iodine concentration. Sixty patients of both sexes were randomly subdivided into two groups. Their renal function, blood pressure and pulse rate were normal. Their weight ranged 55-85 kg, not to change the distribution volume of the contrast medium. None of them had been given iodine compounds recently. Radiographs were taken 2, 5, 15, 25, and 30 minutes after the end of the injection. The image quality of nephrograms, pyelograms, bladder views and the degree of collecting system filling were evaluated by a blind study, using grading scores (0 to 3). In both groups image quality and degree of filling were satisfying; the volume of injected iopamidol had poor significance. The clinical findings confirm that, with a nonionic contrast medium, iodine concentration in the collecting system is the most important factor for image quality.     

双源CT双能量扫描测定甲状腺碘浓度、体积及总碘含量的价值

目的探讨双源CT双能量扫描对正常甲状腺组织碘浓度、体积及总碘量测量的临床应用价值。方法采用双源CT对108例疑颈部或颈椎疾病患者进行双能量扫描,将患者分为<40岁组、40~60岁组及>60岁组,在后处理工作站中测量正常甲状腺组织的碘浓度、体积,并计算得到甲状腺总碘量,比较不同性别及不同年龄组甲状腺碘浓度、体积及碘含量有无统计学差异。结果所有患者甲状腺左、右叶碘浓度、体积及碘含量均没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。男性与女性甲状腺碘浓度、体积及总碘含量无统计学差异(P>0.05)。<40岁组与40~60岁组比较,甲状腺碘浓度及总碘含量均没有统计学差异(P>0.05);<40岁组与>60岁组比较、40~60岁组与>60岁组比较甲状腺碘浓度及总碘含量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);甲状腺体积三组年龄间没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论双源CT双能量扫描可以准确测量甲状腺碘浓度及总碘含量,反应人体内碘水平,为评估甲状腺功能及诊断甲状腺疾病提供依据。     

Optimal contrast dosage in cranial computed tomography.

Comparison of different contrast dosages in adult patients with malignant gliomas studied by computed tomography indicates that 28-42 g of iodine is required for clinically diagnostic results. This can be translated into a 10 min iodine blood level of 100 mg/100 ml. Contrast doses in the range of 14 g of iodine are not satisfactory.     

MEBT/MEBO治疗阴茎阴囊皮肤软组织挫裂伤的体会

目的：观察应用烧伤湿性医疗技术(MEBT／MEBO)治疗阴茎阴囊皮肤软组织挫裂伤的临床效果。方法：将68例阴茎阴囊皮肤软组织挫擦伤患者分为二组，治疗组36例用MEBT／MEBO治疗，对照组32例用高效碘，(络合碘)治疗，组间对比观察创面愈合方式、时间和瘢痕生长情况，止痛效果，创面感染发生率，性功能保留情况及药物副作用。结果：MEBT／MEBO治疗阴茎阴囊皮肤软组织挫伤，创面自然愈合时间短并瘢痕少，止痛效果好，创面感染发率低，性功能保留较好，无明显的药物副作用。结论：MEBT／MEBO是一种治疗阴茎阴囊皮肤软组织挫裂伤的最佳方法。     

Absorption-edge transmission technique using Ce- 139 for measurement of stable iodine concentration

We have investigated a technique for measuring stable iodine concentrations by absorption-edge transmission measurements using a Ce 139 radiation source. The lanthanum daughter emits characteristic x-rays whose energies just bracket the absorption edge of iodine at 33.2 keV. Relative transmission of these x-rays is sensitive to iodine concentration in the sample, but is relatively insensitive to other elements. By applying energy-selective beam filtration, it is possible to determine the relative transmission of these closely spaced x-ray energies with NaI(Tl) detectors. Optimizations of sample thickness, detector thickness, and Ce-139 source activity are discussed. Using sample volumes of about 10 ml, one can determine iodine concentration to an uncertainty (standard deviation) of +/- 5 microgram/ml with a 5-mCi source in a measurement time of 400 sec. Potential clinical applications of the in vitro technique are discussed, along with comparative aspects of the Ce-139 technique and other absorption and fluorescence techniques for measuring stable iodine.     

能谱CT在乳腺癌诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨能谱CT单能量图、碘图及融合图在乳腺癌中的诊断价值,并定量分析病灶与正常腺体之间CT值、碘浓度的差异。方法回顾性分析采用能谱方法扫描的乳腺癌患者21例,同时分析21例健康人的乳腺作为对照组。利用工作站后处理功能,分析单能量图、碘图及混合能量图对肿块的显示情况,测量乳腺病灶和正常腺体CT值、碘浓度,定量分析病灶与正常腺体之间CT值、碘浓度的差异并进行统计学分析。结果21例乳腺癌病灶在能谱CT的单能量图、碘图及融合图上均能清楚的显示。病灶在55 keV单能量图的增强CT值明显高于混合能量图(70.65 HU vs 44.95 HU,P<0.001);病灶碘浓度明显高于健康对照组(1.69 mg/ml vs 0.36 mg/ml,P<0.001)。结论能谱CT的多参数图像能清楚的显示乳腺癌病灶,碘摄取值作为能谱CT的定量参数,在乳腺癌的诊断中具有较高的价值。     

Blood brain-barrier disruption of nonionic iodinated contrast medium following coil embolization of a ruptured intracerebral aneurysm

Few reports of temporary disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following neurointerventional procedures, presumably caused by nonionic radiographic contrast medium (CM), exist in the literature. We described such a case in a 72-year-old man presenting with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage, who underwent coil embolization of a ruptured anterior communicating artery complex aneurysm. At the time of his follow-up CT examination, a large amount of iodine was found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Because of this experience, the iodine concentration in the CSF of five other patients who also underwent an intracranial endovascular procedure was measured. It was concluded that this increased iodine might have been caused by temporary leakage or breakdown of the BBB. Even if the total amount of CM may not be excessive, the disproportionately high concentration injected into a single vascular territory may pose a unique set of variables increasing the risk of BBB disruption.     

The release of histamine from human basophils by radiological contrast agents

The capacity of conventional and new low-osmolality contrast agents to stimulate histamine release from human basophils has been studied in vitro. When compared on an iodine concentration basis, the new agents release less histamine than the conventional agents at intermediate and higher concentration. However, the newer compounds exhibit a biphasic histamine release response to increasing iodine concentration with a low concentration peak, a phenomenon not previously described. Among the conventional ionic agents, meglumine salts were confirmed to be more potent histamine releasers than sodium salts. Possible mechanisms of this histamine release and the bearing of the findings on the safety of contrast media are discussed.     

Modification by Iodine Compounds of the Inactivation Yield of Enzymes Irradiated in Vitro with X-rays and Ultra-violet-light

Summary

The effect of sodium iodide, iodopropionic acid and methyl iodide on the inactivation by x- and u.v.-irradiation of alcohol dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, hexokinase and lactic acid dehydrogenase in solution was studied. Most of the iodine compounds were found to enhance radiation damage; few cases of protection were observed on x-irradiation. A partial oxygen-dependence of the NaI sensitization of alcohol dehydrogenase to x-rays and an effective lowering of its effect in the presence of thiosulphate were found. The amount of cysteic acid formed in irradiated alcohol dehydrogenase is low: this excludes the possibility that this mechanism is responsible for the enzyme inactivation by irradiation. The mechanism of x-ray and u.v.-light inactivation of enzymes in the presence of iodine compounds is discussed.     

甲状腺癌术后131I治疗

甲状腺癌确诊后，经典的治疗方法是近全切除术后加131I治疗。研究表明，NIS(钠／碘同向转运体)具有聚碘能力，而TPO(甲状腺过氧化物酶)能抑制碘从细胞中流出，NIS和TPC基因联合转染肿瘤细胞介导~(131)I治疗有可能成为一种新的治疗方法；维加酸可诱导失分化肿瘤细胞的摄碘能力恢复或提高，也有利于~(131)I治疗。     

Dual energy computed tomography for the head

Dual energy CT (DECT) is a promising technology that provides better diagnostic accuracy in several brain diseases. DECT can generate various types of CT images from a single acquisition data set at high kV and low kV based on material decomposition algorithms. The two-material decomposition algorithm can separate bone/calcification from iodine accurately. The three-material decomposition algorithm can generate a virtual non-contrast image, which helps to identify conditions such as brain hemorrhage. A virtual monochromatic image has the potential to eliminate metal artifacts by reducing beam-hardening effects. DECT also enables exploration of advanced imaging to make diagnosis easier. One such novel application of DECT is the X-Map, which helps to visualize ischemic stroke in the brain without using iodine contrast medium.