Reconstruction of Syndactyly and Polysyndactyly of the Toes With a Dorsal Pentagonal Island Flap: A Technique That Allows Primary Skin Closure Without the Use of Skin Grafting

Syndactyly and polysyndactyly are common congenital conditions involving the foot, and surgery to reconstruct the toes may be indicated for cosmetic, psychological, and practical reasons. A dorsal flap is traditionally used for web space reconstruction, with skin grafts for the bases of the toes. Skin grafting has associated morbidity and can result in pigmentation mismatch. Single-stage direct closure with a specially designed flap has advantages including a reduction of morbidity from avoidance of skin grafting and shorter surgery. Four patients (6 feet) were included in the study. There were 2 cases of syndactyly and 2 cases of polysyndactyly. Bilateral involvement occurred in 2 patients. The average age was 18 months at time of first surgery. Direct closure was achieved with a dorsal pentagonal island flap with dorsal and plantar triangular flaps. The average duration of follow-up was 19.8 months. At final follow-up, all patients had acceptable web depth and pulp contour. The distance between the proximal interphalangeal joints of adjacent toes and the web slope of the reconstructed web space were acceptable. Complications included partial synechiae, cellulitis, and keloid formation. The dorsal pentagonal island flap is an acceptable technique in providing another means for single-stage reconstruction of the web space in syndactyly and polysyndactyly. Good functional and cosmetic outcomes can be expected. However, the potential complication of keloid formation can affect cosmesis and overall outcome, and must be understood by patients and parents.     

Combined Fascial Flap and Expanded Skin Flap for Enveloping Medpor Framework in Microtia Reconstruction

The Medpor implant is another choice for a new auricular framework besides autogenous costal cartilage. However, its relatively frequent exposure and less-matching skin coverage discourage surgeons from using it. In this article, we present a new two-flap method, a combination of the temporoparietal fascial flap and the expanded skin flap, for wrapping the Medpor implant in microtia reconstruction. A staged surgical procedure was performed, including soft tissue expansion in the mastoid region, soft tissue expander removal, expanded skin flap and temporoparietal fascial flap formation, Medpor framework implantation, and the combined two-flap envelopment. Conventional lobule transposition and tragus reconstruction were accomplished for selected patients. In this study, a total of 22 microtias were reconstructed consecutively using this method. Eighteen patients were followed since the first surgery. The postoperative follow-up time ranged from 3 to 12 months. The draped soft tissue covering was thin enough to show the reconstructed ear with excellent, subtle contour when edema gradually vanished 3-6 months postoperatively. The new ear had a stable shape, and its skin color and texture matched the normal surrounding skin very well. No exposure or extrusion of the framework was observed in the series. The Medpor implant enveloped by both a temporoparietal fascial flap and an expanded cutaneous flap appears to be a promising alternative for the auricular framework in microtia reconstruction. Because of the wrapping tissues, auricular construction using a Medpor implant can be a safe, steady, and easily acceptable choice for both microtia patients and their physicians.     

扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的 介绍单纯应用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造方法.方法 将背阔肌周围脂肪组织分为5个区,切取背阔肌及周围脂肪组织,不应用乳房假体,进行即时或后期乳房再造.结果 应用该方法再造乳房95例,其中保留乳头乳晕改良根治术后即时再造24例,保留皮肤改良根治术后即时再造36例,改良根治术后即时再造26例,后期再造9例,其中1例为改良根治术后,其他8例为改良根治术后,再造乳房均形态良好.术后6例乳头部分坏死;14例胸部皮肤表皮脱落,自行愈合;2例背部供区部分坏死;背部顽固性血清肿2例,再次手术后愈合.结论 扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造安全有效,再造乳房形态良好,尤其适用于中、小乳房的乳房再造.     

DIEP+TRAM联合皮瓣与双侧DIEP皮瓣乳房再造比较

目的 比较DIEP+TRAM皮瓣与双侧DIEP皮瓣乳房再造的特点,并探讨其适应证.方法 2003年8月至2006年6月,共采用双蒂下腹部皮瓣进行29例、32侧二期乳房再造.其中,采用TRAM+DIEP联合皮瓣再造乳房21例,均为单侧乳房再造;双侧DIEP皮瓣乳房再造8例,5例为单侧,3例为双侧乳房再造.结果 随访3月～3年,2组均取得较满意效果,联合皮瓣组术后皮瓣尖端部分血运障碍1例(4.8%),双侧DIEP组皮瓣血运障碍2例(25%);腹部切口脂肪液化联合皮瓣组7例(33.3%),DIEP组1例(12.5%).结论 当供区和受区条件均较理想时,可以选择双侧DIEP皮瓣进行乳房再造.如果受区血管曾受到放射治疗的损伤,以及患者同时合并内科疾病等情况下,采用DIEP+TRAM联合皮瓣是理想的乳房再造方法.     

扩张皮瓣联合Medpor耳支架全耳再造的临床研究(附8例报告)

目的:应用扩张皮瓣联合Medpor耳支架行全耳再造术,使耳再造成形逼真,立体感强,手术时间缩短,减少创伤,探讨如何防治Medpor耳支架外露。方法:先在耳缺损区埋置扩张器,定期注水,扩张两个月后,取出扩张器。将Medpor耳支架依照健侧耳廓为模型进行雕刻,塑形后,置入耳缺损区扩张皮瓣后面(耳后乳突区),耳支架后缘用颞浅筋膜瓣及耳后筋膜瓣包埋,植皮,全耳再造成功。结果:共完成此手术8例(男6例,女2例),耳成形良好,手术效果满意,扩张皮瓣覆盖组织与Medpor耳支架贴合紧密,且外形显现良好,耳廓形态逼真。其中仅1例耳支架后方绿豆大小外露,经局部修复痊愈。结论:扩张皮瓣联合Medpro耳支架全耳再造术,形态逼真,立体感强,耳廓形态稳定,远期不易变形,与使用肋软骨支架相比,无切取肋软骨之苦,且手术时间明显缩短。不足:MedPor耳支架价格昂贵,弹性较差,易外露。     

不带趾骨的游离[足母]趾甲皮瓣再造拇指

目的观察不带趾骨的游离[足母]趾甲皮瓣移植重建拇指的临床效果。方法对9例拇指缺损、拇指皮肤撕脱伤及拇指再植术后坏死病例进行保留[足母]趾全长的游离[足母]趾趾甲皮瓣移植重建,其中拇指缺损4例,拇指皮肤撕脱伤3例,拇指再植术后坏死2例。亚急诊再造5例,择期再造4例。结果再造拇指全部成活,经随访1～6年,再造拇指外形美观,对掌活动灵活,再造拇指抓、握、捏有力,两点辨别距离8～12mm,患者对再造拇指均满意。供区[足母]甲皮瓣切取后植皮大部分成活,部分病例经甲壳胺人工皮膜局部使用后创面愈合。[足母]趾均保留了全长,无破溃及疼痛病例,术后对供足的站立行走及负重功能无明显影响。结论不带趾骨的游离[足母]趾甲皮瓣移植再造拇指具有外形逼真、功能恢复好、疗程短、对供区外形及功能影响小、患者易接受等优点,是治疗拇指皮肤撕脱伤、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度拇指缺损及再植术后拇指坏死补救的理想手术方法。     

带指固有动脉及神经的指侧方双页皮瓣转移再造拇指

目的 拇指是手部最重要的手指。基于对手部重建拇指解剖学的研究,应用手指侧方双页皮瓣转移再造拇指,并评价其治疗效果。方法 对8例外伤性拇指缺损,应用手指侧方双页皮瓣和自体髂骨移植再造,并于术后3个月观察其功能恢复情况、感觉恢复情况及两点辨别觉。结果 所有病例均一期愈合。3个月时,髂骨与自体骨愈合,患手可提起约10kg物体,感觉恢复,在同一皮瓣内两点辨别觉为2～3 mm,不同皮瓣间为5～7 mm。结论 手指侧方双页皮瓣可用于再造拇指,较传统方法具有操作简单,缝合张力小,有良好的两点辨别觉及外形美观等优点。     

趾背动脉供血的微型⻊母甲瓣在甲床美学修复中的应用

目的探讨应用趾背动脉供血的微型蹲甲瓣修复甲床缺损的方法及临床效果。方法自2012年1月至2016年1月,以趾背动脉供血的微型躅甲瓣修复12例拇指、7例示指、2例中指、2例环指甲床及背侧皮肤软组织缺损．缺损面积6mm×12mm～14mm×28mm。供区予直接缝合、全厚皮片植皮或带蒂皮瓣修复。结果术后足母甲瓣全部成活。随访6～48个月,23例患指指甲生长平整、光滑,外形饱满,功能恢复好。供区未见明显畸形,功能未受影响。结论游离移植趾背动脉供血的微型足母甲瓣是拇、手指甲床缺损美学修复的理想方法。     

Utility of First Dorsal Metacarpal Artery Flap for Thumb Defects

Background  Reconstruction of thumb tip, while providing a durable and sensate flap, is a challenging task. It is important as thumb accounts for 50% of hand functions. Options for coverage are: healing by secondary intention, local/regional flaps, microsurgical toe wraparound flap, etc. First dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is one regional flap that has been used for thumb cover, usually for defects till interphalangeal joint or just distal to it. We present our case series for FDMA flap and its variations for thumb reconstruction. We also report reverse FDMA flap cover for reconstruction of defects over distal phalanx of thumb. Methods  The procedure was performed in patients with partial loss of thumb soft tissue in 16 patients presenting during 2017 to 2020. The FDMA flap was performed according to the standard technique. In case after “planning in reverse,” it was seen that the reach of FDMA flap was insufficient, reverse FDMA flap was done. Physiotherapy for index finger and thumb was started on day 10. Patient satisfaction, in terms of cosmesis and function was recorded (graded as poor, good, and very good). Static two-point discrimination (2-PD) was assessed at 6 months'' follow-up. Patients were followed up for 6 months. Results  The operative time was 1 to 2 hours. Out of total 16 cases, 8 patients underwent racquet-shaped (intact skin paddle) FDMA flap. Islanded flap was performed in five and reverse FDMA flap in three. Twelve patients had uneventful recovery and four patients (three islanded and one reverse FDMA) had partial skin loss. Static 2-PD was assessed at the 6 months postoperative period. Conclusion  FDMA flap is a useful regional flap for thumb reconstruction. It provides good supple, durable, and sensate cover. The reverse FDMA flap that increases the pedicle length can be used for more distal defects, where conventional FDMA flap is doubtful.     

Chimeric ALT Plus TFL Perforator Flap for Breast Reconstruction Post Radical Mastectomy with Large Skin Defect

A 17-year-old girl with large malignant phyllodes tumor of left breast underwent a radical mastectomy with large skin excision resulting in defect of 20 cm × 18 cm. Postoperative radiation therapy necessitated robust cover with flap. The challenge was compounded by her body habitus. Both abdomen and back were deficient as donor sites and a single-island anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap would need skin grafts, volume deficit withstanding. We harvested chimeric ALT plus tensor fascia lata (TFL) perforator free flap sparing all muscles and nerves. Microvascular anastomoses were done to the second internal mammary artery (IMA) perforator artery and vein. The donor site was closed primarily. The TFL flap territory recruited almost three times the volume of ALT territory and allowed us to create a matching breast mound in addition to covering the defect. She tolerated 40 Gy radiation well and doesn’t desire further augmentation. Consistency of ALT and TFL perforators makes this a replicable procedure.     

Reversed First Dorsal Metatarsal Artery Island Flap for First Ray Defects

Reconstruction of the first ray is challenging because of poor skin laxity, bone and tendon exposure, and limited local flap options. Repair using full- or split-thickness skin grafts is generally not an option because of the bone and tendon exposure. Reconstructive options using local flaps from the distal foot area are restricted owing to insufficient soft tissue. Many reconstructive options have been described to overcome these difficult situations. We present 2 cases in which the great toe and first ray defect were repaired using a reversed first dorsal metatarsal artery island flap. The findings from these clinical cases and anatomic studies have shown that the reversed first dorsal metatarsal artery island flap is an alternative and suitable option for reconstruction of soft tissue defect of the distal foot, especially first and second ray defects, because it is thin and simple, has anatomic characteristics similar to those at the recipient site, and results in minimal donor site morbidity.     

Nipple Reconstruction Using the Fleur-de-lis Flap Technique

The authors propose a simple and reliable technique for nipple reconstruction characterized by minimal loss in vertical projection.     

阴股沟皮瓣的显微解剖学基础研究

目的 明确阴股沟皮瓣的显微解剖基础.方法 对11具(22侧)成人尸体阴股沟区进行显微解剖学研究.结果 阴股沟区动脉血液供应充足,并且位置均比较恒定,其中以阴部外浅动脉和阴囊后动脉外侧支最为恒定.静脉回流丰富,神经支配可靠.结论 阴股沟皮瓣血运丰富,解剖简便易行,切取方便,供区隐蔽,再造性器官外形及神经感觉均较理想,是一种值得推广的方法.