肝胆管囊腺瘤的CT表现

目的：探讨肝胆管囊腺瘤（HBC）的螺旋CT影像特征,提高肝胆管囊腺瘤的诊断准确率。方法：回顾性分析12例经病理证实的肝胆管囊腺瘤的CT表现,并复习文献。结果：12例肝胆管囊腺瘤的CT均表现为多房囊性病变,囊内有分隔,囊壁较薄,光滑,部分囊壁均匀增厚,增强后囊壁及分隔轻度强化,延迟期呈等密度。结论：平扫加动态增强CT能较好反应HBC的影像学特点,提高了和其它肝脏肿瘤的鉴别诊断能力。     

肝脏囊性恶性肿瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨肝脏囊性恶性肿瘤的ＣＴ诊断价值。材料与方法：经手术病理和临床证这的肝脏囊性恶性肿瘤２９例，术前均行ＣＴ检查，其中转移瘤１５例，肝细胞性裂直肉瘤２例，囊腺癌４例（包括囊腺癌肉瘤１例），胆管癌３例和Ｃａｒｏｌｉ病癌变１例，结果：囊性转移瘤远较其他肝囊性恶性肿瘤常见，表现多样化，以多发囊性或囊性实质性病灶共存为其特点，小病料可完全囊变；囊性肝癌表现为单发不均或均匀厚壁型肝志；囊怀肝肉瘤为单房或     

Hepatic von Meyenburg complex simulating biliary cystadenocarcinoma

Multiple bile duct hamartomas [von Meyenburg complex (VMC)] are benign liver malformations that include biliary cystic lesions, with congenital hepatic fibrosis being the cause of ductal plate malformations. This rare entity is usually isolated and detected incidentally in 0.6-5.6% of reported autopsy series. Its clinical significance is that it may be misdiagnosed as malignant liver disease. Imaging findings of VMC are nonspecific. We present a rare case of VMC in a patient who presented with epigastric and upper right abdominal pain, and jaundice of 2 months' duration. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging showed a periportal multicystic mass simulating biliary cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma. The patient underwent laparotomy. A diagnosis of VMC was made after histopathologic examination of the wedge biopsy of the liver.     

Symptomatic and complicated nonhereditary developmental liver cysts: cross-sectional imaging findings

Commonly encountered in the general population, in the vast majority of cases nonhereditary developmental liver cysts are asymptomatic, not associated with altered hepatic function and confidently diagnosed on imaging studies, and do not require further workup, follow-up, or treatment. However, particularly in women, simple hepatic cysts may reach large sizes and cause symptoms and signs resulting from mass effect, vascular compression, and biliary obstruction. Furthermore, although rarely compared to the incidence observed in patients with adult polycystic kidney and liver disease, sporadic hepatic cysts sometimes undergo life-threatening complications such as intracystic hemorrhage, infection, or rupture, which require prompt imaging triage and appropriate interventional, laparoscopic, or open surgical treatment. This pictorial essay reviews with examples the cross-sectional imaging findings of symptomatic and complicated nonhereditary liver cysts, aiming to provide radiologists with an increased familiarity with these uncommon, challenging occurrences. Emphasis is placed on the role of MRI as a useful problem-solving modality to elucidate the complex imaging appearances resulting from intracystic bleeding and superinfection, and to differentiate complicated cysts from other hemorrhagic liver lesions and biliary cystic tumors.     

Cystic focal liver lesions in the adult: differential CT and MR imaging features.

Cystic lesions of the liver in the adult can be classified as developmental, neoplastic, inflammatory, or miscellaneous. Although in some cases it is difficult to distinguish these entities with imaging criteria alone, certain cystic focal liver lesions have classic computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features, which are important for the radiologist to understand and recognize. Lesions with such features include simple (bile duct) cyst, autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease, biliary hamartoma, Caroli disease, undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma, biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma, cystic subtypes of primary liver neoplasms, cystic metastases, pyogenic and amebic abscesses, intrahepatic hydatid cyst, extrapancreatic pseudocyst, and intrahepatic hematoma and biloma. Specific CT and MR imaging findings that are important to recognize are the size of the lesion; the presence and thickness of a wall; the presence of septa, calcifications, or internal nodules; the enhancement pattern; the MR cholangiographic appearance; and the signal intensity spectrum. In addition, access to critical clinical information remains extremely important. The most important clinical parameters defined include age and gender, clinical history, and symptoms. An understanding of the classic CT and MR imaging appearances of cystic focal liver lesions will allow more definitive diagnosis and shorten the diagnostic work-up.     

Parasitic Liver Infections: Imaging Findings and Strategies for Timely Diagnosis

There are a number of parasitic infections that can affect the liver and biliary tree. These infections can be primarily related to the liver or can include secondary hepatic involvement. Imaging can narrow down the differential diagnosis in the appropriate clinical setting, and can even clinch the diagnosis with some pathognomonic findings. The various imaging modalities can also identify disease extent, help guide management, and demonstrate response to treatment. This pictorial essay will give an overview of parasitic liver infections, and will discuss the best imaging strategies and the key imaging features to help make a timely accurate diagnosis.     

肝内胆管错构瘤5例的磁共振成像诊断及鉴别诊断简

目的：探讨成人肝脏胆管错构瘤的影像学表现,以提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析5例经手术、病理证实的肝内胆管错构瘤的影像学表现。对所有患者均行磁共振成像（MRI）平扫、磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）、增强扫描,并穿刺活检病理证实。结果 T1WI病变呈低于肝实质的信号,呈多发,沿血管胆管树分布, T2WI病灶显示清楚,呈明显的高信号,在MRCP序列上,多数病变显示为高信号,与T2WI比较,显示的病变数量有所减少。MRCP显示肝内多发类囊状高信号病变,与可见的胆管树不相通。增强扫描示各期病灶无强化,在增强扫描60 s,3 min肝实质明显强化,小囊状信号未见明显强化,形成明显的对比。结论成人肝内胆管错构瘤在影像学上无特征性表现,类似于肝转移瘤、肝脓肿、肝海绵状血管瘤等常见的肝囊性占位病变。     

Radionuclide angiography in two cases of hepatic actinomycosis

Primary hepatic actinomycosis is rare, and there have been few reports concerning its nuclear imaging findings. Two cases of actinomycosis, in which hypervascular hepatic masses were observed in the arterial phase of radionuclide angiography are reported. To the authors' knowledge, this finding has not been reported in the literature. In one of the two cases, intense Ga-67 uptake also was noted. Although the preoperative diagnosis based on the findings of nuclear imaging (liver scan, liver flow study, Ga-67 scan), ultrasound, CT, and angiography was hepatoma, hepatic masses in our cases proved to be hepatic actinomycosis. Because hepatic actinomycosis is rare, this disease is neglected often in the differential diagnosis of hepatic mass lesions. It should be included in the gamut of hypervascular hepatic mass lesions.     

Malignant cystic and necrotic liver lesions: a pattern approach to discrimination

Malignant primary and metastatic lesions of the liver have a myriad of imaging appearances. Discriminating between the various lesions requires an understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and imaging characteristics that lead to their malignant appearances. A pattern approach of recognition by imaging with understanding of why particular lesions behave the way they do on sonography, CT, MRI, and nuclear scintigraphy can be developed. A broad selection of malignant cystic liver lesions will be displayed in a multimodality pictorial style including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, cystic and necrotic hepatic metastases, biliary cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma, epitheloid hemangioendothelioma, hepatoblastoma, and cystic sarcomas. Characteristic imaging features, clinical symptoms, and prognosis will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on consistent features of these malignant lesions that help to discriminate them from other hepatic disorders.     

肝胆管囊腺癌的螺旋CT诊断

目的探讨肝胆管囊腺癌的螺旋CT影像特征及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析4例经病理证实的肝胆管囊腺癌的CT表现,并复习文献。结果肝胆管囊腺癌的CT表现为单房或多房囊性病变,囊壁厚薄不均,有壁结节,周围可有卫星灶及远端胆管扩张。结论螺旋CT是诊断肝胆管囊腺癌的有效方法。     

胆管细胞囊腺瘤(癌)的临床特征及诊治方法研究

 目的 了解胆管细胞囊腺瘤(癌)的发病情况,分析该病诊治特点.方法 回顾性分析我院近10年来明确诊断的39例胆管细胞囊腺瘤(癌)患者的临床资料,对该病的发病率及诊断、治疗情况进行系统研究.结果 胆管细胞囊腺瘤(癌)在肝脏占位性病变中约占0.35%,在肝脏囊实性占位中约占1.70%,手术切除后复发率为2.6%.结论 胆管细胞囊腺瘤(癌)是一种少见的肝脏占位性病变,患者大多缺乏典型临床症状,影像学是主要的术前诊断方法,漏诊及误诊率高,对肿瘤实施完整手术切除是确切有效的治疗办法,术后复发率较低,预后较好.     

Hydatid disease from head to toe.

Hydatid disease (HD) is a unique parasitic disease that is endemic in many parts of the world. HD can occur almost anywhere in the body and demonstrates a variety of imaging features that vary according to growth stage, associated complications, and affected tissue. Radiologic findings range from purely cystic lesions to a completely solid appearance. Calcification is more common in HD of the liver, spleen, and kidney. HD can become quite large in compressible organs. Hydatid cysts (HCs) can be solitary or multiple. Chest radiography, ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and even urography can depict HCs. The imaging method used depends on the involved organ and the growth stage of the cyst. US most clearly demonstrates the hydatid sands in purely cystic lesions, as well as floating membranes, daughter cysts, and vesicles. CT is best for detecting calcification and revealing the internal cystic structure posterior to calcification. MR imaging is especially helpful in detecting HCs of the central nervous system. Radiologic and serologic findings can generally help establish the diagnosis of HD, but an HC in an unusual location with atypical imaging findings may complicate the differential diagnosis. Nevertheless, familiarity with imaging findings, especially in patients living in endemic regions, is advantageous in this context.     

Value of MR imaging in evaluating focal fatty infiltration of the liver: preliminary study.

Focal fatty infiltration of the liver is a well-known entity that occasionally mimics metastatic disease on ultrasonographic (US) and computed tomographic (CT) scans and requires biopsy for diagnosis. To determine if high-field-strength magnetic resonance (MR) imaging might be useful in the differential diagnosis of the lesions, the authors compared US, CT, and MR findings in three patients with biopsy-proved fatty hepatic lesions. Areas of focal fatty infiltration were hyperechoic on US scans and had low attenuation on CT scans. No mass effect of the lesions on vascular structures or liver contours was observed, particularly on contrast material-enhanced CT scans. For all three patients, MR findings suggested the correct diagnosis by demonstrating focal high signal intensity on spin-echo T1- and T2-weighted images. On the basis of these preliminary findings, it appears that focal fatty infiltration of the liver may be differentiated from metastatic disease by means of high-field-strength MR imaging.     

Cystic hepatocellular carcinoma: CT findings.

Although hepatic lesions can be well characterized by noninvasive imaging modalities, findings are often nonspecific. Considerable diagnostic differential exists even for cystic hepatic lesions. We describe a highly unusual case of multifocal, multilocular cystic hepatocellular carcinoma.     

多层螺旋CT对肝包虫病累及血管或胆管的术前评价

目的 探讨MSCT对肝囊性包虫病血管和(或)胆管受累术前评估的价值.方法 搜集2008年1月至10月期间实施外囊完整摘除或大部分外囊切除术的44例肝囊性包虫病患者资料,术前均行64层螺旋CT多期扫描,进行3D血管重组;怀疑病灶破入胆管的3例患者行阴性法胆管重组.将CT轴面及3D重组图像所显示的血管和(或)胆管与病灶的空间关系与手术中所见进行对照,并进行一致性检验.结果 44例患者CT共检出46个病灶,判断病灶破入胆管3例;血管重组图像显示病灶累及门静脉一级血管14例、肝段下腔静脉18例,与术中判断完全相符;血管重组图像显示病灶累及肝动脉一级血管11例、肝动脉二级血管26例、门静脉二级血管35例、肝静脉主干34例与手术(肝动脉一级血管11例、肝动脉二级血管23例、门静脉二级血管33例、肝静脉主干31例)对照采用一致性检验,Kappa值分别为0.8805,0.6087,0.7751,0.7392;3例胆管成像所显示胆管与病灶的空间关系与术中所见相符.结论 MSCT及血管重组图像能够真实反映病灶与肝内血管和(或)胆管的毗邻关系,能为术前掌握肝囊性包虫病灶与邻近肝脏血管和(或)胆管空间关系、客观评估手术风险及决定术式提供全面的影像信息.     

MRI features of ovarian cystic lesions

The purpose of this article is to present the clinical and imaging features for the spectrum of ovarian cystic lesions, from benign to malignant and from tumorous to nontumorous. We review the imaging modalities for evaluating ovarian cystic lesions, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. We present clinical and imaging features that can be used to help with the differential diagnosis of the spectrum of ovarian cystic lesions. We discuss the relevance of imaging features for distinguishing between benign and malignant ovarian cystic lesions. The characteristic clinical and imaging features of ovarian cystic lesions can provide criteria for making a diagnosis or substantially narrowing the differential diagnosis. Therefore, a careful assessment of ovarian cystic lesions is warranted. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:503–515 . © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc .     

The radiology of cystic liver tumours

Six patients with cystic liver tumours are presented. The definitive diagnosis of such cystic lesions may be difficult and needle aspiration or biopsy or even operation may be necessary. Clinical and biochemical features may be helpful and in five of the six patients presented, the liver function tests were abnormal. In two patients, diagnostic imaging could not distinguish the tumour from a benign cyst. The differential diagnosis of such cystic liver tumours includes simple cyst, polycystic liver disease, hydatid, liver abscess, haematoma and biloma.     

肝脏乏血供病变的Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI表现

由于肝脏乏血供病变的常规影像表现相似,故术前对病变的良恶性鉴别诊断有一定困难。MRI是肝脏病变诊断最有价值的成像方法,利用非特异性细胞外对比剂钆塞酸二钠（Gd-EOB-DTPA）在肝胆期可以被肝细胞特异性摄取的特点,能够提高病变的检出率和诊断准确性。就多种肝脏乏血供良恶性病变的病生理特点及Gd-EOB-DTPA的MR影像征象予以综述。     

遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症肝脏病变的 MDCT 影像学特征

目的：探讨遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张累及肝脏病变的M DC T影像学特征及临床意义。方法回顾分析9例经临床明确诊断的遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张累及肝脏的影像学资料并总结其影像特征。结果①肝动脉‐肝静脉分流4例：动脉期见增粗迂曲的肝动脉及提前显影的肝静脉;肝实质弥漫性分布小斑片状边缘模糊强化灶,门脉期等密度。其中3例肝门区胆管轻度扩张;②肝动脉‐门静脉分流1例：动脉期见扩张迂曲的肝动脉及提前显影的扩张门静脉;肝实质少量小斑片状强化灶,门脉期等密度;③肝动脉‐肝静脉分流合并肝动脉‐门静脉分流3例,动脉期肝动脉迂曲扩张,肝静脉和门静脉提前显影;肝实质弥漫性分布小斑片状强化灶,门脉期等密度;④门静脉‐肝静脉分流1例：动脉期未见扩张肝动脉,门脉期见扩张门静脉及其远端分支旁小斑片状强化灶,延迟期呈稍高密度。结论遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症累及肝脏的CT影像表现具有特征性,充分认识其影像表现并结合临床对其诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

Gray scale ultrasonography in medullary cystic disease of the kidney and congenital hepatic fibrosis with tubular ectasia: new observations.

The gray scale ultrasound findings of three patients with medullary cystic disease of the kidney and two patients with congenital hepatic fibrosis with tubular ectasia are reported. Medullary cystic disease of the kidney typically presents early in adulthood with renal failure and salt-losing nephropathy. The spectrum of gray scale ultrasound findings in this entity includes irregular widened central echoes when small cysts are present and well defined cystic structures when larger medullary cysts are the predominant lesion. The ultrasound findings in congenital hepatic fibrosis with tubular ectasia seem to be a characteristic combination of nephromegaly, a distorted renal echo pattern, and high level echoes in the liver. Ultrasound is a useful noninvasive method which is complementary to other methods in the identification and differential diagnosis of bilateral renal cystic disease.