黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎5例临床病理学观察

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis)是一种在炎性胆囊内可以形成瘤样肿块的少见疾病。国外曾有少许病例报道,国内仅黄应堂报道8例。本病因临床及影象学无特异性易与癌瘤相混淆,病理形态学虽具特征性但缺乏认识时也可误诊。现将我们近4年见到的5例并结合文献作简要讨论。     

21例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊断

目的 总结黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的有效诊断方法。方法 对21例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎患者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特征及病理结果进行回顾性分析。结果 21例患者中,8例出现皮肤巩膜黄染,10例Murphy征阳性;16例白细胞计数偏高,9例ALT偏高,7例AST偏高,8例TBIL偏高;血清肿瘤标记物中,4例患者CA19-9>1 000.00 U/mL,4例CA125及1例CEA超出正常范围;术前影像学检查诊断为胆囊结石17例,胆总管结石10例,发现胆道结石性炎症、胆囊壁弥漫增厚、胆囊壁内存在低密度结节、胆囊壁强化后可见“夹心饼干征”且胆囊内黏膜线完整,以及胆囊邻近组织器官存在炎性浸润等;5例患者术中发现胆囊与周围组织黏连较为紧密,对周围组织器官侵袭较严重,送快速冰冻病理检查,均除外胆囊癌。术后19例病理结果为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎,1例为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎合并胆囊腺肌症,1例为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎合并胆囊癌及胆管癌。结论 影像学检查发现胆道结石性炎症、胆囊壁弥漫增厚、胆囊壁内存在低密度结节、胆囊壁强化后可见“夹心饼干征”且胆囊内黏膜线完整,以及胆囊邻近组织器官存在炎性浸润等可考虑为黄色肉芽肿...     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎46例临床病理分析

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎是胆囊炎病较重的一种类型。本文报告46例,术中见67.4％的病例胆囊与周围器官广泛粘连。56.5％胆囊积脓或积液,26％胆囊萎缩,15.2％％发生胆内瘘。本病易与胆囊癌相混淆。B超检查5例示胆囊癌,3例术中疑为胆囊癌而行冰冻切片。本文描述了该病的病理特点,提出本病与胆囊癌的鉴别要点及诊治中应注意的几个问题。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎36例临床诊治探讨

为了探讨黄色肉芽胆囊炎（ＸＧＣ）的术前诊断,以指导术式选择。作者报告３６例,术前结合Ｂ超诊断。结果：（１）术前诊断正确率为７５％,行开腹胆切除３１例,腹腔镜胆囊切除５例。（２）临床治愈３６例,病理检查未见癌变。认为可对该病和术前诊断,本病呈良性疾病过程,胆囊切除疗效满意,无扩大手术必要     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎合并胆囊胃内瘘一例

患者男,72岁,因“反复右上腹痛9年,加重1个月”入院。9年前出现反复右上腹隐痛,多于进食油腻食物后发作,当时B超诊断“胆囊结石”,1个月后症状再发,伴恶心、呕吐。门诊拟“Mirrizi综合征,慢性结石性胆囊炎,胆总管结石”收入院。体检：皮肤巩膜无黄染,腹软,无压痛、反跳痛,胆囊未触及,莫氏征阳性,肝脾肋下未及。辅助检查：B超提示胆囊8 cm×     

黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎12例临床分析

黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎（XGP）特征是肾实质破坏，出现肉芽肿、脓肿和泡沫细胞，如不及时治疗，最终将导致病变的肾脏功能丧失。因缺乏典型的临床症状及影像学表现，术前诊断十分困难，易误诊为脓肾、肾肿瘤、肾结核等。     

坏死性肉芽肿性血管炎20例临床分析

目的分析坏死性肉芽肿性血管炎(NGV)的临床资料。方法对南京鼓楼医院收治的20例NGV患者的临床资料进行分析。结果男11例,女9例,发病年龄18~76岁,平均年龄44.7岁。可累及多个系统或器官,以肺脏受累最常见,占100%,其次为鼻部和肾脏,各为85%。血抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA)阳性率95%。影像学以肺部多发结节/肿块影伴或不伴空洞病灶(65%)为主。最常见的病理表现为坏死性肉芽肿和小血管炎。结论 NGV临床表现复杂多样,综合ANCA、影像学和组织活检利于早期诊断,早期治疗。     

急性无结石性胆囊炎58例临床分析

急性无结石性胆囊炎 (ＡＡＣ)是指在无结石存在的情况下发生的胆囊急性炎症。其发病率有逐年升高的趋势 ,引起了许多西方学者的关注。本文回顾分析了我院住院确诊之ＡＡＣ病例的临床流行病学、临床表现、治疗及预后等方面的资料。对象与方法1.对象 :本院 1991年～ 1998年 10月收治急性胆囊炎患者2 5 8例 ,确诊为ＡＡＣ者 5 8例 ,男性 3 0例 ,女性 2 8例 ,既往有胃肠道疾病 (包括慢性胃炎、十二指肠溃疡 )者 13例 ,占 2 2 .41% ;肝脏疾病 (脂肪肝、乙型肝炎、多囊肝 ) 11例 ,占 18.97% ;胆道系统疾病 (胆囊息肉、胆结石、胆道蛔虫、胆囊癌 ) …     

自身免疫性胰腺炎患者的腹部影像学改变

目的 研究自身免疫性胰腺炎(AIP)患者腹部的影像学改变.方法 回顾性研究25例经病理证实或肾上腺皮质激素规范治疗后随访证实的AIP患者临床资料,21例行CT检查,14例行MRI检查,其中10例同时行CT及MRI检查.结果 胰腺弥漫肿大者16例(64.0％),局限肿块型7例(28.0％),混合型2例(8.0％).CT平扫病变呈等密度13例(61.9％),稍低密度8例(39.1％),1例胰腺内及周边见多个囊性低密度灶,MRI检查病变T1 WI序列信号均匀或稍不均匀降低,T2WI序列信号不同程度均匀或稍不均匀升高,23例( 92.0％) DWI序列信号升高.动态增强扫描时,胰腺病变处呈“雪花状”不均匀渐进性延迟强化.18例(72.0％)病变周围见包壳样结构.7例(28.0％)胰管形态不规则,5例( 20.0％)胰管轻度扩张.17例(68.0％)胆道系统受累;4例(16.0％)肾脏受累;4例(16.0％)见腹膜后纤维化.1例(4.0％)肝门区见肿大淋巴结.结论 AIP患者胰腺及其他腹部器官具有特征性的影像学改变,对其诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要意义.     

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis mimicking gallbladder carcinoma: An analysis of 42 cases

AIM: To review and evaluate the diagnostic dilemma of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) clinically.METHODS: From July 2008 to June 2014, a total of 142 cases of pathologically diagnosed XGC were reviewed at our hospital, among which 42 were misdiagnosed as gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) based on preoperative radiographs and/or intra-operative findings. The clinical characteristics, preoperative imaging, intra-operative findings, frozen section (FS) analysis and surgical procedure data of these patients were collected and analyzed.RESULTS: The most common clinical syndrome in these 42 patients was chronic cholecystitis, followed by acute cholecystitis. Seven (17%) cases presented with mild jaundice without choledocholithiasis. Thirty-five (83%) cases presented with heterogeneous enhancement within thickened gallbladder walls on imaging, and 29 (69%) cases presented with abnormal enhancement in hepatic parenchyma neighboring the gallbladder, which indicated hepatic infiltration. Intra-operatively, adhesions to adjacent organs were observed in 40 (95.2%) cases, including the duodenum, colon and stomach. Thirty cases underwent FS analysis and the remainder did not. The accuracy rate of FS was 93%, and that of surgeon’s macroscopic diagnosis was 50%. Six cases were misidentified as GBC by surgeon’s macroscopic examination and underwent aggressive surgical treatment. No statistical difference was encountered in the incidence of postoperative complications between total cholecystectomy and subtotal cholecystectomy groups (21% vs 20%, P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: Neither clinical manifestations and laboratory tests nor radiological methods provide a practical and effective standard in the differential diagnosis between XGC and GBC.     

Distinguishing xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis from the wall-thickening type of early-stage gallbladder cancer

Background/Aims

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) mimics early-stage gallbladder (GB) cancer with wall thickening on computed tomography (CT), both clinically and radiologically. Preoperative differentiation of XGC from early-stage GB cancer is important for selecting the most appropriate surgical management. Therefore, we evaluated the clinical features and multidetector CT (MDCT) findings of XGC to determine whether it can be distinguished from early-stage GB cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 25 patients with XGC and 56 patients with the wall-thickening type of T1- and T2-stage GB cancer, where all of the diagnoses were pathologically confirmed by surgical treatment. All of the patients underwent preoperative MDCT. The clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and CT findings were compared.

Results

Abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice were noted more frequently in the patients with XGC. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were more elevated in patients with XGC, whereas carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9) was higher in the patients with GB cancer. When the T-category cancer staging of XGC and early-stage GB cancer were compared, diffuse GB wall thickening, intramural hypoattenuated nodule, gallstone, and pericholecystic infiltration were consistent significant findings associated with XGC, regardless of the cancer staging.

Conclusions

MDCT findings such as diffuse GB wall thickening, intramural hypoattenuated nodule, gallstone, and pericholecystic infiltration together with the clinical symptoms, can provide clues for physicians to differentiate XGC from early-stage GB cancer with wall thickening on CT.     

Extended surgical resection for xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis mimicking advanced gallbladder carcinoma： A case report and review of literature

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a destructive inflammatory disease of the gallbladder, rarely involving adjacent organs and mimicking an advanced gallbladder carcinoma. The diagnosis is usually possible only after pathological examination. A 46 year-old woman was referred to our center for suspected gallbladder cancer involving the liver hilum, right liver lobe, right colonic flexure, and duodenum. Brushing cytology obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) showed high-grade dysplasia. The patient underwent an en-bloc resection of the mass, consisting of right lobectomy, right hemicolectomy, and a partial duodenal resection. Pathological examination unexpectedly revealed an XGC. Only six cases of extended surgical resections for XGC with direct involvement of adjacent organs have been reported so far. In these cases, given the possible coexistence of XGC with carcinoma, malignancy cannot be excluded, even after cytology and intraoperative frozen section investigation. In conclusion, due to the poor prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma on one side and possible complications deriving from highly aggressive inflammatory invasion of surrounding organs on the other side, it seems these cases should be treated as malignant tumors until proven otherwise. Clinicians should include XGC among the possible differential diagnoses of masses in liver hilum.     

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis:Difficulty in differentiating from gallbladder cancer

AIM: To compare cases of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis(XGC) and advanced gallbladder cancer and discuss the differential diagnoses and surgical options.METHODS: From April 2000 to December 2013, 6 XGC patients received extended surgical resections. During the same period, 16 patients were proven to have gallbladder(GB) cancer, according to extended surgical resection. Subjects chosen for analysis in this study were restricted to cases of XGC with indistinct borders with the liver as it is often difficult to distinguish these patients from those with advanced GB cancer. We compared the clinical features and computed tomography findings between XGC and advanced GB cancer. The following clinical features were retrospectively assessed: age, gender, symptoms, and tumor markers. As albumin and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio(NLR) are prognostic in several cancers, we compared serum albumin levels and the NLR between the two groups. The computerized tomography findings were used to compare the two diseases, determine the coexistence of gallstones, the pattern of GB thickening(focal or diffuse), the presence of a hypoattenuated intramural nodule, and continuity of the mucosal line.RESULTS: Based on the preoperative image findings, we suspected GB carcinoma in all cases includingXGC in this series. In addition, by pathological examination, we found that the group of patients with XGC developed inflammatory disease after surgery. Patients with XGC tended to have abdominal pain(4/6, 67%). However, there was no significant difference in clinical symptoms, including fever, between the two groups. Serum albumin and NLR were also similar in the two groups. Serum tumor markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9(CA19-9), tended to increase in patients with GB cancer. However, no significant differences in tumor markers were identified. On the other hand, gallstones were more frequently observed in patients with XGC(5/6, 83%) than in patients with GB cancer(4/16, 33%)(P = 0.0116). A hypoattenuated intramural nodule was found in 3 patients with XGC(3/6, 50%), but in only 1 patient with GB cancer(1/16, 6%)(P = 0.0024). The GB thickness, continuous mucosal line, and bile duct dilatation showed no significant differences between XGC and GB cancer.CONCLUSION: Although XGC is often difficult to differentiate from GB carcinoma, it is possible to obtain an accurate diagnosis by careful intraoperative gross observation, and several intraoperative frozen sections.     

Case report of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis accompanied by Mirizzi syndrome

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a rare type of inflammatory disease of the gallbladder; this entity has also been termed fibroxanthogranulomatous inflammation, and ceroid or ceroid-like histiocytic granuloma of the gallbladder. Clinically, XGC sometimes is confused with a malignant neoplasm. Recently, we encountered a patient with XGC and Mirizzi syndrome, which was difficult to differentiate from gallbladder cancer accompanied by obstructive jaundice. It is important to realize that, pathologically, XGC is a benign disease, but that, in some cases, patients manifest an unusual clinical course.     

多排螺旋CT与MRI增强扫描原发性肝癌病灶影像学表现和诊断效能分析*

目的 分析比较多排螺旋CT与MRI增强扫描原发性肝癌（PLC）肝内病灶的影像学表现及其诊断价值。方法 2014年12月~2016年12月本院收治的经组织病理学检查诊断的肝细胞癌（HCC）患者36例,分别行CT和MRI多期动态增强扫描,分析各自的影像学表现特征,比较两者的诊断效能。结果 在36例HCC患者中,共检出病灶48个;检出<3 cm小肝癌14例,病灶16个,>3 cm巨块型肝癌9例,病灶32个;CT动脉期检出43个（89.6%）病灶,门脉期检出39个（81.3%）病灶,延迟期检出40个（83.3%）病灶,而MRI动脉期检出46个（95.8%）病灶,MRI门脉期检出率为52.1%,延迟期检出率为85.4%,组间比较差异显著（x²=14.376,P<0.05）;MRI扫描对PLC病灶包膜的显示优于CT,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;在48个病灶中,经CT增强扫描确诊41个（85.4%）,经MRI增强扫描确诊44个（91.7%）,两者差异无统计学意义（x²=0.924,P>0.05）。结论 CT和MRI多期动态增强扫描均能够充分显示PLC病灶的强化特征,其诊断效能难分伯仲。     

急性化脓性胆囊炎患者超声影像学特点及其诊断价值*

目的 总结急性化脓性胆囊炎患者超声影像学检查特点。方法 2019年4月～2021年4月我院诊治的急性单纯性胆囊炎50例和急性化脓性胆囊炎41例,常规进行超声检查,全部患者接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗,术后行组织病理学检查。结果 急性化脓性胆囊炎患者超声检查发现胆汁透声差、胆囊肿大、胆囊壁增厚或粗糙和Murphy征阳性率分别为85.4%、92.7%、82.9%和90.2%,均显著高于急性单纯性胆囊炎患者(分别为52.0%、60.0%、62.0%和28.0%,P＜0.05);在41例急性化脓性胆囊炎患者中,经彩色多普勒超声检查,1例(2.4%)被误诊为胆汁淤积,1例(2.4%)被误诊为单纯胆囊结石,3例(7.3%)被误诊为急性单纯性胆囊炎;术前,急性化脓性胆囊炎患者外周血白细胞计数为(15.1±3.5)×10⁹/L,显著高于急性单纯性胆囊炎患者[(9.8±4.9)×10⁹/L,P＜0.05],血清总胆红素水平为(25.3±2.7)μmol/L,显著高于急性单纯性胆囊炎患者[17.1±3.1μmol/L,P＜0.05],血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平为(97.1±5.6)U/L,显著高于急性单纯性胆囊炎患者[(36.7±4.7)U/L,P＜0.05];术后,血清AST水平为(50.3±4.3)U/L,显著高于急性单纯性胆囊炎患者[(29.8±4.6)U/L,P＜0.05]。结论 多普勒超声检查能评价急性化脓性胆囊炎患者的胆囊形态、胆囊壁厚程度、胆汁透声和超声Murphy征,可为诊断急性化脓性胆囊炎提供较为可靠的影像学依据。     

急性结石性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术252例

目的:探讨急性结石性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的手术操作要点．方法:回顾性分析本院1995-10／2005-10收治的252例胆囊结石并急性胆囊炎LC病例．结果:应用熟练的镜下操作技术,仔细解剖 Calot三角、近胆囊断离胆囊动脉、恰当处理术中出血、灵活应用电凝止血与钛夹止血相结合,顺利完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术244例,中转开腹胆囊切除术8例,系因合并胆囊癌、十二指肠球部巨大溃疡、Mirizzi综合征、胆囊壶腹部与胆总管粘连严重、胆囊十二指肠致密粘连及内瘘形成等原因而中转开腹,无术中大出血、肝外胆管损伤而中转开腹的病例．无术后胆漏、腹腔内出血等严重并发症发生．近期随访无胆管狭窄并发症发生．结论:急性胆囊炎行LC安全可行,关键是术者必须充分了解LC操作要点和熟练掌握操作技术．     

Imaging features of intrasellar tuberculoma: two cases

Hypophyseal tuberculoma is extremely rare. It may be confused with other more common sellar tumors such as adenomas. Characteristic, but not specific, radiological features are in the majority of cases: intense enhancement on contrast CT and thickening of the pituitary stalk better visible on MRI. We describe imaging findings in two patients with pituitary tuberculosis. In these cases an accurate non-invasive diagnosis was found to be important as antituberculous chemotherapy is curative.     

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis mimicking gallbladder carcinoma with a false-positive result on fluorodeoxyglucose PET

Recently, several reports have demonstrated that fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography （FDG-PET） is useful in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions in the gallbladder. However, there is a limitation in the ability of FDG-PET to differentiate between inflammatory and malignant lesions. We herein present a case of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis misdiagnosed as gallbladder carcinoma by ultrasonography and computed tomography. FDG-PET also showed increased activity. In this case, FDG-PET findings resulted in a false-positive for the diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma.