膝横韧带和板股前、后韧带的MRI观测及其在外侧半月板“假撕裂征”诊断中的应用

目的 探讨膝横韧带(TLK)和板股前、后韧带(aMFL、pMFL)的MRI影像解剖学特征,及其对鉴别膝关节外侧半月板真假撕裂的价值。方法 回顾性分析2014年8月―2015年8月在广西医科大学第三附属医院关节外科行膝关节MRI检查,且关节镜排除半月板真性撕裂的101例患者的影像资料,其中男60例,女41例,平均年龄42(18~75)岁。行MR多序列、多平面扫描,观测TLK、aMFL、pMFL的出现率、中点径、走行方式及“假撕裂征”出现率等,应用χ²检验对“假撕裂征”出现率行性别及侧别间比较。结果 TLK的出现率为67.3%(68/101),横断面多呈卵圆形、圆形,其平均中点矢状径(1.88±0.35)mm、冠状径(1.79±0.60)mm,于外侧半月板前角“假撕裂征”出现率为2.9%(2/68)。aMFL、pMFL的出现率分别为13.9%(14/101)、77.2%(78/101),横断面呈卵圆形、扁平形及不规则形等多种形状;aMFL平均中点矢状径(1.53±0.39)mm、冠状径(2.8±0.92)mm,pMFL平均中点矢状径(2.04±1.03) mm、冠状径(3.10±1.08)mm;板股韧带于外侧半月板后角“假撕裂征”出现率为18.5%(17/92)。外侧半月板“假撕裂征”出现率在性别、侧别间差异均无统计学意义(P值均﹥0.05)。结论 在膝关节MRI检查中,外侧半月板有时显示“假撕裂征”;通过对TLK及aMFL、pMFL进行影像形态学研究,根据其在MRI上的形态、走行及外侧半月板假撕裂的方向、位置,可鉴别外侧半月板后角撕裂的真假属性,从而减少不必要的手术治疗。     

膝关节交叉韧带和侧副韧带的断面解剖学研究及其意义

目的研究膝关节交叉韧带和侧副韧带的断面形态特征和变化规律,为诊断膝部韧带病变提供更为详尽的形态学资料。方法利用27例正常成人膝关节标本制作连续断面,其中矢状断面9例,冠状断面12例,横断面6例。通过横、矢、冠状断面标本,观测膝关节韧带的断面形态特征及定量测量。结果矢状面上测量前、后交叉韧带长度分别为(29.66±4.21)mm、(40.26±6.81)mm,厚度分别为(10.03±1.97)mm、(11.24±3.50)mm。冠状面上前、后交叉韧带长径分别为(15.18±3.25)mm、(18.79±3.35)mm,短径分别为(6.37±1.32)mm、(8.03±1.46)mm;胫、腓侧副韧带长度分别为(102.85±19.64)mm、(45.52±14.91)mm,厚度分别为(2.63±0.72)mm、(3.43±1.04)mm。髁间隆起的横断面上胫、腓侧副韧带长径分别为(21.98±11.95)mm、(5.25±1.93)mm,短径分别为(2.03±0.59)mm、(2.87±0.64)mm。结论 (1)观测交叉韧带最好的断面是膝关节正中矢状面,其次是正中旁开1个矢状断面。除厚度外,在矢状面上前后交叉韧带长度、股、胫骨附着区宽度均有明显差异。(2)胫、腓侧副韧带在连续的冠状断面及横断面上均可显示,以冠状断面配合横断面相对为佳。     

The popliteal region an anatomical study and a new approach to the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament

Surgical treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries is gaining more and more importance. The central posterior approach according to Abbott (1945) has been considered a standard, with various complications involved owing to the local anatomic conditions. This study is intended to present a modified dorsomedial approach to the posterior capsule of the knee joint that is better adapted to the anatomic conditions. As a basis, the popliteal region was dissected in 150 knee joints, and the course of the popliteal artery with its branches as well as the bifurcation of the sciatic nerve were identified. The medial joint line served as a reference point. It has been shown that the knee joint arteries and the two sural arteries arose at relatively constant levels. At least one of the meniscofemoral ligaments was found in all of the knee joints examined the anterior ligament was present in a slightly higher percentage than the posterior ligament. The modified dorsomedial approach to the posterior joint capsule was evaluated in 50 knee joints. Dissection was achieved by blunt division of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, with careful preservation of the proximal vascular supply of that muscle. It was necessary to expose neither the popliteal artery and vein nor the tibial nerve. The tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament could be exposed in every knee. The advantage of the new approach to the posterior cruciate ligament described in this study consists in the preservation of the central neurovascular bundle and the excellent exposure of the tibial attachment.     

半月板和交叉韧带矢状断层研究

目的　观察膝关节矢状断层的半月板和交叉韧带的形态、可出现的层面情况并测量有关数据 ,为影像学诊断提供解剖学依据。方法　 11例 (2 2侧 )经福尔马林液防腐的膝关节标本按MRI检查姿势标线 ,冷冻后用断层带锯作厚 5mm的矢状断层 ,获得 314断层 (观察 5 84层面 ) ,对各断层面的半月板和交叉韧带进行观察 ,并用电子游标卡尺进行测量。结果　半月板后角高度明显高于前角 (P <0 0 1) ,内侧半月板后角宽度约是前角的 2倍 ,而外侧半月板宽度前、后角基本一致 ,外侧半月板体部宽于内侧且更靠近中轴 ,盘状半月板主要发生于外侧 ;正中矢状面显示交叉韧带全长的出现率为 82 % ,其全长的最好层面为正中矢状面和正中旁 1cm层面 ;前交叉韧带与矢状面的夹角较后交叉韧带小 ;前、后交叉韧带在股骨和胫骨的附着点宽约 12mm ,各附着点宽差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　膝关节矢状断层形态学研究提示半月板的后角容易损伤 ;外侧半月板后角明显较内侧窄而高 ,此为临床所见外侧半月板较内侧半月板更易损伤的形态学基础。     

膝关节板股韧带的解剖观测及其意义

目的：为膝关节检查提供形态学依据。方法：对76例经福尔马林固定的关键解剖,观测膝关节板股韧带的出现率和形态学特点。结果：在76例膝关节中均有前/和后板股韧带,其中前、后板股韧带均存在的占23.68%（有18例）,仅有后板股韧带的占65.79%(有50例),仅有前板股韧带的占10.53%(有8例)。后板股韧带的长度、中点宽度均大于前板股韧带。结论：板股韧带在人膝关节中普遍存在,并在运动中对外侧半月板起保护作用。     

膝关节半月板的三维断面解剖学研究

目的    观测膝关节半月板的断面形态特征和变化规律,为诊断膝部病变提供更为详尽的形态学资料。  方法    正常成人尸体膝关节片厚5 mm的连续断面标本27例,其中矢状断面标本9例,冠状断面标本12例,横断面标本6例。通过三维断面标本,观察膝关节半月板的断面形态特征。  结果    内侧半月板矢径（40.36±4.73）mm,横径（33.99±3.77）mm;外侧半月板矢径（34.51±2.18）mm,横径（34.51±　3.25）mm。内、外侧半月板前、后角厚度分别为（4.98±1.83）mm和（4.45±1.44）mm、（3.54±1.24）mm和（6.15±1.43）mm。半月板后角高度外侧大于内侧,外侧半月板后角高度大于前角。内侧半月板后角宽度大于前角。板股韧带出现率为75%。  结论    ①半月板前、后角部在矢状面上,体部在冠状面上显示最好,横断面可见半月板全貌。②由于内侧半月板与关节囊紧密相连,且后角宽度大于前角,致使其易受损伤。③外侧半月板后角高度大于内侧半月板后角及同侧前角,可能是导致外侧半月板后角较易受损的因素之一。     

保留前后交叉韧带人工全膝关节假体的胫骨近端解剖测量

背景：目前使用的保留前后叉韧带的假体仍存在诸多问题。改良和设计保留前后交叉韧带膝关节假体相关的形态测量,特别是胫骨近端未曾见到过详细的报道和研究。 目的：通过对正常膝关节三维数字化模型进行相关的胫骨近端形态学的分析,从而为改良和设计保留前后交叉韧带人工全膝关节假体提供参考。 方法：40例正常志愿者进行膝关节的CT及MRI扫描,然后将膝关节CT、MRI断层影像数据导入Mimics 10.01进行图像分割与三维重建,重建出完整的膝关节三维实体数字化模型后再导入Geomagic Studio 11,在膝关节模型上测量前后交叉韧带在胫骨近端解剖参数,模拟截骨后测量胫骨近端截骨面的解剖参数。 结果与结论：前后交叉韧带总的宽度为(14.94±2.56) mm,性别间比较提示男性需适当增加横向的截骨宽度以避免损伤前后交叉韧带。胫骨髁间棘顶部的长度为(8.02±1.03) mm,底部的长度为(15.19± 1.71) mm,截骨后高度(9.13±0.88) mm,而且此梯形结构位于前后径48%-82%。胫骨截骨面内侧的内外径短于外侧的内外径,内侧前后径大于外侧的前后径,因而保留前后交叉韧带的假体更需要非对称性的设计。     

The posterior meniscofemoral ligament: morphologic study and anatomic classification

The meniscofemoral ligaments (MFLs) run from the medial femoral condyle to the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus and consist of anterior MFL (aMFL) and/or posterior MFL (pMFL) components according to whether it passes anterior or posterior to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence and morphologic features of the MFLs in Koreans and formulate an anatomic classification system of MFLs to aid the detailed interpretation of medical imaging or biomechanical data. One hundred knees from 52 cadavers were studied. Eighty-seven knees had pMFLs, whereas an aMFL was only found in one knee from a male cadaver. The pMFLs and PCLs were longer in males than in females (P < 0.05). The most common type of MFL was the high crossing of a typical pMFL against the PCL in both genders. Regarding other types, the incidence of absent pMFLs was higher in males than in females and the oblique bundle of the PCL was easily confused with the pMFL in several cases in both genders. These results provide the basis for the classification system of the MFL and will contribute to better outcomes for evaluating the MFL and PCL when using medical imaging such as arthro-CT scan or MRI through a better understanding of the anatomy of the MFL and PCL.     

Anatomical evaluation and clinical importance of the tibiofibular syndesmosis ligaments

The aim of this study was to describe the detailed anatomical arrangement of ligaments of the tibiofibular syndesmosis and to highlight the clinical aspects of fracture dislocations. This study was performed on 42 legs of adult human embalmed cadavers. Tibiofibular syndesmosis ligaments attachments and their mutual relationships were described and their dimensions were measured. The anterior tibiofibular ligament is usually composed of three parts. This ligament runs obliquely at laterodistaly direction making 35° angle with horizontal plane and posteriorly 65° angle with sagittal plane. The posterior tibiofibular ligament runs almost horizontally 20° angle with horizontal plane. The mean thicknesses of tibial and fibular attachments are 6.38±1.91 mm and 9.67±1.74 mm, respectively. The inferior transverse ligament originates from just below the posterior tibiofibular ligament, which has variations on the shape and dimensions due to its attachment points. The average length is 36.60±9.51 mm. The network between the fibular notch and the distal fibula has been filled with the interosseous tibiofibular ligament whose fibers follow the laterodistal and anterior direction from the tibia to the fibula. It lies proximally 30–40 mm from the mortise. At the inferior view of the tibiofibular syndesmosis a pyramidal shaped cartilaginous facet was observed which was attached to the fibula. The length of this cartilage was variable. Some of synovial plicas from the ankle joints synovial membrane were observed at this view. We conclude that the results of this study may be useful to both orthopedic surgeons and radiologists for anatomic evaluation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis area.     

膝横韧带与半月板损伤间关系的MRI研究

目的:探讨MRI上膝横韧带与半月板损伤程度及位置的关系,进一步认识膝横韧带的临床意义,并为半月板损伤的诊断和治疗提供新的信息.方法:收集288例于本院2009年1月至2010年3月行膝关节MRI检查的病例,在MRI上观察膝横韧带的出现情况及半月板损伤的情况,并分析膝横韧带出现率与半月板损伤程度及位置的相关性.结果:膝横韧带在MRI上的出现率约43.1%(124/288),其长度为(37.5±2.75)mm,宽度为(2.5±1.5)mm.膝横韧带出现率与半月板损伤程度无关(P＞0.05),但与半月板损伤位置有关(P＜0.01).结论:膝横韧带为连接双侧半月板前角的正常解剖结构,在运动过程中协助维持膝关节的稳定,并且对半月板前角具有一定的保护作用.     

Morphometric side-to-side differences in human cruciate ligament insertions

Graft placement in cruciate ligament reconstruction is known to significantly influence postoperative knee stability and range of motion. Improvement of bone tunnel positioning has been advocated by computer-assisted surgical procedures that require reliable input and reference data. This study validates the hypothesis that morphometric reference data can be obtained from the uninjured controlateral knee for accurate bone tunnel and graft positioning. Thirty pairs of human cadaver knees were dissected and the femoral and tibial footprints of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (PCL) were radiopaquely marked. Radiographs were taken of the corresponding left- and right-sided femora and tibiae, and digitally processed. Controlateral specimens were mirrored and overlapped precisely, the areas and intersections of ligament insertion were digitally determined. There were no significant differences in the total area of cruciate ligament insertion between left and right knee specimens or between female and male specimens. Intersection areas (IAs) in femoral and tibial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insertions averaged 31.3 and 33.4% of the total insertion area, respectively. The center of gravity for the femoral and tibial ACL footprint differed by 4.7 and 4.5 mm between left and right knees, respectively. IAs in femoral and tibial PCL insertions averaged 46.1 and 61.3% of the total insertion area, respectively. The center of gravity for the femoral and tibial PCL footprint differed by 4.5 and 2.4 mm between left and right knees, respectively. Our study does not support the concept of obtaining morphologic reference data from the uninjured controlateral knee for individual bone tunnel placement.     

踝关节内侧韧带的应用解剖学研究

目的：探讨踝关节内侧韧带的组成及其各部的附着、走行及毗邻关系。方法：取30例40％甲醛溶液防腐保存的正常成人尸体标本及4侧临床截肢的新鲜成人正常踝关节标本。仔细解剖出踝关节内侧韧带各组成部分的起止点及毗邻关系,然后测量各部的长、宽及厚的数值。结果：踝关节内侧副韧带由深浅两层组成。浅层包括胫舟韧带、胫韧带及胫跟韧带,其中胫韧带和胫跟韧带是恒定的;深层由胫距前、后韧带组成,其中胫距后韧带是恒定的。测量结果显示：胫舟韧带最长,（29．2±3．54）mm;胫距后韧带最宽、最厚,分别是（12．5±3．51）mm和（10．1±2．34）mm。结论：本研究为踝关节内侧韧带损伤的修复重建提供了重要的解剖学基础。     

拇指腕掌关节周围韧带的解剖学分析

目的　解剖拇指腕掌关节周围各条韧带及观察其组织形态学特征,探讨其在拇指腕掌关节稳定性中的作用。 方法　采用大体解剖学方法对10例新鲜冰冻手标本进行解剖,识别拇指腕掌关节周围韧带的连接部位与方向性,对韧带的宽度、长度、厚度进行形态学对比分析。并组织学观察拇指腕掌关节背侧和掌侧韧带细胞数。 结果　确定拇指腕掌关节周围存在7条主要韧带：即由3条背侧韧带（桡背侧韧带、背侧中央韧带、后斜韧带）组成的复合体,厚度分别为(1.24±0.12)、(1.91±0.15)、(1.61±0.12) mm。2条掌侧韧带（前斜韧带、尺侧副韧带）,厚度分别为(0.78±0.11) mm、 (1.03±0.11) mm。2条尺侧韧带（大多角骨-第1掌骨背侧韧带,第1、2掌骨间韧带）,厚度分别为(0.78±0.19) mm、(0.89±0.19) mm。背侧韧带明显厚于掌侧韧带（P<0.01）,桡背侧韧带、背侧中央韧带、后斜韧带的细胞数多于前斜韧带,后斜韧带的细胞数也多于尺侧副韧带,均有统计学差异（P<0.05）。 结论　3条背侧韧带组成粗厚坚韧的复合体,在拇指腕掌关节的稳定中,前斜韧带起着更大的作用。     

Erratum to "The change in length of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments during in vivo knee flexion"

The collateral ligaments of the knee are important in maintaining knee stability. However, little data has been reported on the in vivo function of the collateral ligaments. The objective of this study was to investigate the change in length of different fiber bundles of the medial collateral ligament (MCL), deep fibers of the MCL (DMCL) and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) during in vivo knee flexion. The knees of five healthy subjects were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. These images were used to create three-dimensional models of the tibia and femur, including the insertions of the collateral ligaments. The MCL, DMCL, and LCL were each divided into three equal portions: an anterior bundle, a middle bundle and a posterior bundle. Next, the subjects were imaged from two orthogonal directions using fluoroscopy while performing a quasi-static lunge from 0 degrees to 90 degrees of flexion. The models and fluoroscopic images were then used to reproduce the in vivo motion of the knee. From these models, the length of each bundle of each ligament was measured as a function of flexion. The length of the anterior bundle of the MCL did not change significantly with flexion. The length of the posterior bundle of the MCL consistently decreased with flexion (p < 0.05). The change in length of the DMCL with flexion was similar to the trend observed for the MCL. The length of the anterior bundle of the LCL increased with flexion and the length of the posterior bundle decreased with flexion. These data indicate that the collateral ligaments do not elongate uniformly as the knee is flexed, with different bundles becoming taut and slack. These data may help to provide a better understanding of the in vivo function of the collateral ligaments and be used to improve surgical reconstructions of the collateral ligaments. Furthermore, the data suggest that the different roles of various portions of the collateral ligaments along the flexion path should be considered before releasing the collateral ligaments during knee arthroplasty.     

The change in length of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments during in vivo knee flexion

The collateral ligaments of the knee are important in maintaining knee stability. However, little data has been reported on the in vivo function of the collateral ligaments. The objective of this study was to investigate the change in length of different fiber bundles of the medial collateral ligament (MCL), deep fibers of the MCL (DMCL) and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) during in vivo knee flexion. The knees of five healthy subjects were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. These images were used to create three-dimensional models of the tibia and femur, including the insertions of the collateral ligaments. The MCL, DMCL, and LCL were each divided into three equal portions: an anterior bundle, a middle bundle and a posterior bundle. Next, the subjects were imaged from two orthogonal directions using fluoroscopy while performing a quasi-static lunge for 0 degree to 90 degrees of flexion. The models and fluoroscopic images were then used to reproduce the in vivo motion of the knee. From these models, the length of each bundle of each ligament was measured as a function of flexion. The length of the anterior bundle of the MCL did not change significantly with flexion. The length of the posterior bundle of the MCL consistently decreased with flexion (p less than 0.05). The changes in deformation of the DMCL and LCL as a function of flexion were similar to each other. The length of the anterior bundles increased with flexion and the length of the posterior bundles decreased with flexion. These data indicate that the collateral ligaments do not elongate uniformly as the knee is flexed, with different bundles becoming taut and slack. These data may help to provide a better understanding of the in vivo function of the collateral ligaments and be used to improve surgical reconstruction of the collateral ligaments. Furthermore, the data suggest that the different roles of various portions of the collateral ligaments along the flexion path should be considered before releasing the collateral ligaments during knee arthroplasty.     

膝关节半月板和冠状韧带的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：解剖观察膝关节冠状韧带的结构特点,为解除半月板滑动障碍松解膝冠状韧带提供解剖学基础.方法：解剖观察成尸膝关节标本32侧,观测胫骨髁与半月板及膝冠状韧带的形态、长宽和厚度.结果：（1）外侧半月板向前滑动（5.6±1.3）mm,向后滑动（8.7±1.7）mm;内侧半月板向前滑动（5.5±1.4）mm,向后滑动（7.4±1.8）mm.（2）外侧膝冠状韧带周长（87.2±9.6）mm,上下宽（15.4±3.0）mm,韧带厚（0.9±0.3）mm.（3）内侧膝冠状韧带周长（91.9±7.9）mm,上下宽（15.9±3.2）mm,韧带厚（0.8±0.2）mm.（4）外侧膝冠状韧带前外侧微创进刀点,在膝关节外侧中点向前（26.4±3.7）mm范围内,膝关节前正中点向外（20.2±5.8）mm范围内不宜进刀,两者之间为前外侧进刀点.（5）内侧膝冠状韧带前内侧微创进刀点,在膝关节内侧中点处宽（7.0±2.0）mm范围内不宜进刀,由此处向前至髌韧带间为前内侧进刀点.另在膝关节内侧中点之后（29.1±4.5）mm,与半膜肌、半腱肌腱止点间为后内侧微创进刀点.结论：膝冠状韧带位于半月板外周缘连于胫骨内、外侧髁外周缘,从膝关节上述三个点进刀是微创切断松解膝冠状韧带的理想部位.     

Development of the human knee joint ligaments

ABSTRACT Background: Many studies have been published on the development of the human knee joint, but scant attention has been given to the development of the knee joint ligaments. The only elements that have received much attention are the cruciate ligaments and their relationships with the synovial membrane. Methods: We summarize our observations on the development of the knee joint ligaments in 50 serially sectioned human embryonic and fetal lower limbs (26 embryos and 24 fetuses). Results: The patellar ligament begins to form in O'Rahilly stage 20, with the muscle fibers of the quadriceps muscle being attached inferiorly to the tibial tuberosity. The cruciate ligaments (beginning with the posterior) arise from the articular interzone in O'Rahilly stage 21. Subsequently, with the organization of the Wrisberg's meniscofemoral ligament, in week 10 of development, the cruciate ligament system is completed. The lateral collateral ligament begins to form in O'Rahilly stage 23, and from its first appearance it is independent of the knee joint capsule. At this time, development of the tendon of the popliteus muscle begins. The medial collateral ligament begins to develop in week 9 of development as a condensation of the joint capsule. Two weeks later, the intra-articular pad of fat begins to form from mesenchymal tissue below the patella and between the cruciate and the patellar ligaments. With the organization of the suprapatellar bursa in week 14 of development, knee joint development is complete. Conclusions: The morphogenetic time table of the knee joint ligaments was established. Anat. Rec. 248:259-268, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

基于防腐标本的胫腓连结解剖特点及临床意义

目的 基于防腐标本胫腓连结的解剖特点，探讨胫腓连结的临床意义。方法 选取西南医科大学的51份胫腓连结防腐标本，通过对标本进行解剖，观察其结构解剖特点，并测量胫腓连结相关几何数据。结果 分别测量胫腓前、后、下横韧带的几何数据，用均值±标准差描述，包括：胫腓前韧带近端长度、远端长度、宽度分别为（8.53±0.69、19.06±1.34、15.99±1.44）mm；胫腓后韧带近端长度、远端长度、宽度分别为（9.34±0.63、16.92±1.76、14.36±0.89）mm；胫腓横韧带近端长度、远端长度、宽度分别为（18.42±2.48、21.93±2.59、4.56±0.17）mm；胫腓前韧带与冠状面夹角、与水平面夹角分别为（20.49±4.86、42.20±3.42）°；胫腓后韧带与冠状面夹角、与水平面夹角分别为（13.2±2.06、40.92±3.13）°；胫腓横韧带与冠状面夹角、与水平面夹角分别为（13.45±1.57、32.73±3.70）°；数据分析显示，胫腓前、后、横韧带在男女之间差异存在统计学意义，而在左右足之间差异无统计学意义。结论 胫腓连结对踝关节的稳定性具有重要意义，其解剖结构对临床治疗有重要指导意义。     

拇指腕掌关节韧带的解剖学特点及其临床意义

目的　研究拇指腕掌关节韧带的解剖学特点及各韧带在拇指运动中的作用,为韧带重建提供形态学基础。 方法　放大镜下解剖成人男性尸体20例新鲜手标本,观察拇指腕掌关节韧带的起止点及附着部位,分别测量各韧带在中立位下的长、宽、厚及最大拉伸长度,测量关节的活动范围。 结果　拇指腕掌关节周围共5条韧带,其中桡背韧带、后斜韧带、前斜韧带为囊内韧带,第1骨间韧带、尺侧韧带为囊外韧带。在囊内韧带中,最厚的是桡背韧带（2.08±0.27） mm,最薄的是前斜韧带（1.14±0.17） mm。最宽的是前斜韧带（9.33±1.09） mm,最窄的是后斜韧带（7.23±0.88） mm。延伸率最大的是桡背韧带（57.33±9.21%）,最小的是前斜韧带（38.43±8.26%）。 结论　拇指腕掌关节存在三级稳定结构,在关节囊韧带中,桡背韧带厚韧而紧张,对维持关节稳定性起重要作用,前斜韧带薄而松弛,外伤或自发性劳损引起退行性变可能性较大,拇指腕掌关节炎应该首选重建前斜韧带。     

人工韧带修复膝关节交叉韧带损伤

背景：以往治疗膝关节交叉韧带损伤的主要手段是移植重建,最常用的移植材料为自体的骨髌腱骨、半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱。但由于此类移植物存在取材区并发症及韧带化过程中的各种问题,近年来人工韧带的研究受到重视。 目的：认识膝关节交叉韧带的结构及血供特点,以及膝关节交叉韧带损伤后人工韧带重建治疗机制与临床应用特点。 方法：①分析膝关节前、后交叉韧带的组织结构,功能学特点以及血供差异。②分析膝关节前、后交叉韧带损伤的类型及生物力学机制。③分析修复膝关节交叉韧带损伤的材料学分类及特点。④分析人工韧带修复后影响关节稳定性的因素。 结果与结论：修复膝关节前、后交叉韧带损伤时,应首先考虑到前、后交叉韧带的功能及血供情况,选择合适的重建物,使重建时过程简化,操作简单,重建材料的组织相容性较好,达到修复后的解剖与功能的双重建。