唇腭裂患儿麻醉苏醒期的手术室护理对策

目的探讨唇腭裂患儿麻醉苏醒期的手术室护理对策。方法总结123例唇腭裂手术患儿麻醉苏醒期的护理方法和效果。结果 123例患儿均顺利拔管,拔管后发生恶心、干呕5例,躁动3例,喉头水肿2例,舌后坠1例及喉痉挛1例。均经对症治疗后治愈。结论加强对唇腭裂手术患儿麻醉苏醒期的护理,能减少不良事件发生率,提高顺利拔管率,确保患儿麻醉苏醒期的安全。     

七氟醚与丙泊酚用于小儿烧伤手术麻醉维持的比较

目的比较七氟醚与丙泊酚用于小儿烧伤手术麻醉维持的效果。方法择期手术烧伤患儿60例,随机分为丙泊酚组(P组)和七氟醚组(S组),每组30例。气管插管后P组泵注丙泊酚3~8 mg.kg-1.h-1维持麻醉,S组吸入1%~4%七氟醚维持麻醉;需要时均间断静注芬太尼和阿曲库铵。术毕前5 min停用丙泊酚和七氟醚。记录术中血流动力学指标以及术毕患儿自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间、苏醒时躁动情况。结果气管拔管后P组SpO2明显降低,且低于S组(P<0.05)。S组患儿自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间和苏醒时间均明显短于P组(P<0.01)。结论七氟醚用于小儿烧伤手术麻醉维持循环稳定,术毕自主呼吸恢复快、苏醒迅速,拔管及时,躁动发生率低,麻醉效果优于丙泊酚。     

小儿腹腔镜疝环结扎术中靶控输注瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚的临床观察

目的:介绍瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉在小儿腹腔镜疝环结扎术中的优点。方法:选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级、2~13岁、择期行腹腔镜疝环结扎术的患儿60例,随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组用瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚诱导和维持,对照组用芬太尼、丙泊酚诱导,丙泊酚和异氟醚维持。观察两组患者诱导及维持期血流动力学变化、气管拔管、苏醒时间及患儿拔管后呼吸困难、苏醒期躁动、术后恶心呕吐的发生率。结果:观察组围麻醉期的血流动力学较对照组平稳,气管拔管时间及苏醒时间均明显短于对照组(P0.05),术后苏醒躁动发生率明显少于对照组(P0.05)。结论:瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉起效迅速,术中平稳,苏醒快速平顺,值得在小儿腹腔镜疝环结扎术中推广应用。     

小儿气管插管全麻苏醒期躁动观察及护理

目的对气管插管全麻小儿手术后苏醒期躁动情况进行观察并总结护理经验。方法观察207例气管插管全麻小儿手术后在麻醉复苏室苏醒恢复情况,进行躁动评分（PAED）、镇痛评分（VAS）,记录并发症的发生情况并对护理情况予以评价。结果气管导管拔除后发生躁动65例。拔管后一过性低氧血症（SpO2〈90%）发生率25.1%（52/207）,面罩吸氧后改善;躁动造成气管导管滑脱8例,静脉输液外渗18例（其中留置针脱出5例）。拔管后10min、20min、30minPAED评分分别为10（2-18）,7（2-16）,6（1-16）,20min,30min组较10min组组间有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。非躁动患儿VAS评分率58.4%（83/142）,VAS为3（0-4）;躁动患儿VAS评分率53.89%（35/65）,VAS为3（0-5）,VAS组间无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论气管插管全麻小儿苏醒期躁动发生率高,并可导致严重并发症。苏醒期正确护理对减少并发症的发生及保证患儿的安全至关重要。     

右美托咪定用于小儿唇腭裂手术麻醉的临床观察

目的 探讨右美托咪定用于小儿唇腭裂手术麻醉中的临床效果,为小儿唇腭裂手术麻醉安全用药提供依据.方法 先天性唇腭裂修复术患儿40例,随机分为右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组).两组患儿均采用紧闭面罩8％七氟烷吸入麻醉诱导,D组同时静脉泵注右美托咪定1 μg/kg,C组给予同等容量生理盐水,均于10 min给完.两组患儿均采用气管插管静吸复合全身麻醉方法,术中维持C组采用异丙酚-七氟烷复合麻醉;D组采用右美托咪定-异丙酚-七氟烷复合麻醉,观察并记录不同时点患儿心率、平均动脉压、脉搏血氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压并进行躁动评分,记录两组呼吸抑制及躁动发生率.结果 两组患儿的手术时间、麻醉时间及苏醒时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).D组患儿在气管插管即刻(T2)、术中20 min(T3)、术毕(T4)及拔管(T5)时平均动脉压和心率均明显低于C组(P＜0.05).D组躁动发生率为11.1％,明显低于C组36.4％(P＜0.05).D组无一例发生呼吸抑制.结论 右美托咪定用于小儿唇腭裂修复术安全有效,术中血流动力学平稳,术后恢复期安静、舒适,能够减少围术期并发症的发生.     

父母陪伴对全麻苏醒期患儿焦虑躁动的影响

目的探讨父母陪伴对全麻苏醒期患儿焦虑躁动的影响。方法将全身麻醉下行择期手术的患儿40例随机分为观察组和对照组,每组20例。观察组患儿麻醉苏醒期在父母陪伴下进行观察,对照组患儿在麻醉护士和麻醉医生的陪伴下进行观察。结果两组焦虑、躁动、疼痛评分比较,组间效应、时间效应、交互效应有统计学差异(P0.05,P0.01);脉搏比较,组间效应和时间效应有统计学差异(均P0.01);观察组患儿恶心呕吐和剧烈咳嗽发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论麻醉苏醒期由父母陪伴能显著降低患儿焦虑、躁动、疼痛程度,减少患儿术后并发症的发生,使患儿麻醉苏醒期更加安全舒适。     

复方利多卡因乳膏对小儿先天性心脏病快通道麻醉拔管反应的影响

目的观察复方利多卡因乳膏对小儿先天性心脏病快通道麻醉围拔管期的影响。方法择期行单纯小儿房室缺修补手术者60例,随机分为复方利多卡因乳膏组(L组)和石蜡油组(C组),每组30例。观察并记录诱导前、拔管前、拔管即刻、拔管后1、3、5minSBP、DBP和HR,记录术毕至自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、清醒时间以及拔管时呛咳、躁动、屏气及术后咽喉疼痛、声音嘶哑等不良反应。结果两组麻醉药物用量差异无统计学意义。与C组比较,各时点L组SBP、DBP降低、HR减慢(P<0.05),呛咳、屏气及躁动、术后咽痛的发生率明显低于C组(P<0.05)。结论复方利多卡因乳膏可有效抑制小儿先天性心脏病快通道麻醉时气管拔管反应,有利于维护麻醉苏醒期间血流动力学的稳定和减少呼吸并发症。     

小儿全麻苏醒期躁动的研究及护理现状

全麻苏醒期患儿发生并发症的机率较高,躁动是较为常见且后果也最为严重的并发症之一。小儿麻醉苏醒期躁动[2-3]是指患儿麻醉苏醒期出现的一种意识与行为分离的精神状态。表现为无法安抚、易激惹、倔强或不合作,典型的会出现哭喊、手脚乱动、呻吟、语无伦次和定向障碍。术后躁动严重的小儿在无法安抚的时间内会出现手脚乱动、拔除输液管及各种引流管、甚至是对他们的治疗起关     

咪唑安定在麻醉恢复室内小儿镇静中的应用

小儿在全麻术后苏醒期容易发生躁动,直接影响术后恢复的质量、降低手术的满意度,一直以来是麻醉医师、外科医师和患儿家长共同关注的问题.在全麻苏醒期的镇静,既需要达到患儿安静、合作,又不延长其苏醒时间,也要保证患儿的安全,目前尚无统一的标准和相应的研究报道.     

不同频次唤醒护理对全身麻醉胸科腔镜手术后患者苏醒效果的影响

目的 探讨不同频次的唤醒护理对全身麻醉胸科腔镜手术后带气管导管转入麻醉后监测治疗室(PACU)患者苏醒效果的影响。方法 采用便利抽样法,选取全身麻醉胸科腔镜手术后带气管导管转入气管导管观察的116例患者为研究对象,探讨不同频次(试验组A每5分钟、试验组B每10分钟、对照组等待患者自然苏醒)的唤醒护理对气管导管拔管时间、拔管后苏醒时间、总苏醒时间、拔管时呛咳反应、苏醒期躁动、拔管成功率、拔管后低氧血症和平均动脉压波动发生率的影响。结果 气管导管拔管时间三组比较差异有统计学意义,试验组A和试验组B显著短于对照组(均P<0.05);试验组A与试验组B差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。拔管后苏醒时间三组比较差异有统计学意义,试验组A显著长于对照组(P<0.05)。总苏醒时间三组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组气管导管拔管成功率和拔管后低氧血症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组A和试验组B拔管时呛咳反应、苏醒期躁动程度和拔管后平均动脉压波动发生率明显降低(均P<0.05)。结论 5 min和10 min频次的唤醒护理...     

French current practice for ambulatory anesthesia in children: a survey among the French-speaking Pediatric Anesthesiologists Association (ADARPEF)

Background: This survey aims to describe current practice in ambulatory care among pediatric anesthesiologists in France. Methods: Members of the French‐speaking Pediatric Anesthesiologists Association (ADARPEF) were sent a questionnaire examining the proportion of pediatric ambulatory anesthesia practiced by each responder, the level of adherence to pediatric ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines, and responder consensus in decision making when faced with common case scenarios in pediatric ambulatory anesthesia. For the latter, consensus was defined as a > 80% opinion. Results: One hundred and forty‐five pediatric anesthesiologists replied (43%). Ambulatory anesthesia appears underused in France. Recent French pediatric ambulatory anesthesia guidelines are being applied. Postoperative pain is poorly managed. The choice of scheduling children for ambulatory anesthesia appears to be more heavily influenced by practitioners’ subjective evaluation than evidence from the literature. Conclusion: A better commitment for ambulatory care must be found among anesthesiologists. Further studies are required to improve coherence, safety, and efficiency of children selection for ambulatory anesthesia.     

不同麻醉方法在小儿腹腔镜手术中的应用体会

目的:对比分析不同麻醉方法对小儿腹腔镜手术患者插管及拔管前后心率、并发症情况的影响。方法:随机将56例腹腔镜手术患儿分为骶管复合气管插管全麻组(A组)、骶管复合喉罩全麻组(B组)、单纯喉罩全麻组(C组)、单纯气管插管全麻组(D组),每组14例。患儿10个月~5岁,体重9.5~21 kg。分别于麻醉插管后即刻、拔管前1 min、拔管后即刻记录心率变化,观察拔管时有无喉痉挛、呼吸道分泌物情况,术中记录心率、血氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压及BIS值。术后2 h内观察有无咽喉部疼痛不适、声音嘶哑、哭闹、咳嗽、呼吸异常及意识恢复情况。结果:B组插管后即刻、拔管后即刻对心率的影响较其他三组小,患儿术后清醒时咽喉部疼痛、咳嗽、喉痉挛、呼吸道分泌物明显减少,耐受的BIS指数更高。拔除喉罩患儿呼吸更平稳、清醒更彻底。结论:小儿腹腔镜手术行骶管复合喉罩全麻患儿麻醉前后心率的变化波动较小,术后患儿清醒更彻底,并发症更少。     

Fehler und Gefahren in der Regionalanästhesie bei Kindern

In recent years peripheral and central regional anesthesia have become increasingly more important in pediatric anesthesia. Unlike adult patients, children typically receive regional anesthesia while under general anesthesia, an approach generally accepted among pediatric anesthesiologists. A well-founded knowledge of the specific anatomical, physiological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of pediatric patients is indispensable for safely practicing pediatric regional anesthesia. If attention is paid to these characteristics, complications are rare. The use of ultrasound when administering regional anesthesia can help reduce the risk of complications even further. Peripheral and central regional anesthesia are safe procedures which pediatric patients should not be deprived of. The present article discusses frequent as well as rare complications of pediatric regional anesthesia.     

小儿腹腔镜腹股沟斜疝手术中采用喉罩通气与气管插管麻醉效果观察

目的观察对比在小儿腹腔镜腹股沟斜疝手术中，采用喉罩通气与气管插管的麻醉效果。 方法纳入2019年5月至2020年5月于十堰市妇幼保健院确诊并进行腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术治疗的患儿100例，按随机数字表法均分为观察组和对照组，每组患儿50例。对照组患儿接受气管插管方式进行麻醉，观察组患儿接受喉罩通气方式进行麻醉。记录所有患儿的基线资料、术中相关指标、血流动力学以及呼吸系统并发症，并进行比较。 结果2组患者临床资料比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；观察组患儿的麻醉时间、恢复时间、拔管时间[（39.15±6.88）、（4.45±1.85）、（6.15±1.56）min]均短于对照组[（44.95±8.98）、（7.96±1.86）、（13.58±3.28）min]，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；观察组除术前外的各时间点的各项血流动力学指标均明显优于对照组患儿（P<0.05）；观察组患儿的并发症总发生率（10.00%）明显少于对照组（34.00%），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论在小儿腹腔镜腹股沟斜疝手术中采用喉罩通气的方式进行麻醉是安全可行的。     

深麻醉拔除气管导管-喉罩替代通气对老年高血压患者苏醒期应激反应的影响

目的 探讨术毕深麻醉下拔除气管导管(拔管)-喉罩替代通气对老年高血压患者苏醒期应激反应的影响.方法 2008年10月至2009年6月择期行上腹部手术患者40例,其中男性28例,女性12例,年龄65～78岁,平均(69±5)岁;美国麻醉医师协会分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,体质量51～74kg.将患者随机分为2组:清醒拔管组(TT组,20例)和深麻醉下拔管-喉罩替代组(LM组,20例).记录两组麻醉诱导前(T0)、拔管或拔除喉罩前吸痰时(T1)、拔管或拔除喉罩即刻(T2)、拔管或拔除喉罩后5 min(T2)、10 min(T4)和15 min(T5)时平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SPO2)和呼吸末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2),并计算心率收缩压乘积(RPP);同时于T0、切皮即刻、T2及T3四个时点测定血糖和皮质醇浓度,并记录LM组喉罩替代前后上述指标水平;观察患者从自主呼吸恢复至拔管后15 min的气道反应情况.结果 TT组患者清醒拔管前后T1～T3时点MAP、HR、RPP较术前明显升高(P＜0.05),LM组患者清醒拔除喉罩前后上述指标变化差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),患者深麻醉下拔管-喉罩替代通气过程MAP、HR、RPP无明显变化(P＞0.05).LM组中、重度呛咳发生率低于TT组(P＜0.05).与T0比较,两组血糖水平与皮质醇浓度水平自插管(喉罩)后均不同程度上升,TT组于T2显著上升(P＜0.05),并于T3达峰值.结论 术毕深麻醉下拔管-喉罩替代通气能降低老年患者应激反应、维持血流动力学稳定,提高全身麻醉术后苏醒质量.     

Frequency of anesthetic cardiac arrests in infants: Effect of pediatric anesthesiologists

Study Objective: To determine whether the presence of pediatric anesthesiologists decreases the frequency of anesthetic-related cardiac arrests in infants (children who are 1 year of age or younger).

Design: A comparative retrospective study of anesthetics and cardiac arrests during a 7-year period.

Setting: The main operating room (OR) suite of a large university hospital.

Patients: All patients age 1 year or less undergoing surgical anesthesia from July 1983 through March 1990.

Interventions: Computerized anesthetic and operative patient records were queried for patient age, ASA physical status, body weight, surgical procedure, intraoperative complications, and the identity of the attending anesthesiologist. In each case, it was determined whether a pediatric anesthesiologist was in attendance and whether a cardiac arrest due to anesthesia occurred. Pediatric anesthesiologists were identified as those with pediatric fellowship training or the equivalent. The study population was divided into two groups: (1) the pediatric anesthesiologist group, with 2,310 patients whose anesthetics were supervised by pediatric anesthesiologists; (2) the nonpediatric anesthesiologist group, with 2,033 patients.

Measurements and Main Results: Mean age and weight were comparable in the two groups, and the distribution of physical status did not differ. No anesthesia-related cardiac arrests occurred in the pediatric anesthesiologist group; four anesthetic cardiac arrests occurred in the nonpediatric anesthesiologist group, for a frequency of 19.7 per 10,000 anesthetics. This difference between provider groups is significant (Fisher's exact probability test, p = 0.048).

Conclusions: The results suggest that the use of pediatric anesthesiologists for all infants 1 year of age or younger might decrease anesthetic morbidity in this age-group.     

Muscle relaxant use for tracheal intubation in pediatric anaesthesia: a survey of clinical practice in Germany

Objectives:  Aim of this Germany-wide study was to evaluate the use and application customs of neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBDs) for tracheal intubation in children of age 5 years or younger.
Material and Methods:  In the year 2005, a total of 3260 questionnaires were sent out to all heads of anesthesia departments at all types of hospitals as well as ambulatory anesthesia centers in Germany. The fields covered by the questionnaire were regarding institutional size, amount of general anesthesia and specifically pediatric cases, number of intubations and NMBDs used, frequency of use of the individual relaxants and techniques utilized when administering muscle relaxants.
Results:  Of the sent-out questionnaires 66.9%could be analyzed: 82% of hospitals use 1–3 muscle relaxants in children; 91% of the ambulatory anesthesia centers use a repertoire of 1–2 neuromuscular blockers for pediatric cases. However, general anesthesia with tracheal intubation in children is often induced without using any NMBD at all. Mivacurium is the predominantly used NMBD for pediatric intubation in Germany. In contrast, the use of succinylcholine is far less in ambulatory anesthesia centers than in hospitals. Despite controversial discussion, precurarization, priming, and timing are still utilized in German anesthesia practice.
Conclusion:  In Germany, mivacurium, with its favorable pharmacologic profile for short cases, is the predominantly used NMBD for pediatric tracheal intubation. Despite the known adverse effects of intubation without muscle relaxation, this technique is also wide-spread, especially among German anesthetists in ambulatory anesthesia centers. Surveys like these are important to determine a status quo of use and application customs of NMBDs in pediatric anesthesia and provide a basis for numerous other studies.     

Tracheal extubation in children: halothane versus isoflurane, anesthetized versus awake

The authors compared the incidence of respiratory complications and arterial hemoglobin desaturation during emergence from anesthesia in children whose tracheas were extubated while they were anesthetized or after they were awake and to whom halothane or isoflurane had been administered. One hundred children 1-4 yr of age undergoing minor urologic surgery were studied. After a standard induction technique, patients were randomized to receive either isoflurane or halothane. In 50 patients tracheal extubation was performed while they were breathing 2 MAC of either halothane or isoflurane in 100% oxygen. The remaining 50 patients received 2 MAC (volatile agent plus nitrous oxide) during the operation, but tracheal extubation was delayed until they were awake. A blinded observer recorded the incidence of respiratory complications and continuously measured hemoglobin saturation for 15 min after extubation. When tracheal extubation occurred in deeply anesthetized patients, no differences were found between the two volatile agents. When tracheal extubation of awake patients was performed, the use of isoflurane was associated with more episodes of coughing and airway obstruction than was halothane (P less than 0.05). Awake tracheal extubation following either agent was associated with significantly more episodes of hemoglobin desaturation than was tracheal extubation while anesthetized.     

A 15-year review of children with Kawasaki's Syndrome having general anesthesia or deep sedation

BACKGROUND: Children with Kawasaki's syndrome (KS), also known as Kawasaki's disease or 'mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome', have approximately 20-25% incidence of developing coronary artery aneurysms (CAA), stenosis or obliteration if not appropriately diagnosed and treated. In addition some children have myocarditis, pericardial effusions and/or cardiac arrhythmias during the acute phase of KS. Even with current treatment protocols, 2-4% will still be at risk of coronary artery pathology and the long-term implications regarding future coronary artery disease are unknown. Many of these children present for surgical or diagnostic procedures requiring general anesthesia or deep sedation. Only sporadic case reports have been published on the anesthetic experiences of such patients. METHODS: With Institutional Review approval, we reviewed the medical records of all children with discharge diagnosis of KS from 1985 to 2000 for those receiving general anesthesia or deep sedation. Data abstracted from the medical records included information on any surgical procedures performed any time after onset of KS symptoms, type of anesthetic, perioperative monitoring and presence or absence of operative or perioperative complications. RESULTS: A total of 178 children with KS were identified of whom 47 (26.4%) received either general anesthesia (34) or deep sedation (13). There were no deaths; one child developed congestive heart failure in the immediate postoperative period associated with KS myocarditis. Five (15%) of those having general anesthesia initially were either not diagnosed as having KS or had no preoperative cardiac evaluations. None of the children having general anesthesia had ST segment analysis, invasive monitoring or troponin measurements perioperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of serious myocardial complications attributable to KS reported in the pediatric literature is rarely noted in the anesthesia literature. We feel there is a potential for more serious perioperative complications among KS children, although we can only speculate why complications are not more frequently encountered. Anesthetists involved in pediatric services are encouraged to consider KS in their diagnosis of children presenting with febrile illnesses with rashes and to consider the possibility of KS myocardial compromise if they encounter unexpected deterioration perioperatively. Preoperative ultrasound examination and perioperative monitoring (e.g. ST segment analysis and troponin measurements) for myocardial compromise are encouraged if KS is suspected.