济南市区医院废水余氯含量

目的了解济南市医院排放废水中的余氯含量。方法2003年6-9月采集济南市区12家医院排放的废水,采用碘量滴定法测定医院排放废水中余氯的含量,并测定了废水中的粪大肠菌群。结果济南市区12家医院排放废水中余氯含量为3.7～128mg/L,平均为27.6mg/L。废水中的粪大肠菌群均<90个/L,符合国家标准。结论济南市区医院排放废水中余氯含量过高,对水环境会造成二次污染。     

医院污水氯消毒排放标准的实验研究

通过二氧化氯和次氯酸钠对医院污水的消毒实验,结果显示某医院污水二氧化氯需氯量为12.7mg/L,按需氯量增加0.5mg/L,加氯作用1.0小时的粪大肠群为＜2个／L,达到传染病院结核病污水排放一级标准;次所酸钠需氯量为19.4mg/L,按需氯量增加0.5mg/L,加氯作用1.0小时的粪大肠菌群为45个／L,也能达到一级排放标准。建议氯消毒后医院污水总余氯排放标准为0.5-2.0mg／L。     

清远市2家综合医院排放污水的消毒效果

目的了解掌握清远市市属综合医院排放污水消毒处理现状和存在的问题,加强对医院排放污水的监督管理,严防因医院的医源性污染通过排放的污水对周围环境及水源造成污染和危害。方法2004--2007年,每年分上半年及下半年各抽取1次医院排放的污水进行粪大肠菌群及肠道致病菌的检验。按照《GB18466—2005医疗机构水污染物排放标准》进行评价。结果2家医院总共抽取排放污水92份,其中粪大肠菌群（MPN／L）合格81份,总合格率为88．04％。其中某人民医院53份,合格48份,合格率为90．56％;某中医院样品39份,合格33份,合格率为84．62％;所有样品均末检出肠道致病菌。结论2家医院排放的污水消毒效果不稳定,合格率不能达到100％,应进一步加强对医疗单位污水排放消毒的监督管理。     

莆田市医院污水监测结果分析

医院污水含有大量病原菌，如大肠菌群达10~4～10~5个／ml，粪链球菌达103～10~4个／ml，并随用水量及季节有较大的波动，为加强医院污水管理，对我市三家医院污水进行了卫生监测，现将1993～1995年监测结果分析如下。一、方法游离余氯、大肠菌群、致病菌均按《医院污水排放标准检验方法》检测，结果合格判断：根据《医院污水排放标准）。检测结果：各医院污水监测每季度1次，每次连续3天，均在污水处理排放口采样，共监测108份，均未检出致病菌。第二、三天的R＞第一天的R，R随CI+增加而增加。二、结果分析与建议结果显示：Cl+＞6.0mg／L…     

深圳市医院污水治理状况

为了解深圳市近两年来医院污水的治理情况 ,在２０００年９月至２００１年１２月间 ,对深圳市区１０家医院排放污水进行监测调查。每季度监测１次 ,共检验水样５７个 ,测定项目为余氯、粪大肠菌群。采样及分析方法按照《水和废水监测分析方法》第３版进行。评价标准按照ＧＢ８９７８＿１９９６二级标准 :余氯＞３ｍｇ／Ｌ、粪大肠菌群１０００个／Ｌ进行评价。监测结果见表１。从监测结果可以看出 :粪大肠菌群、余氯分别有超标及不合格现象。粪大肠菌群超标率在１０．０%～５０．０%之间 ,最高测定值为≥２．４×１０５ 个／Ｌ。余氯不合格…     

济南市医院污水处理调查

目的了解济南市医院污水处理现状。方法于2002年6月对济南市16家医院排放污水处理前(2001年)和处理后(2002年)的化学耗氧量(COD)、氨氮、磷酸盐浓度和处理后的余氯、粪大肠菌群进行测定,按照GB/T8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》对处理后污水达标情况进行评价。结果16家医院污水处理前COD、氨氮、磷酸盐平均浓度分别为253.8、47.76、3.134mg/L,超标率分别为81%,88%,100%。处理后COD、氨氮、磷酸盐、余氯平均浓度和粪大肠菌群分别为40.5、6.30、0.580、26.7mg/L,<90个/L,全部达到GB/T8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。结论医院污水必须经过生化(有的医院是生化处理+絮凝)处理和消毒才能保证其COD、氨氮、磷酸盐等指标达标排放。     

循环式活性污泥处理工艺在大型医院污水处理中的应用及净化效果

为了解循环式活性污泥(CASS)处理工艺和次氯酸钠消毒对医院污水的净化效果.于2011年10月选择天津医科大学总医院污水处理系统,在污水经CASS工艺处理前后及次氯酸钠消毒后分别取水样测定pH值、悬浮物、COD、BOD5、氨氮、粪大肠菌群及余氯.结果显示,经CASS工艺处理后,医院污水中悬浮物、COD、BOD5、氨氮、粪大肠菌群的去除率分别为96.19％、90.31％、93.56％、76.22％、97.15％,经次氯酸钠消毒后,水中粪大肠菌群的去除率为99.92％,余氯为3.1 mg/L.该处理工艺对该医院污水有很好的净化效果,达到GB 18466-2005《医疗机构水污染排放标准》中排放标准.     

无锡市医疗污水与生活污水的微生物检测结果

为了解无锡市医疗机构污水及生活污水的消毒效果，笔者对33家医疗机构291份污水和6类单位122份生活污水采样，进行细菌污染检测，现将检测结果报告如下。 1 方法 由消杀科对33家医疗机构（省级，市级、区级、镇级、职工医院）的医疗污水及6类单位（三国城、水浒城、702所、大饭店、度假村、宾馆）的生活污水进行采样监测。检验方法依据中华人民共和国国家标准GB18466—2001（医疗机构污水排放要求）。判定标准：总余氯均≥3．5mg／L，粪大肠菌群≤900MPN／L，沙门菌、志贺菌、结核杆菌均不得检出。     

南京市栖霞区医院污水消毒效果调查

目的为了解南京市栖霞区医院污水的消毒效果。方法采集2006—2008年栖霞区16家医院排放的污水,测定余氯、粪大肠菌群、沙门菌和志贺菌。结果共采集栖霞区16家医院433份污水,合格340份,合格率为79％。结论栖霞区16家医院排放的污水总合格率不高,需加强监督管理。     

2005年温州市9所市属医院污水监测报告

为了解温州市属以上医院污水处理情况,2005年对9所市属以上医疗机构医院污水进行了监测,现将监测结果简报如下。1对象和方法1.1监测对象为温州市内9所省、市属公立医疗机构排放的医院污水。依据GB-18466-2001医疗机构污水排放要求,每次用塑料桶采污水样品2500ml于4h内送检验室做总余氯测定;用灭菌玻璃瓶(内加中和剂硫代硫酸钠)采污水样品1000ml做粪大肠菌群及致病菌(志贺菌和沙门菌)测定。1.2达标标准①微生物指标:粪大肠菌群≥900MPN/L,志贺菌和沙门菌不得检出;②化学指标:二氧化氯法:消毒接触时间≥0.5h后,总余氯:综合医院≥2.5mg/L,传…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.