中老年二尖瓣脱垂和腱索断裂患者的超声心动图分析

目的:比较中老年二尖瓣脱垂和二尖瓣腱索断裂患者的超声心动图像。方法:通过超声心动图检查对54例中老年二尖瓣脱垂和二尖瓣腱索断裂患者的心脏结构和功能进行分析。结果:二尖瓣脱垂组中性别无明显差异,前后叶无明显差异,二尖瓣返流以中度为主(73.1%);二尖瓣腱索断裂组中,男性(67.9%)多于女性(32.1%),腱索断裂后叶(60.7%)多于前叶(39.3%),二尖瓣返流以中重度为主(92.9%);心脏结构改变腱索断裂组重于脱垂组。结论:中老年患者二尖瓣脱垂和腱索断裂的超声心动图具有明显的特征性。     

二尖瓣脱垂综合征的超声及临床特征

目的 观察和研究二尖瓣脱垂综合征（ＭＶＰ）的超声心动图特征及其临床表现：材料和方法 应用超声心动图检查二尖瓣脱垂综合征患者２３例,并观察其临床表现;结果 统计和总结二尖瓣脱垂综合征的临床症状、体征、ＥＣＧ、Ｘ线表现,病理表现,以及Ｍ型、Ｂ型、多普勒超声心动图的典型表现;结论二尖瓣脱垂综合症是与胚胎发育相关的,涉及全身各个系统的综合征性病变,具有典型的病理学特征和超声心动图表现,结合其临床表现超声心     

二尖瓣脱垂综合症的超声及临床特征

目的　观察和研究二尖瓣脱垂综合症（ＭＶＰ）的超声心动图特征及其临床表现;材料和方法　应用超声心动图检查二尖瓣脱垂综合症患者２３例,并观察其临床表现;结果　统计和总结二尖瓣脱垂综合症的临床症状、体征、ＥＣＧ,Ｘ线表现、病理表现,以及Ｍ型、Ｂ型、多普勒超声心动图的典型表现;结论　二尖瓣脱垂综合症是与胚胎发育相关的,涉及全身各个系统的综合性病变,具有典型的病理学特征和超声心动图表现,结合其临床表现超声心动图检查不仅可以准确诊断,还可进一步进行临床分型。     

超声心动图诊断先天性双孔二尖瓣畸形

双孔二尖瓣(DOMV)是一种较少见的先天性二尖瓣畸形[1],DOMV是由于胚胎期二尖瓣瓣膜多余组织吸收不良所引起,其超声表现有一定特征性,本文分析了DOMV的彩色多普勒超声特点,报告如下。1材料与方法本组双孔二尖瓣畸形2例为女性,1例为男性,年龄8～35岁,以心悸、胸闷就诊,听诊胸骨左缘2～4肋间闻及Ⅱ～Ⅲ级收缩期杂音,心电图检查无异常,均无先心病家族史。采用GE Vivid3彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率2.5MHz,在胸骨旁和心尖各标准切面进行二维、彩色及频普多普勒扫查,观察二尖瓣口的部位、数目,二尖瓣口形态及血流动力学改变,是否合并其他…     

超声心动图诊断先天性伞状二尖瓣畸形合并室间隔缺损1例

1　病历简介患儿 ,男 ,2岁半。心脏杂音 2年入院。 2年前发现心脏杂音。无喜蹲踞及发绀史。查体 :发育可 ,无紫绀及杵状指、趾。心界略扩大 ,心尖搏动增强呈抬举样 ,未扪及震颤。心率 110次 /ｍｉｎ ,律齐。胸骨左缘Ⅲ -Ⅳ肋间及肺动脉瓣区可闻及Ⅳ / 6收缩期杂音 ,Ｐ2亢进。超声检查 :左房、右室增大 ,右室壁增厚为 6ｍｍ ,肺动脉主干内径增宽为 2 0ｍｍ ,分支动脉发育正常。房间隔连续 ,室间隔上份 (嵴下 )回声中断 12ｍｍ(图 1)。二尖瓣瓣下腱索增粗 ,均附着于下移的后内乳头肌 ,二尖瓣开放受限 ,呈伞状 (图 2 ) ;主动脉瓣呈三叶式 ,瓣下…     

二尖瓣脱垂病人左房侧收缩期前向性血流观察

目的：观察二瓣脱垂病人超声心动图左房侧血注以。方法：应用脉冲多普勒超声心动图观察21例二尖 瓣脱垂患者。结果：在观察到二尖瓣口左房侧负向血流的同时,在其左房的相对面可测到前向性血流。结论：二尖瓣严重闭锁不全可导致超 声心动图可测到的左房收缩期前向性血流。     

应用彩色超声心动图对中老年二尖瓣置换术近期疗效观察

本组４５例中，中老年组２４例，青年组２１例，全部为风湿性心脏瓣膜病行单纯二尖瓣置换手术。重点观察中老年术后近期内疗效及手术对左室收缩功能的影响。两组术后均以左房内径缩小最明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）而右室、左室内径及左室收缩功能（ＥＦ）手术前后比较无统计学意义。中老年组术后恢复幅度与青年组比较两组相似。本文结果表明：中老年组术后近期疗效与青年组一样满意，而心脏手术对中老年人的ＥＦ无明显影响     

二尖瓣闭锁二维超声心动图图像特征研究

目的 研究先天性心脏病二尖瓣闭锁二维超声心动图图像特征。方法应用二维超声心动图检查二尖瓣闭锁6例,其中4例有心血管造影对照,3例经手术证实。结果二维超声心动图对4例作出正确诊断,1例不排除右心室型单心室,1例误诊为三尖瓣闭锁。结论二尖瓣闭锁二维超声心动图图像具有明显特征。     

超声心动图在二尖瓣球囊成形中的应用价值

目的：应用超声心动图检查方法估价二尖瓣球囊成形术的疗效。材料和方法：选择１９９１０１～１９９５０４，２５例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄拟行二尖瓣球囊扩张患者于术前４８小时，术后立即及５～７天，部分患者于术后３个月，６个月及１年进行超声心动图随访观察。结果：二尖瓣球囊扩张后检查二尖瓣口面积由术前０８５±０２０ｃｍ扩大至１６９±０３０ｃｍ；瓣下最大血流速度（Ｖｍａｘ）由（２３５±０３９）ｍ／ｓ降至（１６０±０３３）ｍ／ｓ；ＰＧｍａｘ及ＰＧｍｅａｎ分别由术前（２９±１０）ｋＰａ及（１８±０８）ｋＰａ降至（１４±０５）ｋＰａ及（０６±０３）ｋＰａ。本组术后房间隔穿刺部位缺口以４～６ｍｍ多见，２３例（９２％）出现房水平左向右分流，２例１年检查仍存在分流。术后再狭窄最早出现时间为３个月３例（３／１７），６个月１例（１／１１）。结论：本组２５例二尖瓣球囊成形患者均获得成功，其效果满意。超声心动图可用于评价二尖瓣球囊成形术的效果并可及时检出其并发症。     

房间隔缺损合并二尖瓣关闭不全的彩色超声心动图诊断

房间隔缺损在先天性心脏病中居首位，但先天性二尖瓣关闭不全临床上并不常见。本文讨论３７例二者并存的彩色超声心动图特点。房间隔缺损正确诊断３６例（９７．３％），二尖瓣关闭不全诊出２４例（６６．７％）主要特征为单纯关闭不全、二关瓣脱垂和二尖瓣裂隙。超声图像表现除右心系统增大外，左心系统的增大，且多以右心系统增大为明显。本病易与房室管畸形相混淆，且多易将二尖瓣关闭不全漏诊。本文分析了漏诊的原因和鉴别诊断的要点。     

Dynamic computed tomographic assessment of the mitral annulus in patients with and without mitral prolapse

ObjectivesTo obtain 3D CT measurements of mitral annulus throughout cardiac cycle using prototype mitral modeling software, assess interobserver agreement, and compare among patients with mitral prolapse (MP) and control group.BackgroundPre-procedural imaging is critical for planning of transcatheter mitral valve (MV) replacement. However, there is limited data regarding reliable CT-based measurements to accurately characterize the dynamic geometry of the mitral annulus in patients with MV disease.MethodsPatients with MP and control subjects without any MV disease who underwent ECG-gated cardiac CT were retrospectively identified. Multiphasic CT data was loaded into a prototype mitral modeling software. Multiple anatomical parameters in 3D space were recorded throughout the cardiac cycle (0–95%): annular circumference, planar-surface-area (PSA), anterior-posterior (A-P) distance, and anterolateral-posteromedial (AL-PM) distance. Comparisons were made among the two groups, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Interobserver agreement was assessed on ten patients using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) among 4 experienced readers.ResultsA total of 100 subjects were included: 50 with MP and 50 control. Annular dimensions were significantly higher in the MP group than control group, with circumference (144 ± 11 vs. 117±8 mm), PSA (1533 ± 247 vs. 1005 ± 142 mm²), A-P distance (38 ± 4 vs. 32±2 mm), and AL-PM distance (47 ± 4 vs. 39±3 mm) (all p < 0.001). Substantial size changes were observed throughout the cardiac cycle, but with maximal and minimal sizes at different cardiac phases for the two groups. The interobserver agreement was excellent (ICC≥0.75) for annular circumference, PSA, A-P- and AL-PM distance.ConclusionA significant variation in the mitral annular measures between different cardiac phases and two groups was observed with excellent interobserver agreement.     

二尖瓣脱垂的CT表现

目的了解二尖瓣脱垂的CT表现并探讨CT诊断二尖瓣脱垂的可行性。方法对25例经手术或心脏超声证实的二尖瓣脱垂患者的64层CT心脏图像进行分析。结果所有25例患者均可见收缩期二尖瓣叶突人左心房,并超过瓣环平面2mm。其他CT表现包括瓣叶增厚超过2mm（14例）和腱索断裂（3例）。结论二尖瓣脱垂具有特殊的CT表现,CT能够可靠地诊断二尖瓣脱垂。     

Heart rate variability in soccer players with mitral valve prolapse or benign arrhythmia

Abstract Numerous studies have reported increased cardiac vagal activity in well endurance-trained athletes. However, no clear data exist regarding the cardiac autonomic activity in athletes with common cardiovascular findings, such as mild mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and transient benign arrhythmias. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the cardiac autonomic outflow by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis between soccer players with mild MVP and rhythm disorders and other athletes with transient benign arrhythmias but without any structural cardiac disease. Twenty Greek male soccer players with mild MVP (group A, aged 20.2±4.5 years), 20 players with benign cardiac rhythm and conduction disorders without structural cardiac disease (group B, aged 21.0±3.6 years) and 20 healthy age-matched sedentary men (group C) were examined. All subjects underwent clinical evaluation, resting electrocardiogram for QTc calculation, echocardiography and 24-h ambulatory Holter recordings for HRV analysis. The mean 24-h heart rate, the HRV index and the mean 24-h R-R interval were significantly increased in all athletes compared to controls (p<0.05). Moreover, group A presented significantly decreased HRV index compared to group B by 18.2% (p<0.05). Resting QTc was prolonged only in group B compared to groups A and C by 9.5% and 11.2%, respectively (p<0.05), whereas no significant difference was found between groups A and C. It is concluded that athletes with MVP present limited exercise-induced cardiac vagal predominance compared to those with benign arrhythmias and without any structural cardiac disease.     

二尖瓣病变合并三尖瓣轻度关闭不全患者二尖瓣置换术后三尖瓣返流加重的超声特点和临床意义

目的:探讨二尖瓣病变合并三尖瓣轻度关闭不全(TR)患者在二尖瓣置换术后三尖瓣关闭不全加重的超声特点,为临床手术方式的制订提供依据.方法:回顾性分析130例二尖瓣病变合并三尖瓣轻度关闭不全患者二尖瓣置换术前及术后的临床和超声资料,术后随访时间为1～6年,平均(3.51±1.82)年.超声检查测量每例患者术前的左心室射血分数(LEVF)、右心房、右心室、左心房和左心室内径、肺动脉收缩期压力、三尖瓣瓣环直径和三尖瓣返流面积、以及术后三尖瓣返流面积,并相应的分为正常组和异常组,采用卡方检验分析上述指标与术后三尖瓣返流的关系.结果:超声检查显示在二尖瓣置换术后130例患者的二尖瓣功能均良好,但33例患者的三尖辩返流量较术前明显增加,其中术前有左心功能下降者25例,右房增大27例,右室增大26例,左房增大15例,左室增大27例,肺动脉压增高27例,三尖瓣环扩大28例.卡方检验显示术前左心室内径与术后三尖辩返流加重无显著相关性(P＞0.05),而其它指标与术后三尖瓣返流加重的相关性均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:术前左心功能下降、右心室、右心房和左心房增大、肺动脉收缩期压力升高、三尖瓣瓣环增大可能是二尖瓣病变合并三尖瓣轻度关闭不全患者在二尖瓣置换术后出现三尖瓣返流加重的危险因素,术中有必要积极处理.     

Coronary artery to left ventricle fistulas: Echocardiographic features

The echocardiographic features of a coronary artery fistula that drains into the left ventricle were described in two patients. The clinical picture mimicked moderate to severe aortic insufficiency; however, M-mode echocardiogram revealed unusual features. Diastolic fluttering of the anterior mitral leaflet and the septum was absent in the first patient, while the second patient had marked diastolic fluttering of the posterior mitral leaflet and the left ventricular wall at the atrioventricular junction. In both, the coronary artery fistula could be visualized by cross-sectional echocardiography. Contrast echocardiography performed during cardiac catheterization in the second patient demonstrated that the diastolic fluttering of the posterior mitral leaflet was related to the jetting of blood from the coronary artery fistula.     

二尖瓣置换术后两种类型机械瓣对血流动力学的影响

 目的 评价不同类型机械瓣对二尖瓣置换术后血流动力学的影响.方法 本院行二尖瓣置换术96例,分为双叶瓣及倾斜碟瓣两组,比较手术前后及手术1年后两组间血流动力学的超声参数.结果 两组术前二维超声参数:各房室内径及主、肺动脉内径、二尖瓣口面积差异均无统计学意义,血流动力学参数中E峰、A峰、平均跨瓣压差(mean pressure gradient,MPG)、肺动脉收缩压差异均无统计学意义;术后10 d内的二维超声参数比较:双叶瓣及倾斜碟瓣两组的E峰速分别为(1.43±0.70)m/s和(1.86±0.65)m/s (P<0.05),有效瓣口面积(effective orifice area,EOA)分别为(2.61±0.61)cm2、(2.31±0.63)cm2(P<0.05);肺动脉收缩压(pulmonary artery systolic pressure,PASP)分别为(33.9±14.2)mmHg 和(32.8±9.4)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa,P>0.05);MPG分别为(4.76±2.8)mmHg和(5.2±3.7)mmHg(P>0.05).手术1年后复查,双叶瓣及倾斜碟瓣两组的E峰速分别为(1.48±0.9)m/s和(1.92±0.4)m/s(P<0.05),EOA为(2.52±0.32)cm2和(2.01±0.2)cm2 (P<0.05),PASP为(33.4±22.5)mmHg 和(36.4±24.7)mmHg(P>0.05).结论 双叶机械瓣对风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术后血流动力学的影响强于倾斜碟瓣.     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者临床和冠脉造影特点分析

目的探讨冠心病（CHD）合并2型糖尿病（DM）患者的临床和冠脉造影特点。方法选择经冠脉造影证实的冠心病患者515例，根据是否合并糖尿病将其分为糖尿病组（353例）和非糖尿病组（162例），比较两组患者的临床和冠脉造影资料。结果合并2型糖尿病的冠心病患者发生高血压和急性心肌梗死的比例明显高于非糖尿病的冠心病患者（P〈0．01），前者血甘油三酯水平也明显高于后者（P〈0．01）。冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者多发生多支病变，左主干病变也明显高于非糖尿病者（P〈0．01）。结论冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者临床和冠脉病变复杂。     

loop或loop in loop技术腱索重建加二尖瓣成形环置入术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全

目的探讨loop或loop in loop技术腱索重建和二尖瓣成形环置入术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析自2015年9月至2016年1月青岛大学附属医院心外科收治的8例二尖瓣关闭不全患者。其中,男性7例,女性1例;年龄(58.15±4.2)岁,SBE前叶腱索断裂导致关闭不全1例,心脏占位累及前叶腱索断裂导致关闭不全1例,单纯腱索断裂导致关闭不全4例,腱索延长导致关闭不全2例。术前超声心动图(TEE)显示:根据Carpentier标准,前叶脱垂5例,后叶脱垂1例,前叶合并后叶脱垂2例。二尖瓣重度关闭不全5例,中到重度关闭不全2例,中度关闭不全1例。术前射血分数(EF)平均(58.83%±2.9%),左心室舒张末直径(LVDD)平均(52.9±1.5)mm,左心房直径(LAD)平均(50.6±1.7)mm。所有患者均经胸正中切口,平均体外循环时间(123±11.7)min,平均主动脉阻断时间(106±9.5)min。4例患者置入Duran成形环,4例患者置入Edwards PhysioⅡ成形环,7例患者同时行三尖瓣成形术,1例患者同时行三尖瓣置换术。同时行冠状动脉搭桥术1例,主动脉瓣置换术1例。结果术后无患者死亡,无恶性心律失常及其他严重并发症。术后复查TEE显示,微量反流6例,未见反流2例。术后EF平均(58.13%±2.9%),未见明显改变。LVDD平均(46.7±1.5)mm,LAD平均(42.9±1.1)mm,均较术前明显改善。随访1~3个月,均为微量反流。结论 loop或loop in loop技术腱索重建和二尖瓣成形环置入术治疗二尖瓣脱垂近、中期效果确切。loop技术虽然可以比较容易锚定瓣叶的脱垂区域,但是一旦长度不合适,很难拆除,相比而言,loop in loop技术可以在术中非常容易地调整人工腱索的长度。因此,loop in loop技术比loop技术更加值得推广。     

核素心肌断层显像诊断瓣膜病人合并冠状动脉病变的价值

为了解瓣膜病患者是否合并冠状动脉病变，对６３例经临床确诊为瓣膜疾病的病人在外科手术前行＾９９ｍＴｃ－甲氧基异丁基异腈（ＭＩＢＩ）心肌断层显像，其中５５例做运动或药物负荷试验，８例单纯行静息心肌显像；２７例行冠状动脉造影；５７例行瓣膜外科手术。所有病人手术前、后均作超声心动图检查。结果：２７例心肌ＳＰＥＣＴ显像与冠状动脉造影结果对比，符合率为９６．３％（２６／２７）；与冠状动脉造影、外科手术后临床及     

Fourier phase analysis of SPECT equilibrium radionuclide angiography in symptomatic patients with mitral valve prolapse without significant mitral regurgitation: Assessment of biventricular functional abnormalities suggesting a cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND: Ventricular premature beats are common in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP). The purpose of this study was to determine whether symptomatic patients with MVP had certain functional characteristics and if ventricular arrhythmia (VA) could be explained by functional extravalvular abnormalities. Single photon emission computed tomography equilibrium radionuclide angiography with Fourier phase analysis was preferred to the planar radionuclide method. Only patients without significant mitral regurgitation were studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 23 symptomatic patients with MVP (13 men, 10 women, mean age, 47+/-14 years) without mitral regurgitation underwent single photon emission computed tomography equilibrium radionuclide angiography. Symptoms were present in 20 patients, and VA was present in 14 patients. Ejection fraction, regional wall motion, and Fourier phase analysis were examined in both ventricles and compared with results for normal subjects. Ventricular abnormalities were observed in 20 (87%) patients: decreased left ventricular and right ventricular ejection fractions, increased standard deviations of the mean phase and focal wall motion, and/or delayed phase abnormalities. Abnormalities were less frequent but more marked in the right ventricular free wall, the infundibulum, or the septum compared with left ventricular delayed abnormalities, which were more frequent but limited. In 12 of 14 patients with VA, phase-delayed areas were observed in the ventricle where the origin of ventricular premature beats was suspected on the basis of their electrocardiographic morphologic features. A relation was found between late potentials and delayed-phase areas (right ventricle or septum) and left bundle branch block morphologic features of VA. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic patients with MVP frequently have ventricular dysfunction in 1 or both ventricles, sometimes limited but more marked in the presence of severe VA even without significant mitral regurgitation, suggesting structural modification. The use of a sensitive, accurate, and 3-dimensional method such as single photon emission computed tomography equilibrium radionuclide angiography may be of interest for a noninvasive investigation, especially in young symptomatic patients with MVP and VA.