Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Influence of an analog of vasopressin on the reaction of command neurons of defensive behavior of the edible snail during the stimulation of nerves

An increase was found at the level of the command neurons of defensive behavior in the amplitude of summary excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) recorded in the command neurons in response to nerve stimulation; as were an increase in the probability of the occurrence of an action potential in the reaction, and under certain conditions, a substantial decrease in the rate of habituation during rhythmic (0.1 Hz) nerve stimulation in the presence of a peptide. This last effect was observed when two groups of neurons, the control and those to which the peptide was presented prior to the first stimulation series in the experiment, i. e., without the preceding development of habituation, were compared. The decrease in the rate of habituation affected both the amplitude of the summary EPSP and the probability of the occurrence of an action potential in the reaction. All these changes in the presence of the analog may underlie the increase in spike reactions of the command neurons of defensive behavior, and may thus underlie the initiation or an increase in defensive behavioral reactions. The effects obtained were not long-lived, and took place only in the presence of the peptide in the extracellular milieu.Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 754–761, July–August, 1990.     

Analysis of two types of dopaminergic responses of neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats

It was established, in experiments on isolated spinal ganglia of adult rats in concluons of intracellular recording, that dopamine (1 M/liter) elicits depolarized responses in 61% of neurons, hyperpolarized in 20% of neurons, and depolarized-hyperpolarized in 19% of neurons. The depolarized responses are associated with the activation of D₁ dopamine receptors, and are governed by the shift of cAMP-dependent cation (sodium) channels to the conducting state. The hyperpolarized responses are triggered by the activation of D₂ dopamine receptors, which by means of HTP-binding protein convert the potassium channels to the conducting state. The change in the polarization of neurons with the action of dopamine influences their electrical excitability variously.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 739–745, June, 1990.     

Neurobiology of the integrative activity of the brain dynamics of the activational and inhibitory types of synchronization of cortical neurons during the realization of a defensive reflex and of internal inhibition

An increase in synchronization of the activational type (coincidence of the presence of impulse activity), and a decrease of the inhibitory type (coincidence of both the presence and absence of impulse activity), in the operation of close-lying neurons were observed in the visual and sensorimotor areas of the new cortex and in the hippocampus of wakeful non-immobilized rabbits in response to the combination of flashes of light with electrodermal stimulation (EDS) of the extremity. An increase in the synchronization of the neurons of the inhibitory type took place in the visual cortex in response to flashes against the background of the conditional inhibitor, i. e., continuous light, and changes in synchronization, similar to the effect of pain reinforcement but significantly weaker, appeared in the sensorimotor cortex and in the hippocampus. An increase in synchronicity of the activational type took place primarily in pairs of neurons with increase in the same direction in the frequency of impulse activity in response to a stimulus, and of the inhibitory type, took place with its decrease. In addition, both kinds of changes in synchronization appeared in a significant portion of the pairs of neurons with changes in the frequency of impulse activity of different directions.Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 508–517, May–June, 1990.     

Comparative Analysis of the Responses of Orexin-Containing Neurons to Administration of Different Doses of Lipopolysaccharide

Many studies are currently addressing the involvement of orexin-containing hypothalamic neurons in the responses of the CNS to administration of antigens, particularly lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The dynamics of changes in the number of orexin-containing neurons in hypothalamic structures in brain slices were assessed 2, 4, and 6 h after administration of LPS at a low, non-septic dose. Comparative analysis of the responses of orexin-containing neurons after administration of a non-septic and a higher, subseptic, dose of LPS was performed. LPS at a dose of 25 μg/kg was followed 2 and 4 h later by increases in the numbers of orexin-positive neurons, with subsequent decreases in numbers, while the higher LPS dose of 500 μg/kg altered the neuron count only at 6 h, with a more significant decline in the number of orexin-containing neurons. These data provide evidence for changes in the content of orexin detected within neurons and a change in the balance of orexin synthesis and utilization processes in response to administration of an antigen.     

Distribution of neurons of origin of zinc-containing projections in the amygdala of the rat

The present study describes the distribution of neurons of origin of zinc-containing pathways in the amygdaloid complex of the rat, using the selenium method for simultaneous retrograde labeling of all zinc-containing neurons. With this method, vesicular ionic zinc is precipitated intravitally with selenium compounds and transported retrogradely to the parent neurons, where it can be visualized by silver amplification. Neurons labeled retrogradely with silver-amplified precipitate were observed in all amygdaloid nuclei except for the lateral olfactory tract nucleus, the accessory olfactory tract nucleus and the central nucleus. Very few labeled cell bodies were seen in the anterior amygdaloid area and the medial nucleus. The amygdalo-hippocampal area and the amygdalo-piriform transition area both showed a substantial number of labeled somata throughout their rostrocaudal extent. In the anterior cortical nucleus, very few labeled cell bodies were found in the rostral pole, whereas they were abundant in the caudal quarter of the nucleus. In the posterolateral cortical nucleus, the number of labeled cell bodies increased gradually; there were none in the rostral pole, but most of the neurons in the caudal part were labeled. The posteromedial cortical nucleus contained a great number of labeled somata, but with some variation in the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. Considerable numbers of labeled neurons were observed throughout the lateral nucleus. In the basolateral nucleus, a small number of labeled cell bodies was present in the rostral half, but a gradual increase was observed in the caudal direction. Finally, in the basomedial nucleus, very few labeled cell bodies were present in the rostral two-thirds, whilst a considerable number was encountered in the caudal one-third. Possible functional implications of neuronal zinc are considered. The distribution of neurons of origin of zinc-containing projections has been compared with previously described intrinsic connections of the rat amygdala, and tracts that may possibly be zinc-containing are outlined and discussed. It is concluded that in all probability a substantial proportion of the intrinsic connectivity of the rat amygdaloid complex is zinc-containing.The authors thank Ms. M. Sørensen, Mrs. A. Lyhr, Mr. A. Meier and Mrs. K. Wiedemann for excellent technical help.     

Labeling of the neurons of origin of zinc-containing pathways by intraperitoneal injections of sodium selenite

Intraperitoneal injections of sodium selenite result in the formation of zinc-selenium complexes in zinc-containing axonal boutons ("Timm stainable boutons"), and the zinc-selenium precipitate can be rendered visible in histological sections by silver enhancement. In this work we present evidence, in the rat, that zinc-selenium precipitates formed in vivo after intraperitoneal injections of sodium selenite are translocated by colchicine-sensitive retrograde transport to neural perikarya when animals are allowed to survive 12-24 h after the selenite administration. Silver enhancement renders the perikaryal precipitates visible and thus demonstrates the perikarya of all zinc-containing neurons in the CNS simultaneously. Large populations of zinc-containing neurons identified by the method are found in layers II, III, and VI of all neocortical areas, in the superficial and deep layers of the prepyriform areas and, with a high degree of regional differentiation, in the retrosplenial, entorhinal, para- and presubicular cortices, the hippocampal formation and the amygdaloid complex. Zinc-containing cells were absent from the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens and septal complex. Labeled zinc-containing cells are absent in non-telencephalic parts of the brain. The findings indicate that the zinc-containing circuitry of the brain mainly serves in telencephalic information processing.     

Involvement of interferon-alpha in the regulation of apoptosis of cells of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system of aged mice in oxidative stress

The aim of this study was to identify the involvement of interferon-alpha (IA) in controlling apoptosis of cells of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system (HHACS) in young and aged mice in conditions of hyperoxia. Oxidative stress led to increases in the numbers of cells synthesizing the proapoptotic protein c-fos in the paraventricular nucleus in mice of both age groups. However, the protective actions of IA in stress were more marked at the earlier stage of apoptosis in young mice. Thus, the level of involvement of IA in controlling programmed cell death of hypothalamic cells depends on the age of the animals. In the fascicular zone of the adrenals in young mice, the number of dying cells was significantly greater after administration of IA, but remained at the control level in conditions of hyperoxia alone and in combination with IA. The proportion of apoptotic cells in the adrenals of aged mice was no different from that in young mice and did not change in response to any of the treatments used.Translated from Morfologiya, Vol. 125, No. 1, pp. 23–26, January–February, 2004.     

Comparative analysis of indicators of the immune status of population of the Eastern regions of the USSR]

Altogether 1,500 healthy residents of seven cities situated in the Asian part of the USSR were examined. In Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Norilsk, Magadan, Yakutsk and Ussuriisk, the people were examined for the blood levels of T and B lymphocytes, the ratio of regulatory subclasses of T lymphocytes, the concentration of IgG, IgM and IgA, and for the content of immune complexes. Analysis was made of the general and regional regularities in changes seen in the immune system depending on climatic and geographic factors. Parameters of the populations similarity in the regions with different environmental conditions were delineated.     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Anatomical study of distribution of valves of the cutaneous veins of adult''s limbs

Since the cutaneous veins of the four limbs have been used as autogenous grafts in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, knowledge of distribution of the valves is increasingly required depending upon the use. In the gross anatomical study of distribution of valves of the trunci venae, there has been argument about locational relationships between the venous roots and the valves in the vicinity of the roots and the inter-valvular distance. However, there have been only few reports discussing detailed information about valves of the cutaneous veins of the four limbs. The authors observed patterns of distribution of the cutaneous venous valves of the four limbs of cadavers prepared for practice in anatomy. The following parts were excised from each cadaver: the cephalic, basilic, and the great saphenous veins, which originate from the acral venous network and flow into the proximal deep veins, and the venous roots communicating with these veins. An incision was made on each excised vein in the direction of the long axis under observation with a stereoscopic microscope, and the inter-valvular distance and the distance between the valve and the orifice of venous root in the vicinity of the valve were measured. The inter-valvular distance varied with type of the truncus venae, and it varied according to area even in the same truncus venae.     

Influence of stimulation of movement-inhibiting areas of the pons on the activity of neurons of the medial region of the medulla oblongata

The reactions of 249 neurons located in the zones of gigantocellular reticular nucleus and the nucleus raphé magnus in response to electrical stimulation of areas of the cuneate nucleus of the midbrain, the medial parabrachial nucleus, and the central raphé nucleus, which inhibit movement, were analyzed in anesthetized white rats. Reactions to stimulation of these areas of the pons were lacking in 40 cells; 25 neurons were excited antidromically; 48 responded with solitary orthodromic action potentials; prolonged inhibition was observed in 72 neurons following the phase of activation; and 64 cells were tonically excited. The functional identification of the two last groups of neurons showed that the inhibition reactions are primarily recorded in cells receiving tactile and mechano-and nociceptive information, while the neurons which tonically discharge upon stimulation apparently participate in the inhibition of the motoneurons of the hind limbs. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 79, No. 7, pp. 41–48, July, 1993.     

股骨粗隆间骨折术后并发症及原因分析

目的回顾性分析股骨粗隆间骨折的术后并发症并分析其原因。方法 2008年1月~2012年12月,我院手术治疗股骨粗隆间骨折共295例,按Evans分型,Ia型26例,Ib型53例,Ic型97例,Id型52例,II型67例。其中DHS组59例,IMHS组80例,PFN组25例,GAMMA3组28例,INTERTAN组103例。随访3~36个月,对部分发生并发症的病例进行手术干预。结果内固定物切割6例,拉力螺钉退出2例,髋内翻、下肢短缩12例,感染6例,血管损伤2例,股骨头无菌性坏死2例,内植物远端骨折2例,部分经再次手术治疗治愈。结论手术治疗股骨粗隆间骨折,要结合骨折类型、患者全身情况合理选用内固定物,术中复位及操作技术的改进以及术后适度的功能锻炼,能够减少术中及术后并发症的发生。     

Ontogenic restriction of colonization of the bursa of Fabricius

The capacity of hemopoietic precursor cells (HPC) to home to embryonic bursal and thymic grafts was investigated in embryonic and newly hatched chickens. Whereas thymic grafts developed normal histogenesis in both types of recipients, the bursal rudiment was colonized and developed in embryonic, but not in newly hatched hosts. In the latter, noncolonized bursal grafts developed neither lymphoid follicles nor granulopoiesis in the mesenchyme. These results are interpreted in terms of ontogenic “maturation” of the HPC which lose their homing potential towards the bursa while they preserve their thymic seeding capacity. This hypothesis is consistent with previously reported data which indicated cyclic continuous recruitment of the thymic lymphoid population, but restricted bursal colonization to a relatively brief period of embryonic life.     

Histopathology of fibroadenoma of the breast

The aim of this study was to make a thorough inventory of the histologic features of epithelium and stroma within and adjacent to breast fibroadenomas in 396 cases. Breast fibroadenomas seemed to display a wide spectrum of proliferative and nonproliferative histologic changes. Hyperplasia (excluding mild hyperplasia) within the fibroadenoma was found in 32.3% of cases. Carcinoma in situ (CIS; 5 ductal, 3 lobular) was found in 8 fibroadenomas (2.0%) removed from 6 patients, the youngest of whom was 40 years of age. In 3 cases CIS was not confined to the fibroadenoma, but also involved the adjacent parenchyma. No invasive carcinoma was present within this series. Complex histologic features were seen in 40.4% of cases, mostly in relatively older patients (mean age, 35.4 years). Hyperplasia in adjacent tissue was found in 8.8% of cases, usually in older patients (mean age, 45.5 years). Known risk-elevating lesions in and around breast fibroadenomas occur frequently and mostly in patients older than 35 years. These findings may have consequences for the clinical management of a subgroup of patients with fibroadenoma.     

Determination of absorption changes from moments of distributions of times of flight of photons: optimization of measurement conditions for a two-layered tissue model

Time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy allows for depth-selective determination of absorption changes in the adult human head that facilitates separation between cerebral and extra-cerebral responses to brain activation. The aim of the present work is to analyze which combinations of moments of measured distributions of times of flight (DTOF) of photons and source-detector separations are optimal for the reconstruction of absorption changes in a two-layered tissue model corresponding to extra- and intra-cerebral compartments. To this end we calculated the standard deviations of the derived absorption changes in both layers by considering photon noise and a linear relation between the absorption changes and the DTOF moments. The results show that the standard deviation of the absorption change in the deeper (superficial) layer increases (decreases) with the thickness of the superficial layer. It is confirmed that for the deeper layer the use of higher moments, in particular the variance of the DTOF, leads to an improvement. For example, when measurements at four different source-detector separations between 8 and 35 mm are available and a realistic thickness of the upper layer of 12 mm is assumed, the inclusion of the change in mean time of flight, in addition to the change in attenuation, leads to a reduction of the standard deviation of the absorption change in the deeper tissue layer by a factor of 2.5. A reduction by another 4% can be achieved by additionally including the change in variance.     

诱蚊诱卵器不同指标在白纹伊蚊种群动态研究中的应用

为了研究诱蚊诱卵器的不同指标在不同孳生地状态的白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus种群动态研究中的应用效果,2006年在上海市共青森林公园（试验区）和内燃机研究所（对照区）进行实验研究。试验中试验区采用各种方法清除孳生地,对照区不采取任何措施。采用诱卵阳性率,诱卵器平均卵数,诱蚊阳性率记录白纹伊蚊种群动态。结果显示,诱卵阳性率和诱卵器平均卵数在对照区和试验区都有很好的相关性;相比诱卵阳性率,诱蚊阳性率灵敏度在对照区和试验区分别为78．6％和67．6％,特异度分别为96．2％和98．7％,符合率分别为90．3％和94．2％。可见诱蚊诱卵器在不同孳生地水平的场所研究白纹伊蚊种群动态最好指标都为诱卵阳性率,其诱捕成蚊功能是有效补充。     

Analysis of protein pool of neuronal populations of cerebellar cortex in rodents of different species

The protein pool of neuronal population of the cerebellar cortex was studied by interference cytometry in rodents occupying different ecological niches and differing by life style, nutrition habits, and motor activity. In all cell populations protein concentrations in the cytoplasm were higher than in the nucleus in all studied rodents and did not depend on the functional characteristics of neurons. The extreme values of protein content were determined for populations of granular and ganglion cells. High protein concentrations per volume unit of cell structure were detected in functionally different cerebellar neurons of gray rats, characterized by high motor activity and a certain degree of synanthropy, while low values were detected in mole rats, slow-moving underground rodents. Therefore, the specific protein pool of neuronal populations of the cerebellar cortex of rodents can be regarded as adaptation to habitation conditions. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 130, No. 12, pp. 671–674, December, 2000     

Problems of the analysis of altered states of consciousness

It is assumed on the basis of data that have been obtained that altered states of consciousness (ASC) arise during the performance of operator activity under conditions of monotony, when modulating influences in the minute range of fluctuations are experienced in the process. This modulation promotes the attenuation or intensification of the degree of ASC; this is reflected in corresponding shifts in attention and in the quality of operator actions relating to recognition of visual images. These results point to the important role of the modulating system of the brain, and of its infraslow wave manifestations in the activity of consciousness whose content is determined by informational processes. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I.P. Pavlova, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 232–239, March–April, 1993.